EXERCISES: >> For exercises # 1 - 20, refer to picture # x.

>> Substitute the SUBJECT and OBJECT NOUNS with SUBJECT and OBJECT PRONOUNS: 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Barbara is talking to Laura. She is talking to her. Diana is looking at Barbara and Laura through the window. The dog is eating spaghetti. The woman with glasses is Mrs. Schmidt. Mrs. Schmidt is serving spaghetti to Laura. Cousin Paul is drinking water. George, Laura, Barbara, and Paul are sitting at the table. The fat man is looking at Mrs. Schmidt. Mrs. Schmidt is not looking at the fat man. The fat man is Mr. Schmidt. The cat is sleeping under the TV.

>> Fill in the blank with the correct SUBJECT or OBJECT PRONOUNS: 0. Today, the Schmidts are eating spaghetti. Also the dog is eating ______. it 11. The children are sitting at the table. Diana is looking through the window at ______. 12. Outside, there are birds. ______ are sitting in the tree. 13. Mr. Schmidt is holding a cup of coffee but he is not drinking ______. 14. Laura is sitting next to Barbara, and ______ is listening to ______. 15. Mrs. Schmidt is near George, but ______ is not serving ______. 16. Paul is sitting across from Laura, but ______ is not looking at ______. 17. The dogs are not on the table, ______ are under ______. 18. Mr. Schmidt is talking to Mrs. Schmidt, and ______ is looking at ______. But ______ is not looking at ______. 19. All of the Schmidts are at home, ______ are eating lunch. 20. The TV is on, and Paul is watching ______. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. I am waiting for Peter and Alex. I am waiting for ______. Karl is kissing Susan. ______ is kissing ______. I am speaking to you. You are listening to ______. I am watching the boys. I am watching ______. Mom is cooking for me and my sister. ______ is cooking for ______. Susan is thinking about Karl. ______ is thinking about ______. I am speaking to John. I am speaking to ______. John is looking at Mary. ______ is looking at ______. I am sitting beside you. You are sitting beside ______. You and I are walking to the bank. ______ are walking to ______.

>> Change the order of DIRECT OBJECT and INDIRECT OBJECT: 0. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. I'm giving Robert money. I'm giving money to Robert. Yoko is showing it to me. She is telling them the story. We are asking a favor of you. Are you giving me your car? Nina is throwing the ball to Ricky. June is teaching him Chinese. Get some cigarettes for me. They are awarding the Oscar to her. He is giving us gift. I am sending an email to you. >> Re-write the following sentences without errors: 0. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. I'm buying a diamond ring she. I'm buying a diamond ring for her. Daddy, Daddy! Buy I some candy! They are not looking at she, they are looking at we. Her is telling a secret they. Them are stupid people. Are you afraid of we? We are looking for she. Listen to I, I am talking to you. They are inviting we to the party. She is writing to me a letter. He is talking to she on the phone. >> Put the words in the correct order: 0. 51. 51. 52. 52. 53. 53. 54. 54. 55. 55. 56. 56. 57. 57. 58. 58. 59. 59. 60. 60. am you I for waiting I am waiting for you. He is throwing the ball to me. is ball me throwing to he the Tonight, I am paying for you. tonight you for am I paying Is she coming with us to the disco? the coming disco is to she us with ? They are cooking us dinner. are they us dinner cooking Are you going to school with them? with are them you to going school ? You are spending too much money on me. on you spending much too are me money They are dancing with her. they dancing her are with I am standing in front of you. I you standing front am in of She is speaking to us about the new organization. new us speaking organization she the is to about They are showing him their new car. they car him are their showing car

Active or Passive Quiz

1 I ate a piece of chocolate cake. 2 The librarian read the book to the students. 3 The money was stolen. 4 They are paid on Fridays. 5 The movie is being made in Hollywood. 6 I washed my car three weeks ago. 7 His hair was cut by a professional. 8 I will introduce you to my boss this week. 9 It would have been fixed on the weekend. 10

The national anthem is being sung by Jason this time.

