UNIVERmY Of JORDAN "'-,_:'

Faculty- OF Medicine

LECfURE NO: . Z i"t'

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; BY the name of Allah .
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~ In the last lecture we started bacteriology, in this lecture we will continue
~ but at first let us repeat some of the important structures of bacteria in
~ order to understand the pathogenesis .
~ * how the "bacteria can attac"h to our human tissues"?
~ *how can the bacteria can obey and elaborate certain enzymes, toxins?

~ As well as following the life of bacteria we can know the structure of

~ bacteria, and releasing the components of bacterial cell mainly induce the
, development of the immunal response, which means an antigen induce
~ production of antibodies, these antibodies as you know are important to
~ prevent the infection, in the future the body will develop a memory which
.~ will help in prevention of reoccur of the developing disease.
~ "

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rv*Ifwe look to any bacterial cell whether cocci or bacilli we can see ~
; 1. flagella which is usually responsible for attachment of bacterial cells to ~
~ the part of the body especially at the oral cavity. ~

~ 2.fimbriae which is smaller in size and in length than the flagella and has ~
~ certain important features in relation to adherence and it has a role in ~
~ immunal response. )
~ 1
~ 3.pilli which are larger appendages(protein) , hair like structures, lacking ~
~ in number than fimbriae, they have two functions· ~
~ A)Cell adherence ~
~ B)conjugation(transfer of sex material) ~
~ -;
~ *Together ((flagella,fimbriae and pilli»are composed of different types of b
~"
~ proteins and glycoprotein's according to the construction of the poly
~ peptide and different amino acid sequence in these poly peptides .
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; and each of these appendages has a role in relation to infection or even in 1\

~ classification of the organisms into species.
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rv*these appendages are originate from a rigid base called»»
~ 4.Rigi~ cell wa.il in fact it is divided according to the type of bacteria in
, rwo major typcs to :-> .1-
~ A)Gram positive oacteria. {
t B)Gram negative bacteria. i ! .~~
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~ 5.Cvtoplasm which is composed mainly of water up to 80% within this

~ water we have a large D1~mber of smaller inorganic & organic compounds
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( like potassium, sodium, magnesium and small protein units associated
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1 6.Ribosomes compose of 70s (s here in relation to sphed pack is the I J "
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7 scientist who u£3covered the components of ribosomes and s is an r

f international unit)
) ** 70s in prolGlryotes composed of two major subunits 40 and 30
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; **i~ human being this ribosomal number ~ characterized by 80s and two ~
~ major subunits 50 and 40(as the DR. said that we do not ,
~ summate these numbers and we will get the mechanism in ~
~ the labt
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~ 7.Inclusion bodies which act as a reservoir to the resources for the
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~ energy in form of poly phosphate and poly carbohydrate (glycogen). ~

; ··we have the most important part of the bacterial ceU named as tbe ~
~ inclusion of nuclear region which composed of one bacterial chromosome ~
rrwhich is not necessary to be.in the center of the bacterial cell, it flow
9 within the cytoplasm and it could be concentrated in one site in bacterial ~
~ cell, this chromosome is contains double strand ofD.N.A, incudee in this ~
~ chromosome the innervations necessary to production of carbohydrates ~
~ and other functions of the bacterial cells. ~

~ **2000-5000 genes are enough to let the bacteria to produce any type of ~
~ metabolic activities & other components for the growth and survive in any ,
~ surface or culture media and it will help to produce very specific enzymes ,
~ to resist the action of antimicrobial chemicals and drugs, so these enzymes ~
~ will help bacterial cells to break down the chemical compounds of the ~
~ nature or in relation to the human body. ,

; ***Bacteria is a very active genetic machinery which allow it to be super ~

~ type of organisms and it can resist any affect whether from environment of ~
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~ human being. ~

