AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

1.0 INTRODUCTION Concrete is a material with a very small tensile strength, it is usually reinforced with reinforcement whenever used in structures. When the concrete structures are required to withstand significant overloads, such as earthquake loads, knowledge of the behavior of concrete structures under conditions of large deformation is necessary. At such level of deformation, spalling of the concrete cover would likely be extensive and the strength and ductility, i.e., their ability to deform, would depend greatly on the effectiveness of the confinement provided to the concrete core. There are generally two types of confinement. Active confinement and passive confinement. The term confinement refers to the influence that lateral load exercise on concrete, which leads to the modification of the compression stress state from uni-axial to multi-axial. In other words, concrete which is restrained in the direction at right angle to the applied stress is referred to as confined concrete. Active confinement is when transverse stress is from some externally applied action, for instance an axially loaded cylinder subjected to lateral fluid pressure. Confinement of concrete by transverse reinforcement in the form of closely spaced steel spiral or hoops is passive confinement. At low level of axial concrete stress, the transverse reinforcement is hardly stressed and thus, the concrete is unconfined. The concrete becomes confined when the compression stress level approaches the uni-axial strength, it commences the increase in volume due to progressive internal fracturing and bears out against the transverse reinforcement which then applies a confining reaction to the concrete. The main difference between the two type of confinement is that the fluid or hydrostatic pressure is independent of the deformation of the concrete core where as the confining stress given by the transverse reinforcement is a function of lateral strains of the concrete core under axial load. In practice, concrete is confined by transverse reinforcement in the form of circular spirals or rectangular square hoops with different types of configuration. And it is generally accepted that the transverse reinforcement results in an increase of strength and ductility of the confined concrete. When a concrete component is subjected to large compressive loadings, the width of the concrete component is increased due to poison s effect and micro cracking, the spirals or hoops are stressed in tension creating an offset containing compressive stress in the enclosed concrete. The resulting tri-axial state of compressive stress in the concrete enclosed on confined concrete by the spirals or hoops increase the strength and ductility of the concrete components.

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

1.1 The main objectives of confinement are: ( i ) to prevent the concrete cover from spalling, (ii) to provide lateral support to the longitudinal reinforcement and (iii) to enhance concrete strength and deformation capacities.

1.2 un confined concrete(plain concrete) Confinement for heavily loaded sections Plain concrete has relatively small usable compressive strain capacity (around 0.003), and this might limit the deformability of beams and columns of special moment frames. Strain capacity can be increased ten-fold by confining the concrete with reinforcing spirals or closed hoops. The hoops act to restrain dilation of the core concrete as it is loaded in compression, and this confining action leads to increased strength and strain.

1.2.1) stress-strain curve for concrete

Every material and/or combination of materials that forms composites has its own unique stressstrain relationships, which can be elastic, inelastic, or a combination of the two Concrete is a nonhomogeneous material prone to cracking. As a result, concrete s stress-strain relationship is highly non linear . Unconfined concrete and confined concrete have very different stress-strain relationships. Since concrete is weak in tension, loading induces the development of micro-cracks throughout the concrete cross section, growing in the unconfined concrete, until the strength of the section is greatly reduced. This causes failure in a very brittle fashion. However, with the addition of confinement around the concrete section, the micro-cracks, though still present, can be restrained and prevented from growing and causing failure at small compressive strains. The addition of confinement around reinforced concrete cross sections can change the concrete s stress-strain behavior from relatively weak and brittle to strong and ductile. The added strength and ductility found in confined concrete is due to the development of a triaxial stress field and the containment of the concrete after cracking. To date, the most common form of transverse reinforcement in reinforced concrete columns has been steel spirals or hoops. Numerous studies outlining the effect of confinement on concrete strength and Confinements of RC in columns by Abraha Tesfay 2

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

deformation have been conducted regarding both steel spirals and hoops, as well as rectilinear ties and concrete-filled steel tubular columns.

1.2.1.1)stress-strain curves for unconfined concrete The stress strain relation-ship for un confined concrete under uniaxial stresses dealt with in numerous texts. It should be noted that as the compression strength fc increases, the strain at peak stress and at first crushing decreases. This apparent brittleness at high strength concrete is of serious concern and must be considered when ductility requirements result in high concrete compression strains. The modulus of elasticity, Ec , used for design is generally based on secant measurement under slowly applied compression load to a maximum stress of 0.5fc . Ec = 4700 (MPa)

Fig 1.0 Stress-strain curve for concrete cylinders loaded in unaxial compression 1.2.2) compression stress block design parameters for unconfined concrete The concrete compressive strength does not have a significant influence on cross section rotational capacity and therefore does not change the member displacement capacity. Though the displacement capacity is not significantly influenced, the member ductility is reduced by increasing fc . As in Fig 1.2, for convenience of calculation, the actual compression stress block is replaced by an equivalent rectangular block of average stress fc and extent c from the

