How to Build a Personal Computer

A Guide for First Time and Experienced Users l

By: Timberg, Michael C. 08-01-2011 ENG 202C Dr. Michael Faris

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Introduction

Preface

Introduction

This guide demonstrates the proper assembly of personal computer components. A personal computer, or PC, is composed of many different pieces of hardware that suit most of the home users needs; the needs of those in the workplace can also be met through the use of a personal computer. Definitions and diagrams preceding the instructions set should allow users to become familiar with and understand the machine they are working to successfully build. Following an introduction and preparation guidelines, a set of detailed instructions will guide users through the entire PC assembly process. Subsections for more difficult or compound steps are able to provide insight into more difficult steps; cited visuals will aid users in ways text cannot. A list of recommended further reading and an appendix leads users in the right direction for any unanswered questions.

Introduction

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The Personal Computer: Defined

Introduction

A PC combines productivity and entertainment into a machine designed for individual or household use. A PC is able to operate on its own, and is the users medium for an infinite number of work and play related tasks. Producing documents, viewing pictures and watching movies are attributes that most of todays electronics have in common; however, a PC is capable of greater and more complex tasks. Keeping current with the latest Operating Systems available and receiving uninterrupted access to the World Wide Web are the needs of almost anyone using a computer. The operating system, or OS, is the essential master program for any PC. The computer loads this OS shortly after starting up; the user accesses all applications through the OS. A longer definition of an Operating System would explain that all devices physically connected to the computer communicate to the OS. Drivers are the operating systems way of communicating with human interface devices, or HID, and any other component inside or outside of the case. The term Driver is commonly found on websites, in manuals or even spoken about by experts and can confuse novice users; a Driver is installed into the OS so that communication between devices is possible. A majority of personal computers now sustain a constant connection to the World Wide Web, or WWW. Often referred to as an Internet connection, users have access to the world from the comfort of their home. The application that enables users access to a web addresses is referred to as a browser; providing a link between the PC and any website through a complex set of connections that begin with a router or modem. The introduction of this connection into any PC can sometimes be essential for downloading and keeping up to date with software and information regarding computer parts. The Difference between Premade and Retail All Personal Computers built today are capable of basic functions; machines that are built correctly have limitless potential. Referred to as an original electronics manufacturer PC, abbreviated as OEM, pre-built machines have many drawbacks that keep users from completing a task or even allowing for the upgradability to meet certain needs; OEM can also refer to the parts that come inside a pre-made PC. The aforementioned limitations normally describe the included hardware in an OEM computer, but can also extend to the software installed on the computer before it was boxed and shipped to a retailer. There are many reasons for users freedom when choosing separate PC components. Enthusiasts and advanced users build computers for a handful or even just one specific need; most will build a PC around one of just two major factors. One of these factors is cost, and is advantageous to a user in more than one way. Even when following the guidelines of a budget, users are still able to focus their purchase on select components that suit their needs. The purchase of retail parts also allows for a less expensive overall cost of a PC. Another major reason many experts recommend the use of retail parts over OEM is because of quality and warranties. Any PC bought today, whether it is a Tower, Notebook or even a Netbook, only comes with a one year warranty from the manufacturer; retail parts often come with extended or even lifetime warranties. Retail parts have many other advantages besides the support and software that is also supplied by their respective manufacturers. Upgrading one or a few components in a constructed PC is much easier than attempting the same task with a pre-built machine, as OEM components are made to function only with the other parts they are attached too. Sadly, some pre-made computers can even ignore certain standards that all retail parts follow. How Customizing a PC Can Suit Your Needs

Introduction

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Introduction

Every user will have different needs and priorities when purchasing and utilizing a PC. However, these needs can change with the career and lifestyle choices that are made by the users themselves; instead of investing time and money into a new machine that is capable of only basic functions, upgrading an existing machine that was assembled with the correct parts is more beneficial to a user. High-end retail components are able to outperform top-of-the-line OEM machines for applications such as computer-aided design, or CAD. Retail parts can also offer features that cant be found on a pre-built PC, including the latest power-saving options or tools for advanced users. Users who build their own machines are able to simply replace a small and inexpensive part that may have broken down and would cause other users to replace an entire pre-built computer.

Introduction

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Definitions and Diagrams

Preface

Definitions and Diagrams

This is a section for all kinds of Users to reference proper definitions for the terms utilized in this guide and gain a better understanding of how the components put together by the User will work together. The definitions of all Personal Computer-related terms are listed here, including those discussed in the introductory part of this document. The definitions and diagrams are listed in the order of appearance in their respective sections. It should be noted that the definitions of all PC components are found in the Definition of a PC section.