TYPE 0 CONDITIONALS: GENERAL TRUTHS/CAUSE AND EFFECT In Type 0 conditionals, other conjunctions may be used in the place of "if": as long as, provided that, unless, when. The verbs in both clauses are usually in the same tense. Imperative and modal verbs are not normally used. The basic verb structure of a Type 0 conditional statement is as follows: "If" + Verb, Verb. IF you STUDY, you LEARN. or: Verb "if" + Verb. You LEARN IF you STUDY. MAIN CLAUSE CONDITIONAL CLAUSE CONDITIONAL CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

We often use the pronoun "you" to speak in general. It does not mean you personally. EXAMPLES: -If you eat too much, you get fat. or: -You get fat if you eat too much. -If you heat water, it boils. or: -Water boils if you heat it. -When you heat water, it boils. or: -Water boils when you heat it. -If you are not part of the solution, you are part of the problem. Another common verb structure is as follows: Imperative Verb, "and" + Verb -EAT too much and you GET fat. These clauses are not reversable; the conditional clause must come first: -Heat water and it boils. -Insult people and they get mad. EXERCISES: Answer the following questions using Type 0 conditionals: 0. What happens if you sit in the sun too long? If you sit in the sun too long, you get burned. or: You get burned if you sit in the sun too long. or: Sit in the sun too long and you get burned. 1. Who do you go to if you have a toothache? 2. What happens if you don't study? 3. If you want to buy a jacket, where do you go? 4. How do you feel if you don't eat? 5. What do you need if you want to wash clothes? 6. What happens if you go into the jungle without mosquitoe repellent? 7. What do you wear if you go to a wedding? 8. When a man doesn't shave, what happens? 9. What does a bird do when it sees a cat? 10. Who do you call if there is a fire? TYPE 1 CONDITIONALS: PROBABLE OR OPEN CONDITIONS We call Type 1 conditionals "probable conditionals" because they are used to describe things that are considered true or probable, but are a matter of opinion. Type 1 conditionals are not general truths or laws of nature as in CONDITIONAL CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

Type 0 conditionals. In addition to "if", other conjunctions can be used in Type 1 conditionals: as long as, on the condition that, provided that, supposing, unless, whether. The most common verb structures for Type 1 conditionals are: "If" + Verb (present tense), Modal Verb CONDITIONAL CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

-IF you GO to the office, you CAN TELL him. or: "If" + Verb (present tense), CONDITIONAL CLAUSE Imperative Verb MAIN CLAUSE -IF you GO to the office, TELL him. or: Imperative Verb CONDITIONAL CLAUSE "and" ("or") + Modal Verb MAIN CLAUSE -GO to the office and you CAN TELL him. -DON'T STEP on the crack or you WILL BREAK your mother's back. EXAMPLES: -If the weather is nice tomorrow, we will go to the beach. -If we don't hurry, we will be late. or: Hurry or we will be late. -If you don't eat your spinach, you will not grow big and strong. or: Eat your spinach or you will not grow big and strong. -If at first you don't succeed, try, try again. -If you cannot say something nice about someone, don't say anything at all. or: Say something nice or don't say anything at all. -If you want a thing done well, do it yourself. -If you can't beat 'em, join 'em. -If you miss the train, you can take a taxi. -She should call the office if she changes her plans. -You must see the Grand Canyon if you go to Arizona. -If you don't like the heat, get out of the kitchen. -If the shoe fits, wear it. EXERCISES: Make the following sentences into Type 1 conditionals: 0. cold. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. The baby is not dressed warmly enough. If the baby is not dressed warmly enough, he may catch He's looking for a good doctor. It's after midnight. They've changed their minds. There's no food in the refrigerator. Karl is tired. These pants are too tight. There is nothing good on TV tonight. He has no friends. She hopes to win the lottery. He doesn't know Meg McLagan.

TYPE 2 CONDITIONALS: UNREAL/HYPOTHETICAL CONDITIONS -- PRESENT AND FUTURE We use Type 2 Conditionals to express unreal or hypothetical conditions in the present or future. The basic structure is as follows: "If" + Verb (past tense), Modal Verb. CONDITIONAL CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

-IF you WENT to the office tomorrow, you COULD TELL him. The use of past tense does not indicate past time. The modal verbs used in the main clause are restricted by the unreal/hypothetical meaning of the conditional. You can use: would, would have to, would be able to, could but you cannot use: will, shall, can, may, must, should, ought to because these modals imply existing conditions. All forms of "be" in the conditional clause become "were" in Type 2 conditionals: -I am rich -You are rich -He is rich If I were rich If you were rich If he were rich