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~ In relation to the structure of the cell wall
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Gralll-positive Cell Wall
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; l)Gram positive bacteria this cell wall composed of three important
~ components the major component is the peptido glycans layer which
9 composed of two components-: . .
~ A.)~~-acetyl gtucosa~in~.
, . B)l~-acetyl muranuc aCId.
~ *these two components will alternately produce a layer surrounded the
~ cytoplasm in between to connect these two compounds by a tetra peptide
~ (4 amino acids called cross linkin1! between these two major' .
~ carbohydrates).
~
~ **In addition we have a layer or mO.re in Gram positive bacteria
~ considered as part of cytoplasmic membrane to attach to the pepHde
~ glycans layer.
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ry *In outer part of the cell wall in Gram positive bacteria of peptide glycans
~ layers composed of 5 layers in comparison to Gram negative bacteria.
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ry **Within these layers we have a cross -linking tetra peptide and in addition
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; we have one or two important chemical component called techonic acid ~
ry and certain specific proteins which help the bacterial cells to carry certain J
ry types of molecules fro outside the cell to the inside . ~ I

ry ***these poly peptides some times developing resistance against certain ~

ry types of drugs like the penicillin which called penicillin binding protein . ~
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~ ~ Note:- Without these specification the cell wall can not utilize and ,
ry will die ~
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*Cell membrane is composed of phospholipids &poly peptide proteins and

~ they act as oxidative transfer of all necessary substances from outside the ,
, cell to inside it. ~
ry ~
ry 2)G'ram negative bacteria do not start outside peptide glycans layer ,
ry called outer membrane layers (Composed of very specific types of ~ ,
ry compounds called Iipo poly sacharrides composed of two units of lipid A i [I
ry Which is a fatty acid with P04 group and the whole compound stands for , II
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ry Endo toxic activity of Gram negative bacteria t this means once Gram ~ .Lr
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~ negative bacteria reaches our body it will induce the lysozymes in our oral ,
~ cavity which means the lipo sacharides will be released as a toxic ~ ';f
ry compounds, one it accumulate of lipo poly sacharides in our body this i J
ry means we might suffer from endo toxic shock and this shock will cause ,
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~ the body suffer from elevation of body temperature ,hype'rterision, , • 1
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ry headache, and may affect our blood system ). ,
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ry *In Gram negative & positive we can recognize channels (pores) which ~
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allow the molecules to reach the cytoplasm passively.

y *The second layer called preplasmic which is thin layer of peptide gl~cans
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ry (we have single layer associated with glyco proteins to connect the outer ~
~ membrane with the inner membrane) ~ ,
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; This peptide glycans layer is only one layer instead of many layers in Gram ~
~ positive bacteria. ~

~ *What does mean that we have many lavers of peptide eJvcans ~

, layers in Gram positive bacteria??? 1
~ This means during we stain many layers will at once eilloured with ~
~ methylene blue dye which use in staining the Gram positive bacteria,it will ~
~ retain the positive charge of methylene group dye within the peptide ~
~ glycans layer and this will be fixed in association with a~ acid and the color ,
~ will not be removed by decolourization by using alcohol or acetone, so ~
~ Gram positive Bacteria simply become coloured and improved its colour, ,
~ the remaining of the colour is due to the presence of multi layers of peptide ~
~ glycans layers ~
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~ Where Gram Negative bacteria the cells might be not staind or coloured ~

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~ and fixed to give the tight red colour ~
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~ *80 we see 2 colours A)Blue in Gram positive bacteria ~
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B)light red in Gram negative bacteria ~

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Note:- We will see this process in the lab in details as we hope ;P
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~ Bacteria of specific antigens
~ When the bacteria reaches the blood stream, during the interaction
~ between our blood and the bacterial cells; our body r-espoods -by
~ producing antibodies.
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for specific
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; «!!What does the term antigen mean??» ~

~ -)In relation to our body it means foreign bacterias but.. ... '
9 - )In relation to the immune system it means any foreign body or material ~
~ Iike(carbohydrates and proteins associated with compounds like lipo J
~ phosphate) so as we said before the body will respond by producing ,
, antibodi~. ~
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~ Back again to the structures of bacteria :-{ , ,f
~ . Flagella .~
~'negatiVKbirctefia,·.J"t'ih~~a,·reuatOO])act1na:whelf'itreach·es-:our'hod
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H-? is related to the Latin language (Dne to flagella might Help
~ bacteria to live on the surface of the culture med~'l)!!