Definitions and Diagrams

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Definitions and Diagrams

Personal Computer: A general-purpose computer designed to be handled and used by individuals. Hardware: Generalized terminology describing the physical components of, in this case, a computer. Operating System: A master program that manages all applications and communicates directly with the hardware of a computer. This is the central program all Personal Computers load when starting up, and all programs are run within its environment. World Wide Web: Utilizing hyperlinks, or an electronic address that differentiates each website, Users are able to view any document, image or video through a browser. Any content viewed through the internet connection is hosted, or stored on a server that also has an internet connection. Web 2.0, a more recent terminology, describes the latest web applications that have major capabilities beyond media viewing. Driver: A device driver allows an operating system to communicate and interact with its respective device. It is software, and must be installed for device usage. Human Interface Device: A physical device that allows Users to interact with and input information into a computer. They may also take information from the computer and display it in a way that can be utilized by the User. Internet Connection: This is referring to the physical connection between a computer and a device, switch or relay that allows for any sort of global connection. In most cases, the first connection is made between the PC and the router; this connection can be wired or wireless. A physical connection is then made from the router to the modem, which allows home Users to communicate online. Browser: An application that enables Users to browse Web-based documents and media. Most major Operating Systems come with a Browser, and Users have the option to install additional browsers as well. Recent Browsers enable Users to view the history of visited Web pages, keep a list of favorite Websites and are capable of many other functions. Router: In most private and especially business applications, a Router is the first device that a Personal Computers internet signal needs to pass through in order for communication with other servers to take place. Newer routers can utilize a physical connection to tower machines, but also have the capabilities for wireless connections for mobile devices throughout a residence or office. Modem: Presently, there is no connection to and from a home or office that is strictly for internet purposes, just for phone and television. Because of this, phone and television companies have enabled these connections to become multi-purpose; for example, a coaxial cable meant for just television viewing now has the bandwidth to accommodate internet connectivity as well. A modem is what almost all internet Users have, and it is a device that separates the cable television and telephone signals from the internet coming into a home or building. Software: This is a term that describes any Operating System or application that is installed and used on a PC. The term software may also be used to describe drivers. Software is installed on the PC through inputs such as the optical drive and USB ports.

Definitions and Diagrams

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Definitions and Diagrams

Original Electronics Manufacturer: This term is used to differentiate not only the origin of parts, but the quality of PC components as well. OEM parts are straight from major manufacturers, and usually lack retail designs and coolers, bundled software or optional hardware pieces. To keep cost down, companies that sell pre-build machines include OEM parts because of the warranties that they come without. Please note that this guide may refer to pre-made machines as OEM as well. Tower: This is a term that is used to describe most immobile computers. However, using the description of Tower describes the orientation of the PC case; as a portrait or perpendicular to the surface it is sitting on instead of parallel. The term for a case that appears to be more parallel to the floor surface is usually referred to as a Desktop. Notebook: A more formal term for describing a mobile PC. A notebook is a computer case, monitor or screen, keyboard and mouse in a single device. However, there are a few major differences that should be noted: Notebooks lack internal power supplies. The power cord, or A/C adapter is how power is converted into usable amperes and voltages. This is usually described as two cords with the converter in the middle. When a notebook is disassembled, Users will find that almost all of its components are fixed onto the same motherboard. This will cause difficulty for Users that need to replace a small and inexpensive part. The mouse on a notebook is usually referred to as a trackpad. It is a flat touch-based surface that mimics finger movement on screen with mouse buttons on the User-facing side. On present notebook models, this entire assembly can be disabled if another mouse is being used. The introduction of a battery that is attached to the bottom of every notebook has developed new standards for computing. One of the major factors of many notebooks is how long it can function while unplugged. This has also caused many PC component manufacturers to create mobile versions of their products. These consume less power, but cannot be compared to their immobile counterparts. Mentioning that almost all notebooks come pre-made is essential to many Users purchasing decisions. Netbook: The netbook is a notebook that has certain modifications to become more mobile. Current netbooks use the internet for functions such as storage; some even A netbook is very similar to a comparable notebook, except for the following points: One of the first qualities people notice about netbooks is the reduced screen size. Many formal definitions of a netbook denote it by its screen size, which is usually no larger than twelve inches when measures on the diagonal. For a netbook to retain its portable objective, screen size is a major way of keeping cost and weight down. Because a netbook receives most of its information from an internet connection, which is usually wireless, they lack an optical drive. High connectivity speeds and the wide-spread use of USB ports have persuaded Users to rarely use a disc drive.

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Definitions and Diagrams

The Northbridge and Southbridge:

Definitions and Diagrams

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Cautions and Warnings

Preface

Cautions and Warnings

This section is dedicated to informing users of the potential dangers of conducting this process in an incorrect manner. While current PC components are designed to protect users and electronics from harm, there are still risks that are associated with handing and constructing electronics. The follows reviews cautions and warnings that users may not expect or be aware of during the installation procedure. It is vital that users follow and are aware of all of the information in this section, as it will prevent harm to the components and tools being used and injury to the user.

Cautions and Warnings

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Cautions and Warnings

Warning
The following warnings are of the highest importance in this section. Users must read and understand this section as it goes over points of the installation that are the most dangerous. When working inside of the PC case, there may be sharp edges or surfaces that users are able to obtain lacerations from. Users must be conscious of what surrounds their arms and hands inside of the case at all times. While the voltages that run through the computers components are harmless on the surface, these currents can cause damage to users if they are applied underneath the skin. Many connectors within the computer are able to puncture skin, and can cause a more powerful shock to the user if there is electricity running through them. Users are urged to keep all components unplugged from a power source until the computer is finished and everything is put back on. Most power supplies come with a red switch on the back, determining input voltage. Switching the PC on without moving this switch to the 120V setting may cause irreversible damage to the entire unit.