However, many people use the simple past tense of "be" in the conditional clause. Many other people think this is incorrect: -I am rich -You are rich -He is rich EXAMPLES: -If he didn't like pasta, he wouldn't live in Italy. -We wouldn't ask if we knew the answer. -If I saw Clint Eastwood, I would ask for his autograph. -I could travel more often if I were rich. -They'd know where hollywood is if they were really American. -If I were a carpenter, and you were a lady, would you marry me anyway, would you have my baby? -If I had a hammer, I'd hammer in the morning. -If she could swim, she wouldn't be afraid of the water. -They would go to the movies more often if they had time. -Would you mind if I asked you a personal question? -Would he recognize Queen Elizabeth if he saw her? -He wouldn't know a buffalo if it bit him. -I wouldn't do that if I were you. -How much wood would a woodchuck chuck, if a woodchuck could chuck wood? -If wishes were pennies, we'd all be rich. -I wouldn't run a marathon if you paid me. EXERCISES: Change the following sentences into Type 2 conditionals: 0. I don't know this city, so I can't recommend any restaurants. If I was rich If you were rich If he was rich

If I knew this city, I could recommend a restaurant. 21. I can't buy a house because I haven't enough money. 22. They don't have a car so they won't go to the mountains this weekend. 23. Stephen doesn't know Pamela very well, so he won't ask her for help. 24. Mr. Torres doesn't speak Chinese, so he can't be ambassador to China. 25. Rachel is too young to watch action movies. 26. Caroline agrees to have the barbeque at her house. 27. The taxes are very high in Italy so it is very difficult to start a business. 28. I can't hear him so I can't tell you what he said. 29. Since I am still young I will climb Mt. Everest. 30. I am not a lawyer so I cannot advise you. The past tense is also used to express unreal or hypothetical conditions after "wish", "would rather + clause", and "It's time": EXAMPLES: -I wish it were Friday. -I wish you wouldn't talk behind my back. -I wish I spoke better English. -I'd rather you didn't smoke. -I'd rather you paid me in cash. -It's time we left the party. -It's time you found a job. We also use past tense to express something politely or formally. In this way we avoid being too direct. We commonly say "would like", but this does not imply a conditional meaning: "I would like some ice cream if..." It is simply a way to avoid directly saying: "I want some ice cream." EXAMPLES: -Excuse me, Mr. President: I had a question for you. -Good afternoon. Yes, I wanted to know if I could rent a car for this weekend. -Did you want some coffee after dinner sir? -Would you like some coffee after dinner? -I'd like to test drive the new Ferrari if I could please. TYPE 3 CONDITIONALS: PAST UNREAL CONDITIONS Type 3 conditionals represent unreal conditions in the past, that is, things that did not happen or did not exist. The basic structure is as follows: "If" + Verb(past perfect), Modal Verb + Verb(present perfect). CONDITIONAL CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE

-IF she HAD GONE to the theater last night, she COULD HAVE SEEN the opera. EXAMPLES:

-If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam. -They wouldn't have treated us badly if we hadn't been foreigners. -If I had seen you at the party, I would certainly have said "hello". -If he had understood the directions, he would not have gotten lost. -He wouldn't have crashed the car if he had driven more carefully. -How would we have managed if Charles hadn't been with us? -Would you have listened to me if I had told you? -If I'd known you were coming, I'd have baked a cake. The subject and modal verb in the "if" (conditional) clause may be inverted. In this case, the conditional clause must come first: -Had -Had -Had -Had -Had you studied harder, you would have passed the exam. we not been foreigners, they wouldn't have treated us so badly. I seen you at the party, I would certainly have said "hello". he understood the directions, he wouldn't have gotten lost. I known you were coming, I'd have baked a cake.

EXERCISES: Make Type 3 conditionals based on the following sentences: 0. I missed the train. If I had not missed the train, I would have arrived at work on time. 31. I listened to your advice. 32. Michael didn't pay his taxes for ten years. 33. Luther didn't know about the robbery. 34. We didn't go to Rome. 35. Ms. Washington saw the weather forecast. 36. William borrowed money from the bank. 37. They didn't ask for directions to the beach. 38. She didn't study very hard in school. 39. We forgot our passports at home. 40. They didn't call me. POSSIBLE ANSWERS TO EXCERCISES: 1. If you have a toothache, you go to a dentist. or: You go to a dentist if you have a toothache. 2. If you don't study, you don't learn. 3. Go to a clothing store if you want to buy a jacket. 4. You feel hungry if you don't eat. 5. If you want to wash clothes, you need water and soap. 6. Mosquitoes bite you if you go into the jungle without mosquitoe repellent. 7. If you go to a wedding you wear a tie or a formal dress. 8. When a man doesn't shave, his beard grows. 9. When a bird sees a cat, it flies away. 10. Call the fire department if there is a fire. 11. If he's looking for a good doctor, I can recommend one to him. 12. We should leave if it's after midnight already. 13. If they've changed their minds, they should call Robert and tell him. 14. Go shopping if there's no food in the regrigerator. 15. If Karl is tired, he can stay home. 16. If those pants are too tight, try another size. 17. We can go to the movies if there's nothing good on TV tonight. 18. He must go out and meet people if he has no friends.