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

extreme compression fiber, where c is the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the neutrals axis. bcfc = C (1-0.5 )bc fc = CY
2

(1.2) (1.3)

Fig 1.3 Concrete stress block design parameters for flexural strength calculation Where C is the resultant force of the compression stress block and is located a distance y from the neutral axis. For unconfined concrete the values for and used are

=0.85 for all values of fc And 0.85 0.85-0.008(fc -30) 0.65 (MPa) (1.4)

1.2.3) tensile strength of concrete

The contribution of the tensile strength of concrete to the concrete to the dependable strength of members under seismic action must be ignored, because of its variable nature, and the possible influence of shrinkage induces cracking. The following conservatively high value for tensile strength may assume.

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Concrete in direct tension: ft =0.5 Concrete in flexural tension:

(MPa) (MPa)

(1.5a) (1.5b)

ft =0.75

2.0 Confined Concrete

It has long been recognized that strength, as well as ductility (deformability) of concrete is substantially increased whenever it is in a tri-axial state of stress. Plain concrete subjected to longitudinal compression is in a uni-axial state of stress. Longitudinal strains generated by such loading give rise to transverse tensile strains that may result in vertical cracking. As the material approaches its uni-axial compressive capacity, the transverse strains and the vertical cracks reach their limiting values. Combination of lateral pressure and axial compression results in a tri-axial state of stress. In Practice a loading condition equivalent to hydrostatic

compression results when transverse reinforcement in the form of closed ties or spirals prevents lateral Swelling of an element subjected to axial compression. The concrete which is affected by this favorable action of the transverse reinforcement is called confined concrete. It has to be noted here that some degree of
confinement is contributed from longitudinal reinforcing bars, in particular those of large diameter and /or with close spacing. The earth quake resistant properties of a material can be evaluated using their stress-strain diagram, where both strength and deformation characteristics are reflected. As shown from Figure 1.4 below, stress-strain characteristics of concrete core can be significantly improved by transverse confinement, i.e. the strength

as well as ductility of concrete is substantially increased due to the confinement.

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

When unconfined concrete is subjected to compression stress levels approaching the crushing strength, high lateral tensile strains develop as a result of the formation and propagation of longitudinal micro-cracks. This results in instability of the compression zone and failure. Closely spaced transverse reinforcement in conjunction with longitudinal reinforcement acts to restrain the lateral expansion of the concrete, enabling higher compression stresses and more important, much higher compression strains to be sustained by the compression zone before failure occurs. The inelastic behavior of concrete is initiated by the formation of internal bond cracks at the interface between aggregates and mortar, a phenomenon which influences the descending branch of stress-strain diagram. The behavior of the material is affected by confinement from the instant that internal cracking causes an increase of volume in the element. It follows that transverse reinforcement does not affect the first part of the stressstrain curve, but its contribution becomes increasingly significant as maximum strength is Approached, and it dominates the response in the region of the descending branch.

The strength of an unconfined concrete column is the gross area times the unconfined compressive strength. After the concrete outside the spiral, hoops or ties has spalled, the strength of the column is the core area times the enhanced compressive strength.

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Work done in the 1920s by Richart et al. indicated that confined concrete strength is roughly the unconfined strength plus 4 times the confining pressure, flat. The goal in designing the hoops is to ensure that the strength after cover spalling is not less than the strength before spalling.

2.1)

Advantages of confinement

Confinement offers two main advantages regarding the seismic behavior of concrete structural elements. 1) It increases strength of concrete, which compensates for possible losses caused by spalling, i.e. failure of the cover concrete in an element ,which occurs when ever compressive strains in the cover exceed about 0.4%. 2) It reduces the slope of the descending branch of the stress-strain curve; therefore it increases the maximum usable strain I cu. In other words the ductility of concrete is increased by confinement.

2.2) Types of confinement

Ductility in the plastic hinge regions of both new and retrofitted reinforced concrete columns requires special consideration in seismic design. Under large seismic excitation, proper ductility in the plastic hinge region will ensure that the column can deform in elastically through a series of displacement response cycles without significant loss of strength. The most important design consideration for ductility in the plastic hinge region of reinforced concrete columns is the transverse reinforcement detail. Properly designed transverse reinforcement ensures that the concrete in compression is adequately confined, the longitudinal reinforcement does not buckle, and a brittle shear failure is avoided [17]. This study focuses on the confinement aspect of transverse reinforcement in reinforced concrete columns. The confinement of reinforced

concrete can either be active or passive.