Caution
The following reviews cautions that arent of the highest importance, but can still cause harm to the user and to the electronics being worked with in this process. Users are discouraged from placing body parts anywhere near the moving parts of a computer while it is on. A case fan, for example, can still cause a laceration because of the speed it is moving at and how sharp its angles are. Most components should be moved or carried with both hands. Improper handling of a motherboard or any other component or component set can result in irreversible damage to components. Electro-static discharge is the proper term for static electricity built up in a user and then transferred to a metal object in a single burst. These bursts can damage components and parts because of the way that they are made. Users can eliminate this threat by frequently making contact with the metal of the PC case.

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i Definitions and Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Cautions and Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii The Definition of a PC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Necessary Components and Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Instructions Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Pre-Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Motherboard Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 Case Components Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Completing the Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Post Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
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The Definition of a Personal Computer

Preface

The Definition of a Personal Computer

In this section, users can find definitions to the PC components that they will be handling and piecing together to form a computer. Informing users of each parts specific function can help the user gain insight into the importance of each computer part. Listed here are the abbreviations and acronyms used for each component, as they are easier to use but may not seem as if they correspond with the part they have been assigned to.

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The Definition of a Personal Computer

Computer Case: Can be referred to as just the case or casing for the computer. It houses all of the PC components, and has specific openings and slots for expansion cards and connections such as audio and USB. Motherboard: Can also be referred to as a mainboard. This is a printed circuit board that houses a computers core components: CPU RAM GPU/VPU

It is also comprised of a northbridge/southbridge chipset that controls all components within the computer. Diagrams of these can be found in the Diagrams section. Processor: Can also be called a CPU. The central processing unit will process all of the information necessary for a computers operation. It is housed in the CPU socket, and is cooled by the CPU heatsink and fan. The metal that makes contact with the heatsink is called a heat shield. Processor Socket: Can also be called just a socket. It is a socket on the motherboard for the processor, and this is where the CPU will sit once it has been successfully installed. CPU Heatsink and Fan: Can also be called a CPU cooler or just heatsink. This is the assembly that cools the processor, by channeling heat up through the heatsink and then using the fan to transfer it to the air passing through. Primary Memory Modules: More widely known as RAM, they are flash memory that the computer uses to store program data for easy access. No PC will start up properly without at least one stick of RAM installed. Video Card: While not necessary for the operation of some computers, the video card will assist the CPU in evaluating and processing all information related to video and graphics. The video card is a printed circuit board as well, but smaller and is usually plugged into a PCI-Express slot on the motherboard. PCI-Express: One of the latest types of expansion slots, this is usually where the video card will plug into the motherboard. Power Supply: Usually noted as a PSU, this is the component that converts the voltage from a socket into a less harmful amount and a power source all components can use. It can be located at either the top or bottom of the case, and has different power connectors for each type of device. Hard Drive: Abbreviated has HDD, this component can also be referred to as a computers secondary memory. It plugs directly into the motherboard using a SATA connection and receives SATA power from the PSU.

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The Definition of a Personal Computer

Optical Drive: Can be shortened to ODD, and is also called a disk drive. This component is used for CD, DVD or BluRay media that the user needs to read from or write to. I/O Shield: A cover that the motherboard uses for the back of the case. By simply popping it in to the back of the case, this simple cover protects the motherboard and its connectors.

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Necessary Tools and Components

Preface

Necessary Tools and Components

This list should give users a list of necessary tools and components. If even one item is missing or unaccounted for in this list, it is not recommended that users continue or even begin the installation process. This guide assumes that all of the PC components being used are new, but users are welcome to open and place each part on the antistatic bag or its respective packaging. The condition of the tools used here doesnt need to be new, but using newer tools is recommended to users as well. This section has been broken down into two sections: Necessary Components Necessary Tools

Where the necessary components are the parts needed for this procedure, and the tools are what users should utilize during the installation process. If a part is supposed to come with anything else, it will be listed underneath that part.

Necessary Tools and Components

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Necessary Components: Computer Case o o Extra screws Connectors for: o o USB Front-side audio Power and reset switches PC speaker Expansion slot covers

Necessary Tools and Components

Case fans Power cable

Motherboard o o SATA cables I/O plate

CPU o CPU heatsink and fan

RAM modules Video Card o Video cables

Power Supply o Connections for: 20+4 pin 6 pin 4 pin SATA power

HDD ODD

Necessary Tools and Components

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Necessary Tools: Phillips head screwdriver o With multiple head sizes

Necessary Tools and Components

Flathead screwdriver o With multiple sizes

Necessary Tools and Components

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Instructions Set

Preface

Instructions Set

This is the main section for the Personal Computer assembly guide: the instructions set. The following has been divided into smaller sections for a clear presentation and easy reading. The first part is a recommendation for showing Users how to position and lay out tools and components before beginning work. The Pre-Assembly section provides insight for proper disassembly of certain case parts for the completion of the computer. The main assembly section has been broken down into smaller sections for different component sets. The last section should assist Users in connections and the other final steps towards completion.

