4/22/2010

Overview:PacketSwitching
NetworksandOperatingSystems Chapter10:PacketSwitching
(252005200)

VirtualCircuitSwitching
ATM MPLS

Datagram Switching DatagramSwitching

Ethernet,ARP SwitchesandBridges Spanningtrees

GustavoAlonso &TimothyRoscoe Frhjahrssemester 2010

VirtualLANs Reality
2
Systems Group | Department of Computer Science | ETH Zrich

VirtualCircuitForwarding
EveryframehasaVCI(VirtualCircuit Identifier)

VirtualCircuitSwitching

VCIhaslinklocalscope notglobal!

Every switch has a forwarding table Everyswitchhasaforwardingtable

Maps:Incoming(VCI,port#)Outgoing(VCI,port#)
VCI in 346 Port in 1 VCI out 1044 Port out 4

1 2

4 3

56

766

1044 4

56

VirtualCircuitForwarding
EveryframehasaVCI(VirtualCircuit Identifier)
VCIhaslinklocalscope notglobal!

VirtualCircuitForwarding
EveryframehasaVCI(VirtualCircuit Identifier)
VCIhaslinklocalscope notglobal!

Every switch has a forwarding table Everyswitchhasaforwardingtable

Maps:Incoming(VCI,port#)Outgoing(VCI,port#)
VCI=346 VCI=1044 VCI in 346 Port in 1 VCI out 1044 Port out 4

Every switch has a forwarding table Everyswitchhasaforwardingtable

Maps:Incoming(VCI,port#)Outgoing(VCI,port#)
VCI=346 VCI=1044 VCI in 346 Port in 1 VCI out 1044 Port out 4

1 2

4 3

1 2

4 3

56

766

56

766

1044 5

56

3 6 VCI=1044 VCI=56

1044

56

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Connectionstate
Switchneedsstateperconnectiontobesetup
Manual(PermanentVirtualCircuits,PVC) Signalled (SVCs)

Features
OneRTTofdelaybeforefirstdatacanbesent
C.f.optimisticsetup

Signalling protocol:
Forwardpath:selectnextswitch,assignlinklocalVCI p , g Reversepath:tellpreviousswitchtheoutgoingVCI Also:
Admissioncontrol Bufferreservation Authentication Billing Etc.

Connectionrequesthasfull(global)addressforB,butdata packetsdont(lessoverhead) Ifalinkorswitchfails,connectionmustbesetupagain Alsoneedrouting:howtoplanthepathinthefirstplace Canpreventcongestioninadvanceby

Allocatingbufferstoeachcircuit(sincestate) Admissioncontrol:dontallowconnectionsetup Billing:chargingperconnection

ATM(AsynchronousTransfer Mode)
Connectionoriented(signalled),packetswitched Unusualfeature:fixedsize,smalldataunits(cells)
53byteslong(yes,53)
4 8 16 3 1
C L P

Whyallthefiddlysmallcells?
Easiertobuildaswitchtohandlefixedsizeframes
Particularlyinparallel AlmostallhighendIProutersswitchcellsonthefabric

384(48bytes)

Cellqueuesareshorter
Totalswitchingtimereduced(canswitchwithonly53bytes) end to end latency and jitter reduced (telephony) endtoendlatencyandjitterreduced(telephony) Example(100Mbpslink):
4KBpacket 4096x8/100=327.68s 53Bcell 53x8/100=4.24s

GFC

VPI

VCI

Type

HEC(CRC8)

Payload

GFC:genericflowcontrol(notreallyused) VPI:virtualpathidentifier(seelater) VCI:virtualcircuitidentifier Type:management+usersignalling(seelater) CLP:celllosspriority HEC:8bitCRCovertheheader

Trafficdelayisreduced(telephonyagain)
8kHz,8bitaudio 1sampleevery125s(familiar?) 1KBpayload 125msdelaybeforesending(audible) 48Bpayload 6msdelay(notaudible)
10

