Bluetooth Technology, Standard and Applications. Assignment 2011 - 2 C15

Mobile Radio Communications
Bluetooth Technology Standard and Applications
By Student No 10020605
University of Wales, Newport
Mobil
Assi m i f:
Mobile G106801
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ommuni
tions
Module Title: Module ode: Topi for Investig tion:
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Assignment umber: 1 Bluetooth Technolog , St ndard and Applications. applications and present it by means of a formal technical report. overage Scope: 1. Introduction 2. Description and explanation using block diagrams here necessary 3. onclusion Date of Submission: Submission Method: General comments: Monday 7 March 2011 - 4.00 p.m. Printed Paper The topic must be covered from the view point of presenting to a target audience of junior engineers who are technically competent but may have no detailed knowledge of Blue tooth technology, standard and its applications. Full drawing illustrations must be included. The completed work may be no more than 15 pages of printed material. Printed work must be reported using 12 point Arial font using 1.5 line spacing. Grading Subjects: Introduction/ background Literature review with refe rences nderstanding of the issues involved with the network, Standards and Protocols. Analysis and develop ment of model and contributions onclusions and presentation and structure of the report. Aim of the Assignment: To research and investigate the topic of Bluetooth and its
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Student o 10020605
Mobile
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adio
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The purpose of this report is to show how this study has looked into the technology of Bluetooth, the Bluetooth standard, the Bluetooth applications and present it by means of a formal technical report. The report will be presented in three basic sections giving: 1. Introduction / Background This section will show how the word Bluetooth came about and list what this report is about. 2. Description & Explanation The main body of the report will be in this section and will go into detail of the Bluetooth technology study. 3. onclusion Finally any conclusions drawn will be discussed here. It is assumed that the 15 pages of printed material mentioned in the assignment brief only refers to the part of the document between the introduction and the conclusion section inclusively. Therefore the final document may b e much larger to include all the other sections that makeup this report.
Acknowl
m nts
In producing this report I feel that I could not of produce this without the use of the internet and the Google search engine for finding the documents re ferred to in the reference material section of this report. The following software was use in the compilation of this report: Microsoft ord 2010 sed to write, format and compile this document. sed to convert and resize images. The slides are produced by using PowerPoint . Browsing the information super highway ( orld Adobe eader ide eb). To open portable document format (PDF) files found in the research. Microsoft Paint Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 Internet Explorer
niversity of
ales, ewport
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Student o 10020605
Mobile
Contents
1. 2.
adio
ommunications
Introduction / Background ................................ ................................ ................. 1 Bluetooth Description & Explanation ................................ ................................ 2 2.1. What is Bluetooth? ................................ ................................ ......................... 2 2.2. Why this technology is called Bluetooth? ................................ ....................... 4 2.3. Bluetooth Enabled Products ................................ ................................ ........... 5 2.3.1. Basic Technical Questions Answered ................................ ........................ 6 a. What Is Pairing? ................................ ................................ ................... 6 b. How Many Devices an ommunicate on a Single etwork? ............. 6 c. What is a Scatternet? ................................ ................................ ........... 6 d. What is a Piconet? ................................ ................................ ............... 7 e. What is a Parked State? ................................ ................................ ...... 7 2.4. Bluetooth Standards and Protocols ................................ ................................ 8 2.4.1. The Bigger Picture ................................ ................................ ...................... 8 a. WPA ................................ ................................ ................................ .. 8 b. OSI ................................ ................................ ................................ ....... 8 2.4.2. The OSI Model ................................ ................................ ........................... 9
2.5. Security ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 11 3. Conclusion ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 18 4. Reference Materials ................................ ................................ ....................... 19 5. Appendices ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 20 5.1. Appendix A - ................................ ................................ ................................ . 20 5.2. Appendix B - ................................ ................................ ................................ . 21 5.3. Appendix C - ................................ ................................ ................................ . 22 5.4. Appendix D - ................................ ................................ ................................ . 23
Eq

tions,
bles, Sli es &Fi
es
EQ ATION 1 - H+B = BL ETOOTH ................................ ................................ ............................ 1 EQ ATION 2 - COMBINED RUNIC SYMBOLS ................................ ................................ .............. 4
TABLE 1 - BLUETOOTH CLASSES ................................ ................................ ............................. 2
SLIDE 1 - BLUETOOTH SURFACE MOUNT MODULE ................................ ................................ .... 3 SLIDE 2 - BLUETOOTH ................................ ................................ ................................ ............ 3 SLIDE 3 - SECURITY RISKS & TRANSMISSION EXPOSURE LIMITS ................................ .............. 17 niversity of ales, ewport ontents A Student o 10020605
FIGURE 1 - A SCATTERNET ................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 6 FIGURE 2 - DETAILED SCATTERNET ................................ ................................ ......................... 7 FIGURE 3 - W IRELESS NETWORKS ................................ ................................ .......................... 8 FIGURE 4 - OSI MODEL, IEE802 STANDARDS & BLUETOOTH MAPPING ................................ ..... 9
Contents B
Student No 10020605

1. Introduction/Background
The name Bluetooth is taken from the name of the Danish King Harald Blaatand whos name translated into English means Bluetooth . Just as King Harald Blaatand united the war torn region, Bluetooth would unite the world of computers and telecommunications. What is Bluetooth? Is it a technology, a standard, an initiative, an application or a product? This report will show what Bluetooth is, how it is used and in what type of devices that incorporate Bluetooth and the applications that Bluetooth is used in.
