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Road Structure
Sub-base Subgrade
Cracking
Cracking
Why cracking in asphalt surfacing undesirable? 1. It allows surface water to penetrate into the lower pavement layers, causing localised weakening of the pavement structure. 2. It reduces the dynamic modulus of the surfacing, making it less able to distribute imposed traffic loads.
Rutting
Rutting
Why rutting in asphalt surfacing undesirable? 1. It creates an irregular road profile, thus poor riding quality, dangerous to traffics. 2. It increases roughness, thus increases vehicle operating costs. 3. It allows surface water to accumulate, thus increases risk of skidding and aquaplaning, and water infiltration into pavement structure.
Skidding
Skidding
Does asphaltic concrete road surfacing lack the necessary macrotexture for skidding resistance at high speeds ?
The solution ?
Porous Asphalt
MARSHALL PROPERTIES Stabilty Flow Stiffness Air Void in Mix Void in Aggregate Filled With Bitumen
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MIX AND MATERIALS Bitumen Content 5.0 - 7.0 Percent 5.5 - 6.5 Percent 4.0 - 6.0 Percent 2.33 mT per m3 1.022 0.667 mT 0.625 mT ACW 14 Wearing ACW 14 Binder ACB 28 Binder
Density of Mix SG Bitumen 80 - 100 Satu Ela Metal Satu Ela Premix
Basalt
Granite
Cement or limestone?
Mineral filler: Rock dust, limestone dust, hydrated lime or hydraulic cement. Anti-stripping agent: Ordinary Portland cement.
Material passing 75 um to bitumen ratio by weight 0.6 - 1.2. Mineral Filler / Anti Stripping Agent
80-100 or 60-70 ?
Bitumen Testing
* Penetration. * Softening point. * Solubility in Trichloroethylene. * Ductility. * Flash point. * Retained penetration after thin film oven. * Loss on heating. Test frequency: Not stated in JKR Guidelines or JKR/SPJ. Recommends one set of test per every bitumen delivery to the plant.
BITUMEN QUALITY
PENETRATION TEST
100 gramme needle
5 seconds
Mix Design
B.S. Sieve Size, mm % Passing By Weight 90 20 100-100 80 14 80-95 70 10 68-90 60 50 5 52-72 40 3.35 45-62 30 1.18 30-45 20 10 0.425 17-30 0 0.150 7-16 0.010 0.100 1.000 10.000 100.000 Sieve Size mm 0.075 4-10
% Passing
Class of Mix
Normal Range of Design Bitumen Content by Weight of Mix 5.0 - 7.0 % 4.5 - 6.0 % 4.0 - 6.0 %
Concrete Mixes
Bitumen content. Fractions of combined aggregate passing 5.0 mm and larger sieves. Fractions of combined aggregate passing 3.35 mm and 1.18 mm sieves. Fractions of combined aggregate passing 425 m and 150 m sieves. Fraction of combined aggregate passing 75 m sieve.
+/- 5.0 %
+/- 4.0 %
+/- 3.0 %
+/- 2.0 %
Trial Lay
A minimum of 10 tons of each mix shall be placed in trial areas to demonstrate to the satisfaction of S.O. that the mixing, laying and compacting equipment conforms to the requirements of the specification, and that the proposed mixes are satisfactory. 1. Rollers. 2. Paver. 3. Trial site. 4. Tests on premix sample : Binder content & aggregate grading. Theoretical maximum specific gravity. Prepare Marshall specimens. Specific gravity, volumetric properties, Marshall stability and flow of Marshall specimens.
Each aggregate shall be stored in a separate stockpile. Stockpiles of sand and other fine aggregates shall be kept dry using waterproof covers or other means.
Aggregate Stockpile
Sampling of premix
Sampling of Premix
Sample quantity: > 20 mm (eg. ACB28) - minimum 24 kg. < 20 mm (eg. ACW20) - minimum 16 kg. Sampling from lorry: > 20 mm - take 4 increments. < 20 mm - take 3 increments. One increment approx. 7 kg (use size 2 squaremouth shovel). Scoop 100 mm below surface.
Testing of Premix
1 test per 200 tons of asphaltic concrete produced; * Bitumen content & grading. * Maximum specific gravity. * Preparation of Marshall specimens. * Bulk specific gravity of Marshall specimens. * Volumetric properties (VMA, VFB, VIM). * Marshall stability & flow.
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