~ **Second important antigen called somatic antigen or O-antigen

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; 0-7 is related to the term SOMATIC which in turn related to the body of ~ ::i;~
~ the b~cteti-al cell, 'so the O-~ntigen is related to the cell ~all : , :. :r
~ **We can recognize now that Cell wall is important as acts as an antigen ~ .[ : ~ ,~.
~ which induce the production of specific antibodies ~gainst somatic ~:
~ an~igens.
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~ ***The third type of antigens is related to the pr~ence of a special capsule
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~ which is (capsule) in bacteria auto type and the majority of the bacteria ~
~ are capsuled. ~,
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rv· In Gram positive and Gram negative the capsule composed of poly ~
; sacharides surrounding the cell wall so these capsules are I~ke O-antigen ~
~ and H-antigen induce specific antibodies known as K-antIgen . ;

; K-7comes from the Latin language -7 Kapsule. ~

~ ~
Mhat Is the Importance of the capsul." ~
~ ~
~ Capsule is a slime layer it cab be micro or macro acco,rding to the ~
~ amount of poly sacharides (small amount means -7 micro and ~
~ large amount means -7 macro) ~
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; For Example: -7 streptococcus which is the causative agent of pneumonia ~ I·

~whicb found in respiratory tract surrounded by large capsule (macro ~ i
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ry **In healthy person the human body manage to brak down the capsule ~ i

~accordjDg to the type of the antibodies and to the mechanisms tif ~ [

~ phagocytosis, so it resist the action of the capsules becau!;e if the capsule ~ I

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~ managed to increase in amount within connective tissue it might cause ~ I
'1 severe damage in the tissue. ~ '.

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~ *In summary the capsule is important in pathogenesis. , 1

'~1 ** As we can see every structure of bacteria bas a role in pathogenesis and
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~ in disease causing feature; so we are always in pathology are interested in ~

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9 capsulated .bacteria and the type of the capsule. ,
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; *** Again In general Gram positive ca sule is composed of poly:sacharides )

rv For example -7 Bacillus antbracis o~l ~ ~
'1 Which is the causing agent of anthrax which is a dangerous disease on ,
~ animals and human being and the anthracis surrounded by macro capsule. ~
~ ~
~ ** We might use the term capsule as a virulence factor !!!!!!
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, The difference between pathogenesis and virulence ~ that the , I
~ pathogenesis is a general term means bacterial cells which cause infections ~
~ and diseases '" But the level of pathogenesis might be refer to virulence ,
~ which means that the virulence expresses the level of infection or ~
~ pathogenesis. ~
~ ~
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~ ,IDEndo spores some certain types of bacteria can manage to produce ~
~ these structures, so what does it mean??????
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9 Figure 2-8. Bacterial spores. The spore contains the t:
, entire DNA genome of the bacterium surround<>d by a
thick, resistant coat. (Modified and reproduced, with p<>r-
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An Introduction. 2nd ed. BenjaminiCummings, 1986_) l
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; At first let's say something (away from the question) "in general all types ~
of bacteria can't survive for a long time outside the body or cutside its ,
; nature (environment) like span of growth of any type of bacteria" ~ !
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~ * if there is a dryness (lack of water ) , or lack of nutrients etc. ....

, ,
~ most types of bacteria about 990/0 will die which means that the dryness ,
~ limit the growth of the bacterial cell"" only certain type of Gram positive ,
~ bacilli (bacillus)and (chlostredia) manage to resist dryness by producing ~
'Y endo spores.
~
~ Now let's back to the question and the answer is ~ simply it is a site of
,~
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~ cytoplasm in which water extrude and the contents of cytoplasm would be ~