Equation 1 - +b = Bluetooth
What is the meaning of the
or h+b in the equation above?
The report will review some of the literature and may make references to it. The report will try to give an understanding of the issues involved with a network, its standards and protocols that may be involved. The report will also make an analysis of Bluetooth, the development of the Bluetooth model, its contribution to communications and make some conclusions. The report will be presentedin a structured manor which may contain slides and information touched on in an earlier report on Personal Area Networks which was authored by myself for a different communications module . However, this report will be a much more in depth stu dy of the Bluetooth ele ment that was touched upon in the Personal Area Networks report.
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2. Bluetooth Descri tion &Ex lanation
2.1. What is Bluetooth?
Is Bluetooth a technology, a standard, an initiative, an application or a product? Bluetooth is a wireless technology, which is orientated towards mobility such as headsets to mobile phones, thereby eliminating short distance cabling. Bluetooth connects between two devices on a one to one basis thus simply replacing the cable connection and was conceived as a wireless alternative to the RS232 serial port. Bluetooth has a an IEEE standard and that standard that is fully compatible with Bluetooth v1.1 is IEEE 802.15.1 The Bluetooth initiative involves thefollowing companies: Global technology leaders Ericsson, Nokia, IBM, Intel and Toshiba founded the Bluetooth SIG in 1998. These companies are now supported by over 1,000 other organizations with a wide range of expertise, including Widcomm, Inc. Bluetooth applications utilise typical data rates are 1Mbit/s, 2Mbit/s and 3Mbit/s depending on the Bluetooth version and also utilises frequency hopping. Bluetooth is typically used in PDAs, mobile phone and some laptops Class, Power Level & Operating Range Class 3 devices 100 mW upto 100 metres Class 2 devices 10 mW upto 10 metres Class 1 devices 1 mWup to 1 metres
able 1 - Bluetooth Classes
Bluetooth usually has a typical limit of 10 metres (33 feet) but depending on the power class Bluetooth can connect up to 100 metres (330 feet) away and operates in the 2.400 to 2.4835 GHz frequency band. The Bluetooth technology has produced a product that is used in other products to make them Bluetooth compliant. One of these products is show n in slide 1 as a surface mount module that complies with v2.0 + EDR (enhanced data rate) specifications. Slide 2 summaries the question of what Bluetooth is. Bluetooth is a technology that has an initiative, a standard and a product that is used in other products.
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A Class 2 Bluetooth module compliant with Bluetooth Specification V2.0+EDR for various application.
Slide 1 - Bluetooth Surface Mount Module
Bluetooth
So what is Bluetooth, is it a technology, a standard, an initiative, or a product? Bluetooth is a technology Mobility Orientated Eliminating Short Distance Cabling. Headsets to Mobile Phones
Frequency Hopping 1Mhz Channels
Bluetooth is a technology that has an initiative, a standard and a product that is used in other products.
Slide 2 - Bluetooth
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2.2.
hy this technology is called Bluetooth? or +b
irstly w at is t e meanin of t e
As mentioned in t e Introduction & Back round section t e name Bluetoot is taken from t e name of t e anis kin , Kin Harald Blaatand translated into En lis means Bluetoot . e runic symbols for & b are t e symbols t ese symbols are taken from t e
initials for t e anis kin , Kin Harald Blaatand. But w y as t is name be c osen It is because the name Bluetooth is derived from the cognomen of a 10th century king, Harald Bluetooth King of Denmark and Norway from 935 and 936 respectively, to 940. He is known for his unification of previously warring tribes from Denmark (including Scania, present -day Sweden, where the Bluetooth technology was invented) and Norway. By combinin t e Bluetoot as s own in Equation & b runic symbols we et t e symbol for Combined Runic Symbols below.