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Instructions Set

It is essential for the following described assembly procedures to be done in an open and unrestricted space. A large desk or open area without carpeting is usually desired; however, it is understandable that the desired conditions cannot always be met. Reproducing the steps described in this guide requires a good amount of organization if being done within a cramped or carpeted space. It is crucial that all Users read and understand all points in the next section. Experience has shown that keeping components and tools in different sections of your workspace will provide a smaller chance for incident. Putting away tools as soon as they cease to be necessary will help as well. Keeping cables with their corresponding parts will simplify the installation steps for Users. Screws, especially the small and specific ones, will usually be one of the easiest parts to loose during this process. Utilizing small bags or containers for each type of screw or pop-in should reduce the risk of losing one of these important parts. Trying to not keep many tools or parts on the far sides or even behind Users should also yield a reduced risk for damage to them or the parts. Keep the computer case within reach; frequently making contact with a metal part of the case, especially after every step, should ensure the elimination of electro-static discharge.

Pre-Assembly After every tool and component has been put into place, there are still a few steps that should be taken before the machine is built. These steps are a hybrid between preparation, and the actual construction of the PC. Users should also gain insight into future steps with the completion of this portion of the guide. 1. Make sure that all components are out of their packaging and on top of an electro-static bag. If there isnt a bag that came packaged with the component, it is okay to leave on the surface you are working on. If your computer case has a removable motherboard tray, it will ease the installation process if it is removed and the motherboard is screwed into the tray as a first step. The process for this can be found in the very first step. Inspect every component for damage or sharp edges; the metals used for PC components are high in quality, are can damage other components if Users arent careful enough to exercise caution during installation. If a component appears to be damaged in any way, the installation process must be stopped and a replacement component must be found before this process can continue. It is not worth the risk or damage to other components when using a damaged part. 4. No part or group of parts should be connected to any power source at this point and shouldnt be throughout the installation process. Damage to the parts and the user can occur if a component is installed into a board with a live current.

2.

3.

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Instructions Set

To assist Users in understanding and pacing this installation, the following has been broken down into two subsections, with the final part assisting Users in the completion of the installation. This is because there are two main component sets within a PC: the motherboard assembly and main case assembly. Motherboard Assembly This sub-section deals with all components that not only connect, but sit on the motherboard as well. The components included in this part of the installation are the: Motherboard Processor CPU cooler Primary memory modules Video card

1.

The steps for proper motherboard installation are as follows: 1.1. Motherboard preparation If the computer case being used has a removable tray, as discussed above, this section will discuss how to install it onto the tray itself. Users at this point and time should take note of the different parts to the motherboard for future component installation; this includes the: Processor socket Holes surrounding the CPU socket for mounting a cooler The RAM sockets to the right of the motherboard The expansion slots below the CPU

Users need to take care when handling the motherboard, as the circuitry exposed here can be damaged by electro-static shock or abusive handling very easily. The motherboard is in series and not in parallel; if one part of the board doesnt work, it wont work as a whole. 1.1.1. With the motherboard sockets facing upwards, rotate the board so the CPU socket is at the opposite end of the board. 1.1.2. The motherboard tray should be oriented with the outer casing down, and the side that would touch the bottom of the case to be the closest side to the User. 1.1.3. The computer case and motherboard should come with screws, it is okay for Users to use either set in the installation. Users should also make sure that the raisers, or spacers between the motherboard and Instructions Set 9|P a g e

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Instructions Set tray with screws on the bottom, are in the corresponding places on the tray and in-line with the mainboard. 1.1.4. Using a Phillips head screw driver, install each screw for the motherboard onto the tray. It is recommended that Users screw in each part of the motherboard only halfway, then turn each screw all the way in.

The motherboard should now be installed on the motherboard tray, if there is one. 1.2. Processor installation The socket has a plate that the processor sits beneath and a lever, or tension arm, that keeps the assembly in place. Beneath this is a plastic protective piece that keeps the socket safe during travel. Users should take care when performing the first part of this installation, as the pins in the socket can be bent or the contacts on the actual CPU can be damaged very easily. 1.2.1. Disengage the lever by first placing a thumb or finger on the curved tip. 1.2.2. Pushing down and away from the processor by gradually applying pressure should allow for the lever to easily be pushed up and away from the socket. 1.2.3. The protective metal plate covering the socket should then follow the lever as well. If it does not, gently lift it by only using the tip of a finger on the far edge of its hinge. 1.2.4. There will be a dark plastic cover protecting the socket as well. It is disposable and once it is lifted up by its protruding tabs, it can be disposed of. 1.2.5. Now, grab the processor by placing two fingers on the edges; be sure not to make any contact with the golden pins on the bottom or top. 1.2.6. The CPU should have two identifying notches on opposite sides. These notches should match the socket it is being placed onto, and gently seat the processor into the socket as gently as possible. Match the notches to the designs on the motherboard while doing this, and make sure to not apply any pressure downward against the processor after it has made contact with the motherboard. 1.2.7. Now, lower the protective plate gently onto the CPU. If it was installed correctly, there should be no need to apply any sort of pressure against the level to make it properly fit. 1.2.8. Lower the tension arm on the side of the socket and with a finger on the curved part, and use pressure to move it around and under the

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Instructions Set protruding metal piece sticking out of the side of the socket that kept it in place before.