SegmentationandReassembly
Howtocarrypackets(PDUs protocoldataunits)? ATMAdaptationlayers
Thereare4:AAL1,AAL2,AAL3/4,AAL5(plusAAL0) 1,2 voicecircuits,3/4 packets(butlittleused)

VirtualPaths
Recall:circuitidentifieris24bits:
8bits:VirtualPathIdentifier 16bits:VirtualCircuitIdentifer

AAL5 frame format (most common for data): AAL5frameformat(mostcommonfordata):

<64KB 0 47bytes 16
Reserved

16

32

Enterprisenetwork flat24bitVCspaceperlink p p p Publicnetwork Pathsaggregate/trunkcircuits

Lessstateinthemiddle Trafficmanagement Faulttolerancewithoutbreakingconnections

Data

Padding

Len

CRC32

Usersignallingbit lastcellofframe Note:nodemuxtag

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Circuitswitchingforthe Internet
Historically,ATMvs.IPwasahugereligiouswar.
EndtoEnd,ATMlosttoIP IntheLAN,ATMlosttoEthernet

MPLS:Labelswitching
Labelsarelocaltoalink,remappedatLSRs
Labelswitchingrouters Reallynotvirtualcircuits,ohno,definitelynot.Honestly.

Majorusestoday:
Carrying IP traffic for virtual private networks (VPNS) CarryingIPtrafficforvirtualprivatenetworks(VPNS)
Guaranteedservice,isolation,etc.

LabelsdistributedviaIProutingprotocols,andLDPs. Aggregation Traffic engineering Virtual private networks Aggregation,Trafficengineering,Virtualprivatenetworks

LinklayerforDSL

Today,circuit switchingfortheInternetisheresy.
Orisit?
13

IP
IPForwarding
14

#L1

IP

#L2

IP

#L3

IP

IP
IPForwarding

LABELSWITCHING

MPLS:MultiprotocolLabel Switching
UsedtotrunkIPpacketsinlargeIPnetworks 32bitheader(forIPatleast)betweenlinklayerandIP:
Label EXP S TTL

DatagramSwitching

label
usedtomatchpackettoLabelSwitchedPath(LSP)

experimentalbits
carriespacketqueuingpriority(CoS)

stackingbit:canbuildstacksoflabels
qoal:nestedtunnels!

timetolive
copiedfromIPTTL
15

Datagramforwarding:global linkidentifiers
SwitchforwardsbasedonMACaddresses Fixedforalltime(inROM) Globalscope(unique) Forwardingtablemaps: Destinationaddr Outgoingport

Lotsofprotocols
Ethernet
223.1.2.1

223.1.1.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.4 223.1.1.3 223.1.3.1

223.1.2.9 223.1.2.2 223.1.3.2

223.1.3.27

framesource, destaddress

datagramsource, dest address

Different:
IPpayload

BsMAC addr

AsMAC addr

AsIP addr

BsIP addr

datagram frame
17 18

packetformats(evenwithinIEEE802) linkEncryption linkRetries checksums

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(Some)IEEE802workinggroups

19

Sublayers:LinkControlvs. MediaAccess

802.1:HigherlayerLANProtocols 802.2:LogicalLinkControl 802.3:Ethernet 802.4:TokenBus(what?) 802.5:TokenRing(almostdead) 802.6:MetropolitanAreaNetwork(DQDB) 802 6: Metropolitan Area Network (DQDB ) 802.11:WirelessLAN(WiFi) 802.12:DemandPriority 802.14:CableModem 802.15:WirelessPersonalAreaNetwork(Bluetooth) 802.16:BroadbandWirelessAccess(WiMax) 802.17:ResilientPacketRing(SONETwithoutcircuits) Etc
20

LogicalLinkControl(LLC): adaptsdifferentLinkLayerprotocols

Multiprotocolbridging

Ethernet(andother)frame addressing
00:1f:3b:3a:73:55 Intel 00:1e:c9:74:db:63 Dell