2.2.1 Active confinement: is a transverse stress applied around a cross section that
is always present regardless of the section s loading conditions. This can be achieved by encasing a reinforced concrete member with a jacket that is slightly larger than the
Confinements of RC in columns by Abraha Tesfay 7

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

cross section. The void between the jacket and the concrete surface is then filled with pressure grout. Active confinement can also be achieved by pre- stressing the confinement jacket as it is applied around the concrete member.

2.2.2 Passive confinement: is achieved by adding transverse reinforcement to the

concrete cross section that engages as a result of lateral expansion of the concrete section under axial loading. As the member s axial load increases the corresponding lateral strain also increases causing the transverse reinforcement to develop tensile hoop stress balanced by a uniform radial pressure reacting against the concrete expansion Since passive confinement can be as effective as active confinement and does not require the additional effort of pre stressing, it is more commonly used in the construction industry. After conducting an analysis of the columns, it was concluded that the most likely reason for the confinement failures was due to stressing the wraps beyond their creep rupture strength during prestressing. To avoid creep rupture and due to ease of installation, passive confinement is most common, and is thus the focus of study in this paper.

2.3 Providing of confinements

Generally, confinement is provided in two ways. These are, using circular spiral or square/rectangular hoops. Various experimental studies on the role of confinement have confirmed that confinement by circular spirals in general more effective than those by square/rectangular hoops. This is because in the case of rectangular/square hoops, confining reaction is only applied in the corner regions of the hoops since the bending resistance of the transverse steel between the corners is insufficient to restrain the expansion of concrete along the whole length of the bar. As a result, the concrete is only effectively confined in the corner and central regions of the cross section and a disruption of a considerable portion of the core area is anticipated to occur.

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

On the other hand, circular spirals, because of their shape, are subjected to hoop tension, creating an uninterrupted confinement pressure along the whole circumference. Thus, the effective confinement produced by rectangular ties will be less than that attained circular ties. Furthermore, it s effect on the strength and deformation characteristics of concrete columns is much more difficult to evaluate. However, use of rectangular transverse steel is considered in this study due to the common occurrence of this type and other advantages in design, detailing and fabrication. Thus, an understanding of the effect of non-uniform lateral confinement, as produced by rectangular ties, is very important because of its prevalent use and its importance to ductile structural performance.

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The confinement provided by square/rectangular hoops and circular can be significantly improved by the use of multiple hoops or hoops with cross ties, which results in several legs of crossing the section of which are shown in Figure below.

Fig 1.6

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

10

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

This photo shows a column with inadequate ties which provided almost no confinement. Olive View Hospita after the 1971 San Fernando earthquake.

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

11

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

This slide shows a column with an adequate amount of spiral confinement. After the cover spalled, the well confined core remains intact and able to carry axial loads. Olive View Hospital after the 1971 San Fernando earthquake.

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

12

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

3.0 Parameters affecting the confinement of RC In column

3.1)The ratio of Transverse Reinforcement Typically this is expressed as the volumetric ratio defined as the ratio of the volume of hoops to the volume of confined core of the member. The core is the part of the section enclosed by the centroidal axis of the hoop (of the perimeter hoop if multiple hoop patterns are used). some investigators (Park and Paulay,1975; Vallenas and Bertero, 1977) define the confined core with reference to the outside diameter of the hoop[10]. However, the resulting differences are insignificant unless the member section is very small. Based on the previous investigation results, it is clear that with increasing the ratio of transverse reinforcement, both the strength and the ductility of confined concrete also increased.

Deficiency of transverse reinforcement rectangular cross section

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

13

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Column Transverse Reinforcement

Ag = gross area of column Ach = area confined within the hoops bc = transverse dimension of column core measured center to center of outer legs Second equation typically governs for larger columns

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

14

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Well distribution of transverse reinforcement bars

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

15

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

3.2) The Yield Strength of Transverse Steel

It is understood that the higher the strength of stirrups, the higher the confining pressure they can exert.

3.3) the Spacing of Hoops

For a given volumetric ratio of hoops, the efficiency of confinement increases as the spacing becomes closer, since the regions of the members which remain without confinement becomes smaller. It is worth pointing out here that closer spacing of the stirrups favorably affects the ductility of a member subjected to compression. This will assist in preventing premature buckling of the longitudinal bars after the spalling of concrete cover.

This photo shows a shear failure of a bridge pier after the 1971 San Fernando earthquake.

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

16

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Column Transverse Reinforcement at Potential hinge region

Spacing shall not exceed the smallest of: b/4 or 6 db or so (4 to 6 ) Distance between legs of hoops or crossties, hx 14
Spacing of the transverse reinforcement (so) is limited to prevent longitudinal bar buckling. The distance between the legs of rectangular hoops (hx) is limited because the hoops try to become circular (bend outward due to lateral expansion of confined concrete) after the concrete cover spalls.