The processor installation is now complete! 1.3. CPU Cooler Installation The CPU Cooler is the component that cools and protects the processor from thermal damage. The heatsink and fan are usually installed either through screws and washers, or simple pop-ins. The cooler that comes with the processor can simply be popped-in; however, more powerful and advanced coolers need to be screwed in and may have more difficult assemblies. The fan should have a connector, and the last part of this section will address the electric connection to the motherboard. Concerning thermal paste, the stock processor cooler already comes with some on the bottom and is ready for installation. Advanced coolers do not come with thermal paste, and a specific set of instructions has been provided for advanced Users for installing a better cooler. 1.3.1. Taking into consideration the thermal paste on the bottom of the cooler, place it onto the motherboard so that the center is right over the processor and the pop-ins match the holes surrounding the socket. Make sure the connector for the fans power doesnt get in the way of connecting it to the motherboard. 1.3.2. After the heatsink and fan have been placed onto the motherboard flat and centered on the socket, the pop-ins should be pushed in correctly as to secure the CPU and cooler assembly. 1.3.3. By taking one hand and holding the cooler firmly on the processor without using too much force or moving it around, a thumb should be used to press each of the four pop-ins down and slightly clockwise until you hear an audible click. 1.3.4. Repeating this four times should secure the cooler on the motherboard. It is recommended that Users secure the pop-ins opposite from each other as opposed to pushing them all down in a clockwise or counter-clockwise order. 1.3.5. Towards the top of the board and usually to the right, there should be a CPU fan power connector. Above that, it should be labeled on the board itself. Take the end of the connector and make sure all four pins line up with the connector before installing it onto the motherboard. The installation of the CPU cooler is now complete! 1.4. RAM Installation

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Instructions Set

Giving Users a break, this next section is a simpler part to the motherboard assembly. RAM modules dont have any moving parts, and are built to withstand force and impact; these are similar properties to flash memory and solid state drives. While care still needs to be taken into account when installing these components, they are not as delicate as some of the other pieces in a PC. 1.4.1. Locate the RAM slots on the motherboard. If the board is facing the user with the CPU socket at the top of the board, the memory is usually placed to the right of the processor. 1.4.2. Users should also notice that there is a break in each slot; separating it into two different parts of unequal length. This hints at installation, and makes sure the modules are inserted the right way. 1.4.3. Matching the major and minor parts of each slot with the corresponding parts on the bottom of the RAM module, insert the stick into the slot and apply pressure until a click can be heard from both ends. 1.4.4. There are small tabs on both ends of the RAM slot for uninstallation, but they will also help with the installation as well. Using a thumb and a finger, press down with the finger on the module while pressing up on each tab with a thumb until the tops of the tabs are parallel to the board and the stick is firmly installed. 1.4.5. Repeat this process for all other sticks of memory. The RAM is now installed! 1.5. Discrete Graphics Card Installation Utilizing a slot that is similar in construction to the RAM sticks, the video card is installed perpendicular to the motherboard through the PCI-Express slot. Whether it is a regular or PCI-Express 2.0 slot, the only attribute that matters for installation is that it is a x16 slot. This means that it is the right size for the card, as PCI-Express slots have different sizes according to the amount of power running through them. Changes will need to be made to the case as well after installing the sister card onto the motherboard. Requiring extra power and usually becoming the heaviest component on the mainboard, the video card needs extra care and attention when being installed. 1.5.1. Locate the PCI-Express slot; the slot is opposite the orientation of the RAM slots on the board, and is placed underneath the socket towards the left side if the board is facing the User with the processor towards the top. The slot can also be distinguished by the small release lever on the end towards the middle of the board. 1.5.2. Using both hands, take the hard and carefully align the socket with the connector on the card. This connector is on the side of the card, Instructions Set 12 | P a g e

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Instructions Set attached directly to its board and not the cooler. On the long side specifically, and should hint to installation because of its long and short connection that it has in common with the PCI-Express slot. 1.5.3. The video card also has a back that will match the back of the computer case after the PC has been completely constructed. This back is on one of the short ends of the card, and should end up outside of the motherboard once the card has been successfully installed. Slowly place the card into the slot until the small lever on the far side of the motherboard slot makes a soft clicking noise. 1.5.4. Because of the video cards backing for the computer case, it will cause the motherboard to be uneven on the surface that the User is working on. This means the card has been installed correctly, and the motherboard assembly should now be complete.