E uation 2 Com ined Runic Sym ols Just as Kin Harald Blaatand united t e war torn re ion, Bluetoot would unite t e world of computers and telecommunications.
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2.3. Bluetooth Ena led Products e number of products t at are Bluetoot enabled is continuously Bluetoot tec nolo y. point$ rowin and one of t e latest tec nolo ical announcements is t e new Casio watc w ic features e report on Wed 19th January 2011 11:44 AM at ttp://www.watc s op.com/watc news/Casios Bluetoot watc could be a turnin .html says:
A new Casio watch featuring Bluetooth technology could herald a turning point in the industry, according to a gadget blog, which praised the device Casio's new Bluetooth-enabled watch could herald a turning point in the timepiece sector, according to an expert blog. LatestGadgets.co.uk said that no longer will people be using their watches just to tell the time, they will have far more important things to do.
"Casio has just unveiled plans for a new watch that will be Bluetooth low energy enabled using recently developed technology allowing it to communicate with our smart phones. All new smart phones will shortly carry Bluetooth low energy wireless technology allowing them to pair up with networks of other devices," the author said. It added that once the Casio watch is paired with a smartphone it will be able to maintain the correct time, notifying the wearer of incoming calls or emails, while also giving the opportunity to set phone alerts or alarms through a single button press.
Recently, Nike and TomTom unveiled a new watch which links via Bluetooth to a sensor in a running shoe to log data when out on the track.
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2.3.1. Basic Technical Questions Answered a. hat Is Pairing? Bluetooth pairin is when two Bluetooth devices are wirelessly linked to each other by the means of sharin an identical password or passkey. Before the pairin can occur one of the Bluetooth devices must be set into discoverable mode. Once a Bluetooth device is set into discovery mode other Bluetooth devices can try to connect with it and a successful link can only occur if both devices share the same passkey. It is recommended not leave the device in recovery mode once the pairin with another device has occurred, otherwise other devices may try to connect with it. or further readin on pairin see http://www.bluetomorrow.com/about bluetooth-technolo y/generalbluetooth-information/bluetooth-pairing.html. . How any evices Can Communicate on a Single Network? According to the Bluetooth website: http://www.bluetooth.com/English/Technology/Works/Pages/Architectur e__Baseband.aspx a single piconet can have up to slave devices concurrently communicating, although a much larger number of devices can be link but in a parked state. Also a device can be linked to more than one piconet which makes it a part of scatternet and the device can be a master in one network and a slave in the other or a slave in both . c. hat is a Scatternet? A scatternet is a network containing two or more piconets. See igure - A Scatternet represented below: The picture below represents a scatternet consisting of three grey circles) piconets, within each piconet are a number of devices the red dot represents a master devic e, the green dot a slave device, blue dot is a parked device and the red/green dot is both the master of one piconet and a slave device in another piconet.
Picture taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatternet igure 1 A Scatternet
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d. hat is a Piconet? A piconet is a collection of devices occupying a shared physical channel where one of the devices is the master and the remaining slave devices are connected to it. Each grey circle in igure - etailed Scatternet represents a single piconet and each dot within the grey circle represents a single device. The minimum of a master and single slave forms a piconet. e. hat is a Parked State? A device operating in a basic mode piconet that is synchroni ed to the master but has given up its default AC logical transport. to igure ooking back - etailed Scatternet represents the AC logical transport
link and the blue dots the parked devices which have given up their AC logical transport link. . hat is a aster evice? A master device on Bluetooth is the device that initiates the connection however this device can then become the slave device by swapping roles. g. hat is a Slave evice? A slave device is the device that is being connected by the master device, once connected these roles may be swapped. igure 2 etailed Scatternet
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2.4. Bluetooth Standards and Protocols This section will look at the various standards and protocols that make up a Bluetooth network how the Bluetooth network sits amongst other wireless networks and whether the standard follows the OSI model. 2.4.1. The Bigger Picture By looking at the graph in igure - Wireless Networks it can be seen that Bluetooth only occupies a small space in the bigger picture of wireless networks, where the range is very limited compared to the other network types. The range being only in the WPAN area of the graph and its data rate is also quite limited. Although new specifications may allow for higher data rates and a greater distance essentially the original specifications did not allow for this.
igure 3 . a. PAN
ireless Networks
WPAN is short for Wireless Personal Area Network and as the name suggests it has a limited transmission range. . OSI OSI is the standard model for network transport layers.