19. 20.

If she wins the lottery, she can pay me the money she owes me. If he doesn't know Meg McLagan, I can introduce him to her.

21. I could buy a house if I had enough money. 22. If they had a car, they would go to the mountains this weekend. 23. If Stephen knew Pamela well, he would ask her for help. 24. If Mr. Torres spoke Chinese, he could be ambassador to China. 25. If Rachel were not too young, she could watch action movies. 26. If Caroline didn't agree to have the barbeque at her house, we would have it at mine. 27. If the taxes were not so high in Italy, it would be easier to start a business. 28. If could hear him, I could tell you what he said. 29. If I were still young, I would climb Mt. Everest. 30. If I were a lawyer, I could advise you. 31. If I hadn't listened to your advice, I could've gotten in trouble. 32. Michael wouldn't have gone to jail if he'd paid his taxes. 34. Had Luther known about the robbery, he would surely have reported it to the police. 35. If Ms. Washington hadn't seen the weather forecast, she wouldn't have brought her umbrella. 36. William wouldn't have been able to pay his rent if he had not borrowed money from the bank. 37. They would have found the beach even if they hadn't asked for directions. 38. Had she studied harder in school, she might have become a doctor. 39. If we hadn't forgotten our passports at home, the trip would have been very nice. 40. If they had called me, I would've warned them about the terrible traffic on the highway.

Comparatives and Superlatives VOCABULARY: as, bad, best, better, between, difference, favorite, good, least, less, more, most, than, what, which, worse, worst -The planet Earth is big. Saturn is bigger. Jupiter is the biggest. >> In the above sentences, the word "big" is an ADJECTIVE the word "bigger" is a COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVE and the word "biggest" is a SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE ADJECTIVES: >> When we use an adjective to compare two things, we add "er" to the end of the adjective if it is short, and we say "more" or "less" before the adjective if it is long. SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES:

>> When a thing is unique because it is the most or least of a particular quality, we add "est" to the adjective if it is short, and we say "most" or "least" before the adjective if it is long. Before all superlative adjectives, we say "the" because a superlative describes something unique. ADJECTIVE big small funny stupid soft complicated complicated expensive expensive difficult difficult good bad COMPARATIVE bigger smaller funnier stupider softer more complicated less complicated more expensive less expensive more difficult less difficult SUPERLATIVE the biggest the smallest the funniest the stupidest the softest the most complicated the least complicated the most expensive the least expensive the most difficult the least difficult

>> There are two important exceptions: better best worse worst

>> Instead of saying "my most liked", or "my most preferred", we say my "favorite". SPELLING: >> If an adjective ends in "y", remove the "y" and add "er" or "est": silly sillier silliest muddy muddier muddiest heavy heavier heaviest ADVERBIAL PHRASES OF COMPARISON: -Which is bigger, the Indian Ocean or the Atlantic Ocean? The Atlantic Ocean is. or: The Atlantic Ocean is bigger than the Indian Ocean. This sentence has two parts: The Atlantic Ocean is MAIN CLAUSE bigger than the Indian Ocean. ADVERBIAL PHRASE OF COMPARISON >> Adverbial phrases of comparison use the following conjunctions: than, as, the + (comparative adjective). For example: -The Atlantic Ocean is... bigger THAN the Indian Ocean. not AS big AS the Pacific Ocean. THE CLOSEST ocean to Europe. >> When we use the word "difference", we also use the preposition "between":