The video card has now been installed! This concludes the instructions for the assembly of the mainboard. It is important that Users leave this assembly alone, or move it to the side. When moving this assembly, Users must use both hands to grab the motherboard itself and move it; grabbing the CPU heatsink or discrete graphics card can result in damage to the parts. Keeping the motherboard and its attached components on an anti-static bag is also recommended. Case Components Assembly This next part of the installation deals with the components and parts that are part attach to the case and only need to be connected to the motherboard. While these parts may not be the core pieces of a PC, they are still essential for operation. Because these components have outside casings that make contact with the inside of the case, there are two things that Users should be aware of: Because the electronics of the following components are not exposed, electo-static discharge is not as big of a threat. Users should be more concerned with handling the heavier and enclosed components with both hands instead of touching metal parts of the case.

The components that are to be installed in this area of the installation process are the: Computer case Power supply Hard drive Optical drive

After the installation of these parts, it is suggested that Users wait until the final stage of assembly to connect all of the components using the correct wires and connectors. Instructions Set 13 | P a g e

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Users can successfully complete the computer assembly by following the steps below: 2.1. Computer case Because the casing for the machine houses all of the components, it does not technically have to be installed. But, the case needs to be prepared for the components that will be installed inside of it. The steps below will guide Users in the right direction for case preparation. 2.1.1. Most cases will house the motherboard on the right side panel, if the case is viewed from the front. If the motherboard tray has been removed from the case, then Users already know what side it is fixed on to. Knowing this, the first step is to remove the panel opposite the one that holds the motherboard in place, the side panel on the left side when viewed from the front of the case. Removal of this side panel on newer computer cases should only require the removal of two thumb screws. Thumb screws are recognized by their grooves and larger size when compared to the other screws used in the case. As indicated by their name, they can be removed simply by using a thumb and forefinger to unscrew them. Once the case panel is removed, lay it gently out of the way to avoid damage and potential incident. It is recommended that Users keep the corresponding thumb screws with the case panel as well to prevent loss. 2.1.2. It is recommended that Users locate the power supply housing for their corresponding case. It can be easily recognized by viewing the case from the rear, and locating a large rectangular-like hole with three holes at the edges and one hole irregularly placed towards the center. If there are any screws in these slots, they should be removed and placed within close proximity as they will be needed for the power supply installation. 2.1.3. The optical drive bay is usually located towards the top of the computer case. There should be a drive protector on the outside where the front of the drive will be located at the end of the installation process. This can be removed by simply pushing against it from the inside of the case with a few fingers in a straight and outward direction. If the drive has tabs that hold it in place and rest against the case itself, these need to be pushed inwards using a finger from both hands and then slowly pushed in an outward direction from the case itself. This piece can now be discarded, as it will not be used again in this process. Please refer to the user manual for your case if the drives have a special location or have a different assembly as opposed to what is discussed above. 2.1.4. Locate the Hard Drive cage; the HDD cage is usually a metal cubic structure, with two opposite sides open. These sides are usually facing the side panels of the case. In many instances, this is removed simply by unscrewing the corresponding screw on the side closest to the floor if the case is upright. The screw is a Phillips head screw, and needs a Phillips head screwdriver of the correct size in order for it to be undone. If the cage has multiple screws or special placement, please refer to the case manual for the corresponding information.

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2.1.5. The video card that was installed in the motherboard portion of these instructions will take up a few of the expansion slots not only on the mainboard itself, but the computer case as well. These slots have covers, and can be found on the back of the case, usually towards the bottom. There are screws that hold each individual cover in place, and they are found within the case, on the side closest to the left case panel and are oriented in a fashion similar to the covers they are screwed into. The slot the video card is plugged into on the motherboard should correspond with the covers that are removed on the case. The video card has the metal pieces that look identical to the covers on its back, but with connectors for video and audio instead of just plain metal. Users need to count how many slots are above the video card on the motherboard itself, and then remove the corresponding covers by using a Phillips head screwdriver to unscrew them. For example, if there is just one expansion slot above the PCI Express slot the video card is plugged into, then the second cover to the top on the case should be removed. Likewise, if the card has a backing that takes up more than one slot, remove the cover underneath the one necessary to remove as well. These can be discarded, as they will no longer be needed. 2.1.6. The case will have small connectors for its buttons and indicator lights. These are usually white or red, and braided with small connectors at the end that only use one or two pins. Users should take all of the connectors and carefully keep them outside of the case on the left side for easy installation later on. 2.1.7. The motherboard should have come packaged with an I/O plate that pops-into the back of the computer case. The plate will have a metal-type finish for its exterior and should be pushed into the case from the inside, with the shiny finish facing the outside of the case. Because this part is neither electronic nor delicate, Users shouldnt worry about applying excess force to get the plate into the back part of the case. This piece should correspond with the motherboard itself; usually, the holes for the onboard audio and modem should be towards the bottom, so it is usually safe to pop the plate into the case with those holes towards the bottom. Your PC case should be ready for component installation! 2.2. Power supply The PSU is arguably the backbone of the PC, and will have the most connections at the end of the installation procedure. It is recommended that Users keep all of the wires attached to the power supply out of the way and on the right side. It is essential for users to now take note of the voltage switch on the back of their power supply, if the model has one. It should be on the side opposite that which holds the wires, and is usually red. Using a fingertip or a small flathead screwdriver, it must be switched to the 120V option; failure to do so could ruin components and cause serious damage to the entire PC. The power switch, if the PSU has one, should be in the off position as well. Instructions Set 15 | P a g e

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Instructions Set 2.2.1. The power supply needs to be inserted with the correct orientation. The markings on the back should match those on the back of the case for the power supply. Using the screw hole that is placed in an offset manner and holding the power supply with both hands, guide the PSU into the case with the back facing the back end of the case. Once it is fully inside of the case, push it towards the back and near the power supply mounting hole. The corner and offset screws should match up at this point. 2.2.2. The PSU can be left to sit here for now, and can be screwed in using the screws that either came with the component or those removed from the case itself in a previous step with a Phillips head screwdriver.