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2.4.2. The OSI odel Standards & Bluetooth Mapping below: standards. The Bluetooth WPAN
The Bluetooth model maps onto the OSI model as shown in igure OSI Model, IEE The OSI model has seven layers and the first two layers o f this model are shown mapped to the IEEE model which fully maps the physical layer PHY), only maps the medium access MAC) sub-layer part of the data link layer as the logical link in Bluetooth is controlled by a li nk manager.
igure 4- OSI
odel, IEE802 Standards
Bluetooth
apping
The first two layers of the ISO model are: a. The Physical Layer (PHY) This layer is the first and lowest layer of the OSI model and due to the plethora of different hardware technologies makes this layer the most complex, basically it forms the actual network connection. . The ata Link edium Access Su -Layer ( AC) It provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several terminals or network nodes to communicate within a multi-point network. Wikipedia)
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2. . . he Bluetooth Architecture
The Figure 5 - Bluetooth Architecture Model shown below show the how the various Bluetooth layers are linked together to form the architecture
Figure
- Bluetooth Architecture Model
The layers are:

a. he F ayer
Responsible for transmitting and receiving packets of information on the physical channel, the RF block transforms a stream of data to and from the physical channel and the baseband into required formats.
b. Baseband ayer
A control path between the ba seband and the RF block allows the baseband block to control the timing and frequency carrier of the RF block. Shown as a link controller it is responsible for the encoding and decoding of Bluetooth packets Also the baseband resource manager part of the baseband layer is responsible for all access to the radio medium .
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c. ink Manager ayer
Within the link manager layer is the device manager which is also within the broadband layer. The link manager is responsible for the creation, modification, and release of logical links and their associated logical transports if required. This is achieved by talking to the link manager of an associated Bluetooth device using the (LMP) link manager protocol. The device manager is responsible for the functional block in t he baseband that controls the general behaviour o f the Bluetooth enabled device and it is responsible for all operation of the Bluetooth system that is not directly related to data transport .
d. ost to Controller Interface CI Control
The HCI splits the Bluetooth architecture or stack into two that is to say into controller and host Figure 6 - Host Controller Interface below.
Figure
ost Controller Interface
.The Bluetooth controller part is said to have limited data buffering capability with the host. The Host to Controll er interface implementation is considered an optional service.
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e. L2CAP Resource The anager
CAP resource manager block is responsible for managing the CAP resource manager has some relative CAP channels with
ordering of submission of Protocol ata Units P Us) fragments to the baseband. Also the scheduling between channels to ensure that
uality of Service oS commitments are not denied access to the physical channel due to Bluetooth controller resource exhaustion. This is required because the architectural model does not assume that the Bluetooth controller has limitless buffering, or that the HCI is a pipe of infinite bandwidth. CAP resource managers may also carry out traffic conformance policing to ensure that applications are s ubmitting CAP Service ata Units S Us within the bounds of their negotiated oS settings. The general Bluetooth data transport model assumes well-behaved applications, and does not define how an implementation is expected to deal with this problem. . L2CAP Transaction Below is a model of the odel CAP transactions and how data is passed CAP Transaction
between layers is implementation specific and the Model is shown in igure below.
igure 7- L2CAP Transaction
odel
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g. Upper Layer This is the system layer above the h. Lower Layer This is the system layer below the CAP where protocol data units P Us are used these can be fragmented and reassembled. i. Protocol ata Units (P Us) The P Us or part of the P U called data fragments are used to communicate between the CAP layer and the lower layers. CAP header. Types of P Us -frames. A P U is always started by a Basic j. Service ata Units (S Us) The S U is used at the upper level which uses S Us to communicate between the higher level protocols and the The v Bluetooth Protocols says CAP layer. CAP permits higher level protocols kilobytes in length. CAP CAP where service data units S Us are used these can be segmented and reassembled.
are: B-frames, I-frames, S-frames, C-frames and
and applications to transmit and receive upper layer data packets CAP Service ata Units, S U) up to also permits per-channel flow control and retransmission via the low Control and Retransmission Modes. Also the S Us can be split into smaller units called a segment which when put back together make up the S U. k. Reassem ly
igure 8 L2CAP S U Reassem ly
igure
CAP S U Reassemblyis where in the S U segments are
being re-established into a S U from the segments received over an CAP channel. Reassembly also occurs in the lower layer where the P U fragments are re-established into a P U.
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l. Audio
Audiodoes not normally go through L2CAP except when it is packetized audio data, such as internet protocol telephony which may be sent, using communication protocols running over L2CAP. However the new audio standards there are three new methods that use L2CAP link these are Audio/Video Distribution Transport Protocol (AVD TP), Generic Audio/Video Distribution Profile (GAVDP), and Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP).