-What's the difference between a mountain and a hill? A hill is much smaller. -What is the difference between Italian wine and French wine? French wine is usually sweeter than Italian wine. -What's the difference between "pants" and "trousers"? "Pants" is American and "trousers" is British. >> We use the word "which" when asking to identify one thing among a small number of things. We use "what" when when asking to identify one thing among many many possible things: -What is your favorite TV show? (many, many possible TV shows) My favorite TV show is the news. -Which is older, Athens or Chicago? (two possible things) Athens is much much older than Chicago. -What is the best way to learn English? (many, many possible ways) By using easyenglish.com, of course! -Which is cheaper, a castle or a house or an apartment? (three possible things) An apartment is cheaper than a house or a castle. EXAMPLES: -Cloth shoes are less expensive than leather shoes. And plastic shoes are the least expensive of all. -Larry Smith is the worst actor in the world. No, he isn't, Claude Hopper is worse. -This wine is good, but San Giovese wine is better. -What's the tallest mountain in the world? Mt. Everest is the tallest mountain. -English grammar is the most complicated of all languages. No, it isn't, German grammar is more complicated. -What's the tallest mountain in the world? Mt. Everest is the tallest mountain. -Larry Smith is the worst actor in the world. No, he isn't, Claude Hopper is worse. -The Italian soccer team is as good as the Brazilian team. No it isn't. The Brazilian team is better. -Is Tokyo as expensive as New York? Yes, it is. Maybe Tokyo is more expensive. -German beer is the best beer in the world. Well, I think Dutch beer is better. -This is the coldest winter ever. -Arnold Schwarzenegger is the strongest man on earth. -The more you study, the more you learn. -The more you eat, the heavier you get. EXERCISES: >> There is an error in each sentence. Re-write the sentence correctly: 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. This is longest book in the library. This is the longest book in the library. The Atlantic Ocean is not as big the Pacific Ocean. Your hands are dirtyer than mine. Albert Einstein is intelligenter than me. Nobody is rich as the Queen of England. This is the cheaper car on the market.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Who is fastest man in the world? That restaurant is best in town. Julia Roberts is more pretty than my grandmother. The Ferrari is the faster car of all. I am as taller as you. Where are the more beautiful beaches in the world? China is bigger India. Athens is one of oldest cities in the world. Who is the better lawyer in town? Is ice heavier that water? >> Put the words in the correct order:

0. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

than food food is German Italian better Italian food is better than German food. hotel hotel this the than last cleaner is is Boston city older or Rome which the? not hot Casablanca is as Paris as in tallest world the Mt. Everest mountain is the important are more politics education than ? >> Answer the following questions:

0. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

Who is the best worker in the company? Mr. Suzuki is the best worker. Is the Danube River as big as the Amazon River? Which is more fun, swimming or playing tennis? Is skiing more difficult than walking? Which is more unhealthy, smoking or drinking? What is the most populated country in the world? What is the best TV show? >> Ask questions for the following answers:

0. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

Sunrise is the most beautiful time of day. When is the most beautiful time of day? Ms. Sanchez is the best teacher. Michael is stupider than Max. No, Cuba is smaller than Madagascar. No, geometry is not as difficult as algebra. No, I am older than Rita. Argentina is colder than Panama. Brazil is bigger than Peru. 10:00 is later than 8:00. Mountain climbing is more dangerous than reading.

POSSIBLE ANSWERS TO THE QUESTIONS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. The Atlantic Ocean is not as big as the Pacific Ocean. Your hands are dirtier than mine. Albert Einstein is more intelligent than me. Nobody is as rich as the Queen of England. This is the cheapest car on the market. Who is the fastest man in the world? That restaurant is the best in town. Julia Roberts is prettier than my grandmother. The Ferrari is the fastest car of all. I am as tall as you. Where are the most beautiful beaches in the world?

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

China is bigger than India. Athens is one of the oldest cities in the world. Who is the best lawyer in town? Is ice heavier than water? This hotel is cleaner than the last hotel. Which is the older city, Boston or Rome? Paris is not as hot as Casablanca. Mt. Everest is the tallest mountain in the world. Are politics more important than education? No, it isn't. The Amazon is bigger. Swimming is more fun than playing tennis. Yes, skiing is more difficult than walking. Smoking is more unhealthy than drinking. China is the most populated country in the world. The best TV show is "Star Trek". Who is the best teacher in the school? Who is stupider, Max or Michael? Is Cuba bigger than Madagascar? Is geometry more difficult than algebra? Is Rita older than you? Which is colder, Panama or Argentina? Which is bigger, Brazil or Peru? Which is later, 8:00 or 10:00? Which is more dangerous, mountain climbing or reading?