The installation of the PSU should now be complete! 2.3. Hard drive A mechanical hard drive, while a basic component that has a protective casing and looks very durable, is a mechanical part and can be damaged if dropped while unplugged or moved too much while it is on. Take care when installing this part, as dropping or slightly damaging it can lead to the breaking of the part. 2.3.1. With the hard drive cage out, take note of the screw holes on both the longer and thinner sides of the hard drive and sides of the cage. There should be screws already in the mounting holes for the hard drive cage. 2.3.2. Remove these screws with a Phillips head screwdriver and place them nearby, as they will be used in one of the following steps. 2.3.3. With the HDD cage in one hand and the HDD itself in another, guide the hard drive into the cage, keeping in mind how the cage is oriented within the case. The HDD should go in with the connectors facing the left side panel of the case. 2.3.4. Holding the assembly together, take care in taking the screws recently removed and inserting them into the cage again with the screw holes from the cage and HDD matching up. If this process cannot be completed easily, gently lower the assembly to the ground and take care if performing this step while using the ground as leverage. 2.3.5. Now that the HDD is safely within the cage, it can be placed back in the computer case in the same orientation it was found in. The connectors from the HDD should be sticking out of the cage, and facing the cases left side if viewing the front head-on. 2.3.6. Using the same screw that held it in place, the HDD cage can be screwed in using a Phillips head screwdriver. If the cage needs

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Instructions Set multiple screws to hold it in place, Users must once again refer to the case manual for proper screw placement.

The hard drive should now be installed properly! 2.4. Optical Drive The optical drive may be viewed as optional to some, but is still essential to many users; because of this, its installation is still included in the guide. Usually, both case panels need to be unscrewed for proper ODD installation. If they are, the installation of the ODD can begin. 2.4.1. Usually the ODD is installed in the highest slot on the case, so this is where it is recommended that Users should install the optical drive. 2.4.2. There should be screws that correspond to the ODD on the outside of the bay for the optical drive. Removing these screws is the first step in ODD installation. Users should keep the screws in a place that is close by as they will be used in one of the following steps. 2.4.3. Using both hands, Users can now guide the ODD into the case and towards the top where the optical drive bay is. The front of the optical drive, where the drive will eject and have an eject button, should be facing the front of the case at this point. 2.4.4. When the drive is in the top ODD bay, it should be pushed towards the front of the case as to line up with the front of the PC. It should be in correct alignment when the holes for the ODD match up with the holes in the cage. 2.4.5. Using one hand to hold the ODD in place, use a Phillips head screwdriver to screw in the remaining screws that were a part of the ODD bay before installation. Once one or two of the screws are in place, it this process should become easier for users. It is recommended that Users screw in diagonally opposite screws first instead of putting the screws back in side by side. The optical drive installation is now complete! The installation process is almost finished, and all PC components have now been accounted for. Make sure that all cables sticking out of the case are taken into consideration by the Users and out of the way; taking these precautions will allow for smoother and incident-free final steps in the installation process. Users may also take this time to make contact with a metal part of the case to get rid of any electro-static discharge that may be present. Completing the Case

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Completing your PC just requires a few extra steps. By making all of the connections and closing the case, Users will have a finished building a fully functioning computer. There are a few points Users need to take into consideration before the finishing touches begin: Even though Users will be working in the same spot for a majority of this subsection, electro-static discharge can still be a threat to expensive electronics. Making frequent contact with the metal of the PC case is vital between each step. Many cases have sharp metal edges on the inside, and Users should be aware of where both hands are at all times to avoid laceration and injury. Prematurely connecting any component to a power source at this point can result in damage and destruction of components

The main remaining pieces that should have to be joined at this point should be the motherboard assembly, with or without the tray, and the case itself. Before starting, users should be facing where the left side panel should be and the motherboard assembly should be oriented upright, and with the side farthest from the CPU socket closest. 3. Users can finish the installation process by following the steps below: 3.1. Motherboard assembly If the motherboard is safely on the motherboard tray that the case supplies, disregard this step and simply reattach the tray to the case carefully. If the motherboard is not on the mainboard tray, or the computer case being used lacks one, then please use steps 1.1.3. and 1.1.4. in order to properly install the motherboard. 3.1.1. Users should keep in mind that the motherboard has to match up to the I/O plate that its onboard connections will be surrounded by. Making sure that all connectors that are supposed to stick out from the I/O plate do so before everything is secure will save Users time and effort during this step. 3.1.2. Users should also secure the video card to the case itself before moving on to the next step. Using the screws that held the expansion slot covers in place, screw in the backing for the video card after the motherboard has been secured. If done properly, the case should be acting to support the video card itself and the expansion area should have no open slots. The motherboard should now be securely attached to the case! 3.2. Power connections This section goes over a few different types of connections for powering the components in the PC and is split into a few different groups: Circuit board power

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Even though this is the longest subsection for finishing up the build, Users are asked to read this section over carefully; any missed connection could lead to lengthy assembly times and could possibly affect PC components.

