Practical 1 Aim : To determine the heat of neutralisation of (i) hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide asid hidroklorik dan

sodium hidroksida (ii) sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide (iii) nitric acid and potassium hydroxide : EC1 is 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid EC2 is 1.0 mol dm-3 solution of sulphuric acid EC3 is 1.0 mol dm-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide EC4 is 1.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid EC5 is 1.0 mol dm-3 aqueous potassium hydroxide

Materials

Apparatus : 25 cm3 pipette, thermometer 00C-1100C (0.20C), 100 cm3 measuring cylinder, plastic cup and wash bottle filled with distilled water. Procedure: 1. Using a pipette, place 25.0 cm3 of EC1 into a plastic cup. Record the temperature of EC1 as the initial temperature of mixture R in the table below. 2. Using a measuring cylinder, add 25 cm3 of solution EC3 into the plastic cup containing EC3. . 3. Stir mixture R carefully with a thermometer and record the highest temperature attained in the table below. 4. Pour away mixture R from the plastic cup. Then clean and rinse the cup with distilled water. 5. Repeat the above procedure using (i) 25.0 cm3 of EC2 to replace EC1 to obtain mixture S, and (ii) 25.0 cm3 of EC4 and 60 cm3 of EC5 to replace EC1 and EC3 respectively to obtain mixture T.

Results: Complete the table below.

Mixture R EC1 + EC3

Mixture S EC2 + EC3

Mixture T EC4 + EC5

Highest temperature /oC Suhu tertinggi

32C

33C

31C

Initial temperature /oC Suhu awal

28C + 28C = 56C 2 = 28C

28C + 28C = 56C 2 = 28C

27C + 27C = 54C 2 = 27C

Increase in temperature /oC

4C

5C

4C

Questions: 1. Write an ionic equation for the reaction taking place in mixtures R, S, and T. (2 m) Mixture R = EC1+EC3 =HCL+NaOH(aq) ------>NaCl (s)+ H2O(e) Mixture S=EC2+EC3 =H2SO4 + Na OH(aq)----- >NaSO4(s)+H2O(e) Mixture T=EC4+EC5 =HNO3(aq)+KOH(aq) -------->KNO3(s)+H20(e)

2. Compare the values of the heat of neutralisation you obtained in (i) Mixture R and S; (ii) Mixture R and T; and (iii) Mixture S and T Explain why there is a difference or similarity between the two values that you compare. (i). Heat of neutralisation between mixture R and S are different because heat of neutralization of mixture S is higher than R. (ii). Heat of neutralisation between R and T are same because the difference in temperature are same. (iii).Heat of neutralisation between mixture S and T are same because the difference in temperature is same. There is similarity because the reaction between acid and alkaline to produce salt and water release the amount of neutralisation heat in same rate where as there is difference because reaction in mixture S produce more heat since sulphuric acid is a stronger acid , thus produce more heat of neutralisation. (6 m)

3. The heat of neutralization between a strong acid and a strong base is -57.3 kJ mol-1.Suggest two ways to improve the given procedure so that an approximate value of -57.3 kJ mol-1 could be obtained? (4 m) The process of mixing the acid with the alkaline should be done quickly so as to minimise heat lost to surroundings during the reaction.Besides that , the initial temperature should be taken after the thermometer has been dipped in for a while .This to ensure that their temperature has stabilised.

4. Will the heat of neutralization between a strong acid and a weak acid greater or less than -57.3 kJ mol-1? Explain. (3 m) If we use stronger acid, it will cause more ionisation and produce more energy whereas weak acid produce small energy.