HUMANOIDS

5th semi MCA

Seminar On

HUMANOIDS

Submitted by
NagaPoornima .K M.C.A V semester Regd.no:Y6MC28011

Submitted to
Department of Computer Science, G.V.R&S College For Women Sai Baba Road , Gunter (A.P)
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HUMANOIDS

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ABSTRACT Humanoid
means the study and application of Robot technology.

The goal of HUMANOID is to mimic natural systems as closely as possible. For this, the developers need to draw inspiration from man and even birds and animals that can communicate (move around) with the help of their wings and/or legs. The sensory systems (eyes, nose, and touch) that we humans possess make us unique, and it will require a lot of programming to equip robots with the same capabilities. Say, even for moving a hand, our muscles interact with the brainthe synapse where the split second information relay triggers the impetus for the required action. A robot is a machine that gathers information about its environment (senses) and uses that information (thinks) to follow instructions to do work (acts). Generating artificial intelligence equivalents of human senses is one of the greatest challenges facing the robotics fraternity. The real problem is not the gathering of information but understanding what it means. Robots should provide both the information we require to understand the real world and the information needed to deal with or respond to the real world. Humanoid are used in various fields like Medical, Industrial, Navy, Education etc, The robotics field is quite promising, but to make a really intelligent robot takes supreme efforts. The ultimate goal of robotics is a superhuman system that embodies all the skills (such as intelligence, touch, and sensitivity) of humans without any of their limitations (such as strength, aging, and reach). The vision of robots roaming freely in the world, ready to tackle dangerous tasks, is an exciting one, but many research hurdles remain to be crossed before this becomes a reality.

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CONTENTS Introduction

History of Humanoid Robots

Picking the Objects Necessity of Humanoids Sensors Robots in DangerZone Why Develop Humanoids? Challenges in Humanoids

Bipedal Locomotion

Humanoid Robot Applications Conclusion Bibliography

INTORDUCTION
Robot is the term derived from Robota, which is a Czech word which means shifted labor or serf.

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A robot is a machine that gathers information about its environment (senses) and uses that information (thinks) to follow instructions to do work (acts).This is the working definition of robots. Today technology is changing at incredible rates making the identification of a robot somewhat difficult. Things that we use everyday incorporate features beyond those of early robots. A reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of variety of task- given by Robotic Industry Association (RIA). Many things in your home include sensors and/or programmable computer chips that control their operation , for example your programmable VCR, remote car locking systems and furnace thermostat which responds to room temperature and may be programmed to turn the heat down at night and up in the morning. However, robotic engineers would probably not say your VCR or Thermostat is a robot. Likewise, robots are doing more and more. Today's robots are incorporating multiple sensors and are able to use this information to behave autonomously - making decisions for themselves based on information that they receive. There is endless variety in the size, shape and jobs of robots. Some robots are used day after day in factories, while others are highly experimental and use artificial intelligence to behave more and more like living creatures, able to act independently in changing environments. Robots are being designed to perform precision surgery, explore space, the ocean, and other dangerous areas. The beauty of robotics is that it brings together different disciplines such as Mechanical engineering, Electronics, Digital Electronics, Communications, Computer Science, Algorithms and Chemical engineering. And it also diversifies into other areas such as Artificial Intelligence. With growing developments in the field of Mechatronics and Mathematical Modeling, robotics has come a long way. From an iron piece that could move only a few inches, there are now machines capable of jumping from high rise buildings, detecting landmines, performing operations, and troubleshooting.

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The activities in this guide are designed to help those who see the exhibit recognize: How everyday activities that humans do are quite complex. That we can do some things that robots cannot do and vice versa, robots can do some things that we cannot do. There are many different kinds of robots each specially designed to do particular tasks. How robots think, sense, and act. Portrayals of robots in movies give the impression that robots look and act like humans. But what is so unique about a robot? Humans are very good workers but after a period of time when the work gets monotonous, they lend to lose interest, thereby leading to errors in the work system. But for a robot, there's no such thing as monotony: the machine can go on and on and on... On this, Prof. Amaranth says, "Robots are machines with a very high degree of precision. These can be controlled and even reprogrammed to perform specific tasks over a period of time that is repetitive in nature."