3.2.1. The most important power connection for the motherboard is the 20+4 pin connector. This is the largest connector coming from the PSU, and should be connected to the motherboard before any other connection is made. This connector is usually on the far right side of the motherboard, opposite of the expansion slots and beneath the RAM. The clip on the connector should face away from the motherboard, and Users can stop pushing down when a clicking sound can be heard. 3.2.2. The next connection should be for the video cards external power. While it does receive power from the PCI-Express Slot itself, this isnt enough to power the card. Six pin connectors, similar to the 20+4 pin connector but smaller, are needed. The six pin connectors are on the side of the card farthest away from the backing and expansion slot covers, facing down. Matching the tabs on both the connection from the PSU and the card itself, push the a smaller four pin connector. Coming from the PSU as well, this connection is found near the processor; it is usually located to the left of the socket. Matching the tabs, Users should stop pushing the connector in when they hear a clicking sound. 3.2.3. The next kind of connector is the SATA power connector, and applies to both drives. Users should start with the HDD, move onto connecting the ODD afterwards. The SATA connector is a combination of a larger and smaller connector on a right angle; this is to help Users in the installation process. Matching the connectors right angle with the cable and the connectors on the motherboard and HDD, users should take caution when pushing the connector in and stopping when it has gone all of the way in. 3.2.4. The above process should be repeated for the SATA power connection for the ODD. Users should insert the power connector straight on, and avoid doing anything on a noticeable angle.

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Instructions Set 3.2.5. The final type of power connection is the 2 pin connection for the case fans. Users should refer to the case manual for locations of case fans, and it is recommended that all fans be plugged into the motherboard for future monitoring and control. The fan connector should be of a white color, matching its connector on the motherboard. By matching the slot with the tab sticking out of the connector on the motherboard, Users just have to press the connector into its correct place on the mainboard until it cannot go down any further. This process should be repeated until all fans are connected and will be powered.

All power connections by this point have been made! 3.3. SATA connections These connections simply connect the HDD and ODD to the motherboard for communication and transfer of information. This step requires that the User locate the SATA connectors on the motherboard. The SATA ports are usually below the motherboard power connector, on the right side and across from the expansion slots. The following process applies to both the HDD and ODD, although it is recommended that the HDD be connected first. 3.3.1. Taking note of the tab that only exists on one side of the SATA connector, Users should now be aware of how to orient the connector when plugging it in to a drive. 3.3.2. Plugging the SATA connector into the drive first, until it cannot go any further, the other end of the cable should be plugged into a SATA connector on the mainboard in the same fashion. 3.3.3. This process should be repeated for the ODD. The SATA connections should now be complete! 3.4. Computer case connections These connections deal with two major parts of the PC, the: Power buttons and connectors USB and other types of ports

These are vital to utilization of the connections on the outside of the PC, and turning it on or off. Users should refer to the case manual for placement of the power and reset connectors, USB and audio ports. They are usually located towards the bottom of the motherboard, and the power and reset connectors are usually near the bottom right corner. After putting all of the case panels back on using the thumb screws, the PC should now be complete! Instructions Set 20 | P a g e

21 | P a g e Post-Assembly

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Because the computer has now been successfully built, certain connections can now be made. For instance, the power connection to the PSU can be made in order to see if the machine not only turns on, but POSTs as well. Using the speaker that came with the case, users can identify POST codes just from the beeps that the computer emits after it has been turned on. One simple beep means that the computer has passed the self-test, and can now be utilized by the user.

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Conclusion

Preface

Conclusion

As the final section in this instructions guide, this section will serve two purposes: To congratulate users and suggest next steps To establish credit for the use of visuals in this presentation

It is recommended for users to go to the sources provided below and conduct more research before attempting this process for the first time , especially if the desired result is slightly different than the result achieved above. Users who have successfully completed this process have only completed just one step in the even bigger process of getting a computer that was built from scratch to run an operating system and become fully functional.

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Conclusion

Users will need to put in more effort for a complete computer to be finished. The installation of the computers hardware was a major step in this process, but users will still have to: Establish connections to a screen and human interface devices Configure the BIOS settings Format the HDD Install an Operating System Establish a working internet connection

However, this guide can only cover so many steps. Users will need to attain these next steps from other sources, possibly the ones listed below. This is a bigger process that can take some time, and users are encouraged to take a break at this point for any duration of time necessary. This guide wishes users the best of luck in their future endeavors, and reaching this point in the guide means users have accomplished a major step in an even bigger goal. Resources Used This guide would like to thank the following sources for providing the media required for its publishing: Newegg Intel Lowter

If it wasnt for the media provided by these sources, this guide may not exist.

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