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2. . . Data Packet Formats
There are a number of data packet formats that operate over Bluetooth but the basic L2CAP headeris made up as shown in Figure 9- Standard Basic Rate Packet (Connection Orientated B-Frame) below also known as a Synchronous Connection-Oriented or SCO link.
Figure 9- Standard Basic
ate Packet Connection
rientated B-Frame)
Although the minimum payload can be zero bytes the actual supported minimum transmission unit MTU size is 48 octets (ambiguous bytes) and the MTU limits the payload sizes so this needs to be taken into account.
Figure 10 - Connectionless Channel Basic
ate Packet G -Frame)
Figure 10 - Connectionless Channel Basic Rate Packet (G -Frame) shows the L2CAP PDU packet on a connectionless channel this is also known as an Asynchronous Connection-Less or ACL link. The PSM can be greater than 2 octets but will reduce the payload size by the same amount and the payload can be 0 to 65535 octets.
Figure 11 - ypical Bluetooth Data Frame
Figure 11 - Typical Bluetooth Data Frame show a frame that has a lower payload than that of the B-Frame or G-Frame this typical frame. The first 72 bits contain the access code, the header is 18 bits repeated three times totalling 54 bits and the data can be 0 to 2744 bits long.
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The header is made up of 18 bits that consists of 3 bits fo r the Bluetooth device Address a total of 8 devices including the master device and 7 active slaves. Next 4 bits are the Type of frame the next three 1 bit fields represent the Flow, Acknowledgement and Sequence bits finally followed by the 8 bi t Checksum and this 18 bit header sequence is repeated 3 times totalling 54 bits. Thus the larger SDUs are broken down to the PDUs for transmitting with a few addition bits that makeup the Bluetooth transmission container I-frames, S-frames, C-frames
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2.5. Security
How secure is a Bluetooth device?
Security
Security ssue / Vulnerability Shared Master
Risks
Bluetooth Comments
Trans ission
Body Area
posure Li its
Current Li its
Public Workers
No User Authentication
e vice ey Sharing
Compromise of privacy when a device address is captured
associated with a particular user.
Once the address is associated with a particular user, that user activities can be logged which will result in loss of privacy
restrictions
W /kg
(Frequency 10 MHz 10
body SAR ocalized
1.6 W/kg
SAR (), head
attacks via the internet or via emails
SAR, limbs
Slide 3 - Security Risks & Trans ission
posure Li its
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Vulnerability of data to third party providers
W/kg
Viruses
e nial of Service
ocalized
and torso
Student No 10020605
Individual link are encrypted authorised, however applications above these links can be End to End security not performed developed and utilised to breach security as data is decrypted at intermediate links. Audit, non -repudiation, and other imited Security Services services do not exist.
Hz) Whole
Basic
0.0
0. W/kg
0. W/kg
W/kg
10 W/kg
20 W/kg
25 W/kg
a vesdropping
ey
(Both)
A better broadcast keying system is needed Only device authentication is mandatory, application user authentication is optional. Another user may be able to gain unauthorised access to data between two other users by corrupt means.
roposed Li its

3. Conclusion
IEEE 802.15.1: Bluetooth IEEE 802.15.3: High data rate WPAN IEEE 802.15.4: Low data rate WPAN
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4. eference Materials
Personal Area Networks report by student 10020605 Why the name Bluetooth name was chosen : http://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/ind ex?qid=20070205052400AAJ3AVA Casio Watch Report: http://www.watchshop.com/watchnews/Casios-Bluetooth-watchcould-be-a-turning-point 800351083.html Bluetooth Pairing: http://www.bluetomorrow.com/about -bluetooth-technology/generalbluetooth-information/bluetooth -pairing.html. Bluetooth URL: http://www.bluetooth.com/Bluetooth/Technology/ Building/Specifications/ BluetoothTutorial URL: http://www.palowireless.com/infotooth/tutorial.asp Bluetooth Definitions URL: http://www.bluetooth.com/English/Technology/Pages/Glossary.aspx Bluetooth OSI Mapping URL: http://progtutorials.tripod.com/Bluetooth Technology.htm Bluetooth Architecture URL: http://www.bluetooth.com/English/Technology/Works/Pages/Core_System_Architecture.as px#3 Bluetooth Architecture Overview by Dr. Chatschik Bisdikian IEEE802.15: Bluetooth overview http://www.ieee802.org/15/pub/1999/Sep99/Misc/IEEE8021509_14_1999 -r2.ppt
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5. Appendices
5.1. Appendix A -
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5.2. Appendix B -
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5.3. Appendix C -
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5.4. Appendix D -
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