~ concentrated in a core within bacterial cell known as core of the cytoplasm ,
~ and during endo spores formation the bacterial cell produce double cell ,
~ membrane and surrounded by the presence of cortex (part of cell ~
ry membrane) this allows to reduce metabolic activity or even stop it ( ,
~ because there is no need to any activity) " because Any metabolic activity ~
~ means you must have water in presence of metabolism this means that the ~
~ bacteria become in dormal stage (silent stage) this stage extends in the ~
~ form of endo spores. ~
~ ~
~ **once the endo spore contact with water or moist it become active ,
~ converted from dorinal stage~ to vege'~a~ive ::;tate (living stage) ~ ~
~ metabolic activity to increase and reproduce the metaboEsm materials. ~

; **Bacillus grows under aerobic conditions by the presence of oxygen. ~

~ **chlostredia grows under anaerobic conditions in the absence of oxygen. ~
~ ***The presence of oxygen especially in association with vegetative form ~
, which resulted in chemical reactions.. ,
~ ~ '.

; Growth &Nutrients ~
~ Bacterial cells are like human body need energy and food (it will not grow '~
~ by the presence of water only, it must be supplied by the source of carbon, ,
~ nitrogen- and carbohydrates.) ~ t

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~ **T~e major component which must be found in any media to let the bacteria ~
, survIve are : ~
~ Carbon salts, Nitrogen salts, Water, presence suitable temperature, suitable ~
~ PH and certain minerals which have a role in membrane activity like sodium ~
~ ,potassium and sulfur etc... ... . ~
~ ~
~ If these things found in any environment whether in vitro( outside the body) or ,
~ in vivo (inside the body) available than any type of bacteria which suitable to ~
~ grow can manage to utilize the compounds and the cO];l:ditions to begin the , I;
~ reproduction in large number. ~ .'
~ * You can not imaginein short view how one bacterial cell might multiblied in ~
~ large number within 24 hours. , i
~ *one cell ifsupplied with the preceding factors ( carbon salts etc)it will ~ i

~ reach rapidly up to 100 million identical cells within one hour. ~ I

ry ~ !
~ ~
~ Quick summary . ~
fi( 1- ~he most important part of the bacterial cell is the inclusion of nuclear ~
~ regIOn. ~

~ 2- in staining bacteria we could see two colors A)Blue for Gram positive
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~ bacteria and B) Light red for Gram negative bacteria. ,
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, 3- there a re t~lree impor~ant types of antigens A)H-antigen which stands ,
~ for flagella B)O-antigen which stands for cell wall C)K antigen which ~
~ stands for capsule. ,
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4-The capsule could be macro or micro depending on the art0unt poly ,
~ sacharides. . . ~
~ .
~ 5-Somc bacteria grow under aerobic conditions and the others under ,
~ anaerobic conditions. ,

; 6-The bacteria has to stages of its life cycle A)Dormal stage

rv B)vegetative stage.
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; Some corrections and additions to Sbeet Nnmber one in micro: l

~ l)pathogenases means which type of diseases could affect the human being.
~

; 2)profactor statc~1ulJL.4.!1 ....J~ ~I ..,....., I

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~ 3)in page no.l line 19 must be less than 1 % ,

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~ 4) in the same page line 21 viruses are not true micro organisms. ~
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; g~ t9tu1 l
; Only great minds can read this ~
~ This. is weird, but interesting:!!! >:
Fi yuo ena raed tihs ~ yuo hvae a sgtrane mnid too J
rrena yuo raed this? Olney 55 pJepoe out of100 ena. ,
~ I ednuolt bJveiee taht I ~
~ Cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht ~
~ I was rdanieg. the phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan mnid, aoc.cdrnig to a .~
~ rscheearch at cmabri ge uinervtisy , it dseno't mtaetr in waht oerdr the ~
~ ltteres in a wrod are, the olny iproamtnt tiling is that the frsit and Isat ~
~ ltteer br in the rghit pclae . the rset can be a taotl mses and you can still ~
~ raed it whotuit a pboerIm. Tibs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ~
~ erv~y Iteter by istlef, bilt the wrod as a wa ohe . ~

; Azanmig huh? Yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpelings.!!!!!!! ~

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; I want to dedicate this.:; eet to all my colleagi;Ies .~

.~ It is not a gift it is a right for you ~
~ Enjoy reading it (amma howwe haik ;p;p;p) ~
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~ Ahmed Abu-khadigh
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