3.4)The Longitudinal Reinforcement

The results from the Ast/Ag parameter study show that increasing the amount of longitudinal reinforcing steel decreases the rotational capacity of a cross section and therefore decreases the displacement capacity of a member. This occurs because as a cross section becomes overreinforced the depth of the neutral axial increases causing first failure of the extreme concrete
compression fiber to occur at smaller curvatures. Similarly, member ductility is also decreased.

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

17

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The content and size of longitudinal reinforcement increase confinement effect in preventing the lateral expansion of the core. The larger the diameter of the bars and their ratio, the larger their contribution to confinement. The Ast/ Ag parameter, where Ast and Ag are the areas of the longitudinal reinforcement and cross section, respectively, is required by ACI 318-05 Chapter 10 Section 10.9.1 to be between 1% and 8%. However, for seismic design, ACI 318-05 Chapter 21 Section 21.4.3.1 reduces the upper limit to 6% [1]. Additionally, it is recommended in Seismic Design and Retrofit of Bridges that for seismic design of circular columns, Ast/Ag should be between 0.5% and 4% with practical designs having limits of 1% and 3% [24]. The lower limit is set to control time-dependent deformations and to ensure the column s flexural strength is greater than its cracking strength [1] [24]. The upper longitudinal reinforcement limit is set to avoid reinforcement congestion, decrease sensitivity to P-  effects, reduce large amounts of transverse reinforcement required to restrain longitudinal reinforcement from buckling, and prevent large joint shear stresses .

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

18

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

3.5) The Compressive Strength of Concrete

Higher strength concrete is less ductile than lower strength concrete. Moreover for the same amount of axial loading the lateral expansion (due to the poison seffect) of a concrete member is larger in the case of low strength concrete. Therefore, it is anticipated that confinement will be more efficient in this case, since the hoops will be stressed more than in a high strength concrete member.

3.6) The Hoop Pattern

When multiple hoop patters are used in member, the region of effectively unconfined concrete becomes smaller resulting in strength and ductility enhancement. Hoop Configuration Column hoops should be configured with at least three hoop or crosstie legs restraining longitudinal bars along each face. A single perimeter hoop without crossties, legally permitted by ACI 318 for small column cross sections, is discouraged because confinement effectiveness is low.

Poorly confined

improved confinement

well confined

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

19

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Park and priestley,sheikh anduzmeri the following general equation was suggested

fcc=Kfc,
K =1+ (

)b w

Where fcc= the strength of confined concrete Fc=the strength of unconfined concrete =0.55 b=0.75 for single hoop pattern =1.0 b=1.0 for double hoop pattern =1.25 b=1.0 for multiple hoop pattern

w= fyw/fc w
fc ratio of volume of rectangular hoops to volume of concrete core measured to

outside of the peripheral hoop concrete compressive cylinder strength

fyw yield strength of hoop

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

20

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Lap splices are not allowed in potential plastic hinge regions

This fig shows a failure at the base of a column that had splices in the hinge region. (Building C, Adapazari, Turkey, 1999 Izmit earthquake

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

21

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Summary and conclusion

Several parameter relationships for reinforced concrete circular and hoop cross sections to increase or decrease the confinement effectiveness on concrete dependent on their quantities.  The transverse reinforcement spacing (s) has an inverse relationship with the confinement effectiveness. Cross sections with large transverse reinforcement spacing have a large region of ineffectively confined concrete between each transverse bar, reducing the overall confinement effectiveness. Cross sections with small transverse reinforcement spacing have small regions of ineffectively confined concrete, increasing the cross section s overall confinement effectiveness.  Well distributed longitudinal bars around the cross section (ke) increase the cros section s confinement effectiveness.  Volume of transverse reinforcement has a direct correlation with the cross section s confinement effectiveness. Large transverse reinforcement volumes will increase a cross section s confinement effectiveness.  Yield strength of transverse reinforcement has a direct correlation with the cross Section s confinement effectiveness. High yield strength increases a cross section s confinement effectiveness.  It is better to use circular or spiral confinements rather than rectangular/square hoops, because it is only effective in the corner regions of the rectangular hoops since the bending resistance of the transverse steel between the corners is insufficient to restrain the expansion of concrete along the whole length of the bar.

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

22

AAIT

CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Reference : 1. Earthquake-resistant concrete structures ; by George G. Penelis and Andreas J.Kappos 2. Seismic design of RC and masonry building, T.Paulay and M.J.N.Priestley. 3. Experimental and analytical investigation of confinement thesis, in Addis Ababa university , Riyad Zeidan (2005) 4. 4 Confined reinforced concrete circular cross section seismic applications, a Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Civil and Environmental Engineering by Jeffrey Gordon Lyon August 2009.

Confinements of RC in columns

by Abraha Tesfay

23