6octetMACaddressallocationadministeredbyIEEE VendorbuysportionofMACaddressspace
Ensuresglobaluniqueness

MACflataddress

portability

canmoveLANcardfromoneLANtoanother

IPhierarchicaladdressNOTportable
dependsonnetworktowhichoneattaches
21 22

ARP:AddressResolution Protocol
Question:Howtodetermine MACaddressofB givenBsIPaddress?
EachIPnode(hostorrouter)hasan ARPTable IP(MACaddr,TTL) TTL(TimeToLive):timeafterwhich addressmappingwillbeforgotten dd i ill b f tt (typicallyafewmin) E.g. Linux: $ arp Windows: > arp -a

RoutingtoanotherLAN
HowdoesAsendtoBviaR?
AsIPaddr:10.10.9.41 Ethernet:00:1f:3b:3a:73:55

AsIPaddr:10.10.9.41 Ethernet:00:1f:3b:3a:73:55

Network

RsinwardIPaddr:10.10.9.1 Ethernet:00:d0:01:5e:98:00

BsIPaddr:10.21.5.23 Ethernet:00:1e:c9:74:db:63

BsIPaddr:10.10.5.23 Ethernet:00:1e:c9:74:db:63 23

LooksupB(10.21.5.23)initsownIProutingtable,findsR (10.10.9.1) ARPs for10.10.9.1,gets00:d0:01:5e:98:00. Sendsdatagramto[00:d0:01:5e:98:00,10.21.5.25]. 24

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InterconnectingwithSwitches (bridges)
Switches:

BridgesandSwitches
(Q.Whatsthedifference?)

storeandforwardframes(e.g.Ethernet) examinesframeheaderandselectivelyforward framebasedonMACdestinationaddress frame based on MAC destination address

transparent
hostsareunawareofpresenceofswitches

plugandplay,selflearning
switchesdonotneedtobeconfigured
26

Switches:trafficisolation
SwitchinstallationbreaksLANintoLANsegments Switchesfilterpackets:
sameLANsegmentframesnotusuallyforwardedonto otherLANsegments ForCSMA/CDnetworks separatecollisiondomains
collision domain switch collision domain =repeater =host

Forwarding

HowdodeterminetowhichLANsegmenttoforwardframe? Lookslikearoutingproblem...

LANsegment
27

LANsegment LAN(IPnetwork)
28

Selflearning
AswitchhasaMACaddresstable
entries(NodeMACAddress,Switchport,TimeStamp) staleentriesintabledropped(TTLcanbe60min)

Filtering/Forwarding
Whenswitchreceivesaframe: indexswitchtableusingMACdestinationaddress ifentryfoundfordestination then ifdest onportfromwhichframearrived then droptheframe else forwardtheframeonportindicated else forwardonallbuttheportonwhichframearrived
30

switcheslearnwhichhostscanbereached throughwhichinterfaces
whenframereceived,switchlearnslocationof sender, incomingLANsegment recordssender/locationpairinswitchtable
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Learningswitchexample
D E F 3 B A
Address

Learningswitchexample
D E F 3 B A
Address

Scenario:CsendsframetoH, HrepliestoC.

Switch 2

Scenario:CsendsframetoH, HrepliestoC. SwitchreceivesframefromC notesintablethat Cisonport1 Hnotintable sendsframetoports2&3

Switch 2

Port 1 3

Port 1 3 1

A D

A D C

31

32

Learningswitchexample
D E F 3 B A
Address

Learningswitchexample
D E F 3 B A
Address

Scenario:CsendsframetoH, HrepliestoC. SwitchreceivesframefromC notesintablethat Cisonport1 Hnotintable sendsframetoports2&3 Hreceivesframe

Switch 2

Port 1 3 1

Scenario:CsendsframetoH, HrepliestoC. SwitchreceivesframefromC notesintablethat Cisonport1 Hnotintable sendsframetoports2&3 Hreceivesframe HsendsframetoC

Switch 2

Port 1 3 1

A D C

A D C

33

34

Learningswitchexample
D E F 3 B A
Address

Problemwithswitches:Loops!

