What are the six principle of orthographic projection? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Top view is directly over the front view.

Side view is inline horizontally with either top view or front view. A line parallel to a plane of projection will be projected on that plane as a line. A surface parallel to a plane of projection will be projected on that plane A line perpendicular to a plane of projection will be projected on that plane as a point. A surface perpendicular to a plane of projection will be projected on that plane as line.

What is an alphabet of line?

Answer The "Alphabet of Lines" refers to the different styles of lines used in drafting such as to show different features about an object that is drawn: hidden. construction, cutting-plane, visible (object), dimension, extention, phantom, center, section, and border. Answer In Drafting, or Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) -- the alphabet of lines are the different lines that draftsmen, architects, engineers, et al use when constructing a drawing. For example, a thick solid line is called an object line and represents the outline of a part on a drawing. A dash line represents an edge that is not visible in a particular view, hence it is called a hidden line. Other common lines used in drafting include dimension lines, extension lines, construction lines, border lines, center lines, among many others depending on the type of drawing.

ALPHABET OF LINES Each line on a technical drawing has a definite meaning and is draw in a certain way. The line conventions recommended by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) are used in the following figure, together with illustrations showing various applications.

wo widths of lines are recommended for use on drawings. All lines should be clean-cut, dark, uniform throughout the drawing, and properly spaced for legible reproduction by all commonly used methods. Minimum spacing of 1.5 mm (.06") between parallel lines is usually satisfactory for all reduction and/or reproduction processes. The size and style of the drawing and the smallest size to which it is to be reduced govern the actual width of each line. The contrast between the two widths of lines should be distinct. Pencil leads should be hard enough to prevent smudging, but soft enough to produce dense black lines so necessary for quality reproduction. If photoreduction and blowback are not necessary, as is the case for most drafting laboratory assignments, three weights of lines may improve the appearance and legibility of the drawing. The "thin lines" may be made in two widths--regular thin lines for hidden lines and stitch lines and a somewhat thinner version for other secondary lines such as center lines, extension lines, dimension lines, leaders, section lines, phantom lines, and long-brake lines. For the "thick lines"--visible, cutting plane, and short break--use a relatively soft lead such as F or H. All thin lines should be made with a sharp medium-grade lead such as H or 2H. All lines (except construction lines) must be sharp and dark. Make construction lines with a sharp 4H or 6H lead so thin that they barely can be seen at arm's length and need not be erased. The high-quality photoreduction and reproduction processes used in the production of this book permitted the use of three weights of lines in many illustrations and drawings for increased legibility. In the above figure, the ideal lengths of all dashes are indicated. It would be well to measure the first few hidden dashes and center-line dashes you make, and then thereafter to estimate the lengths carefully by eye. The line gage, the following figure, is convenient when referring to lines of various widths.

Sample Drawing of Orthographic Projection

Pictorial drawing
A view of an object (actual or imagined) as it would be seen by an observer who looks at the object either in a chosen direction or from a selected point of view. Pictorial sketches often are more readily made and more clearly understood than are front, top, and side views of an object. Pictorial drawings, either sketched freehand or made with drawing instruments, are frequently used by engineers and architects to convey ideas to their assistants and clients. See Engineering drawing In making a pictorial drawing, the viewing direction that shows the object and its details to the best advantage is chosen. The resultant drawing is orthographic if the viewing rays are considered as parallel, or perspective if the rays are considered as meeting at the eye of the observer. Perspective drawings provide the most realistic, and usually the most pleasing, likeness when compared with other types of pictorial views.

Several types of nonperspective pictorial views can be sketched, or drawn with instruments. In the isometric pictorial, the direction of its axes and all measurements along these axes are made with one scale (Fig. 1). Oblique pictorial drawings, while not true orthographic views, offer a convenient method for drawing circles and other curves in their true shape (Fig. 2). In order to reduce the distortion in an oblique drawing, measurements along the receding axis may be foreshortened. When they are halved, the method is called cabinet drawing.