Scenario:CsendsframetoH, HrepliestoC. SwitchreceivesframefromC notesintablethat Cisonport1 Hnotintable sendsframetoports2&3 Hreceivesframe HsendsframetoC Switchreceivesframe notesintablethatHisonport2 Cisnowintable selectively forwardstoport1

Switch 2

Port 1 3 1 2
36

A D C H

35

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Bridges:SpanningTree

Spanningtreealgorithmfrom bridges
InventedbyRadiaPerlman,IEEE802.1D Bridgeselectaleader(root)
Broadcastserialnumbers,picklowest

Constructtreebasedattheroot
Followlinksoutfromroot

(Graphsaredualtoeachother)
37

Packetsforwardedalongresultingspanningtree Continuoustreemaintenance(andleader election) Allowsredundantpathsforfaulttolerance

38

Redundancy VirtualLANS

Redundantbridges/links canbeactivatedintheeventoffailure
39

VirtualLANs(VLANS)

VLANs:WhyandHow?
Why?
Security:isolatenetworkswithoutseparatewiring Limitbroadcasting(evenswitchesforwardallbroadcasts) Rapidlyreconfigurenetworkconnectionsinsoftware

How?


41

SwitchassignseachporttodifferentVLAN SwitchassignseachMACaddresstoaVLAN VLANbasedonpacketclassification(e.g.protocol) Explicittagineachpacket

Keyidea:makeasetofswitcheslooklikealargersetofswitches Route IPtrafficbetweenvirtualLANs

HowtoconnectVLANs?
IProuting!
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802.1Q(and802.1p)Header

802.1Q(and802.1p)Header
CFI=1means:thiscontains aTokenRing(802.5)frame beingforwardedover Ethernet.

Howtotell802.3from802.1Q?
Whyisthisunambiguous?
43

Howtotell802.3from802.1Q?
Whyisthisunambiguous?
44

802.1Q(and802.1p)Header
CFI=1means:thiscontains aTokenRing(802.5)frame beingforwardedover Ethernet. Imnotmakingthisup.

802.1QVLANexample

Howtotell802.3from802.1Q?
Whyisthisunambiguous?
45 46

Switchesvs.Routers
bothstoreandforwarddevices routers:networklayerdevices (examinenetworklayerheaders) switchesarelinklayerdevices routersmaintainroutingtables,implementroutingalgorithms , p g, g p g switchesmaintainMACtables,implementfiltering,learningandspanningtree algorithms

Switchesvs.Routers
Switches + Switchoperationissimplerrequiring lesspacketprocessing + Switchtablesareselflearning Alltrafficconfinedtospanningtree, evenwhenalternativebandwidthis available Switchesdonotofferprotection frombroadcaststorms Routers + arbitrarytopologiescanbe supported,cyclingislimitedbyTTL counters(andgoodrouting protocols) id i i b d + provideprotectionagainstbroadcast storms requireIPaddressconfiguration(not plugandplay) requirehigherpacketprocessing

Switchesdowellinsmalltopologies,whileroutersusedinlargenetworks (complex/widetopologies)
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Hardwarereality
Allinonebox:IPRoutingSwitch
SometimescalledaBrouter(!) Ethernet,VLANs,IP,etc. IPforwarding,multicast,etc. Routing:RIP,OSPF,BGP, Routing: RIP OSPF BGP opennetworklab open network lab Policyrouting Etc.etc.

HalfanIPendtoendpathtoawebserver
Laptop Wireless Router DSL Modem DSLAM Access Router Core Router

IP
802.11g 10BaseT Ethernet CAT5UTP PPPoE Gigabit Ethernet CAT5UTP Gigabit Ethernet CAT5UTP PoS

Question:wherearethe layersanymore?
49 50

2.4GHz radio

Ethernet emulation ATM circuit DSL copper

SONET circuit DWDM fiber

Tomorrow:Naming