HISTORY OF ROBOTS
Robotics means the study and application of Robot technology. The term 'robot' got prominence way back in the year 1921, when Karl Capek in his play Rossum's Universal Robots (R.U.R) denoted the birth of a superior race that

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had intelligence similar to that of humans. The main theme was the dehumanization of man in technological civilization. The term Robotics was first used by Russian-born American scientist and writer Isaac Asimov. The word Robotics was used in Runaround, a short story. Later on Issac Asimov introduced his Laws of Robotics, and he later added a Zeroth Law. Law Zero: A robot may injure humanity, or, through inaction, allow humanity to come to harm. Law One: A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm, unless this would violate a higher order law. Law Two: A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with a higher order law. Law Three: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a higher order law.And finally Eric Elenberger, who is considered as the Father of Robotics, introduced real time robots to the world.

PICKING THE OBJECTS

Let us take the simple example of a human picking up an object (say, a cup). The human brain has been conditioned through experience and knows exactly what kind of force is to be applied for doing a particular activity. It can recognize and identify the required parameters for going about the job and would do so effectively. But for a robot, it is very difficult to understand: it would apply the same amount of force which it would apply when lifting a 50kg weight. The result would be obvious for anybody to judge. For the above job, the robot has to be conditioned, i.e. the program has to be fed into its source code. As a matter of fact, robotic hands often have built-in pressure sensors that tell the computer how hard the robot is gripping a particular

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object. The computer, in turn, relays the information to the robotic hand. This keeps the robot from dropping or breaking whatever it's carrying.

NECESSITY OF ROBOTS
The goal of robotics is to mimic natural systems as closely as possible. For this, the developers need to draw inspiration from man and even birds and animals that can communicate (move around) with the help of their wings and/or legs. The sensory systems (eyes, nose, and touch) that we humans possess make us unique, and it will require a lot of programming to equip robots with the same capabilities. Say, even for moving a hand, our muscles interact with the brain the synapse where the split second information relay triggers the impetus for the required action. The most common form of robot is a robotic arm, which is actually a basic element of a robotic system. Robotic arms are relatively easy to build and program because these only operate within a confined area. But things tend to get a bit trickier when you send a robot out into the world. The first obstacle is to give the robot the working locomotion system. If the robot only needs to move over smooth ground, wheels or tracks are the best option. But robot designers often prefer legs instead, because legs are more adaptable (to the terrain) and help researchers understand natural locomotion.

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SENSORS
Generating artificial intelligence equivalents of human senses is one of the greatest challenges facing the robotics fraternity. The ultimate aim is to produce robots with a perception of their surroundings comparable to that enjoyed by human beings; robots that would be able to see, feel, hear, and perhaps even smell things and capable of communicating with their human collaborators in ordinary natural language. We are, at the moment, a long way from such an ideal situation. It is imperative to understand difficulties involved in the development of robot senses and find out where the problem lies. Technology has found ways of matching, and in many cases surpassing, the abilities of natural sense organs such as eyes; radars; sonar; directional microphones; body scanners, etc enable to see, hear, or detect things far beyond the range of our sensory equipment. The real problem is not the gathering of information but understanding what it means. For example, devising a robot that can go the surface of the North Sea, or the surface of Mars, or the inside of a nuclear reactor is quite different from equipping that robot with the intelligence to enable it to detect a leaking point in the pipeline from an image of the undersea oil route. The image of the pipeline merely shows a bit of seaweed wrapped around the joint. It requires even greater intelligence if the robot is to be capable of deciding for itself that, say, it will be able to resolve this ambiguous image if it moves to the right to get a better view or zooms in to take a closer look. Robots should provide both the information we require to understand the real world and the information needed to deal with or respond to the real world. There is little point in providing robots with senses unless we also enable them to understand their surrounding events to get a control over them.

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ROBOTS IN DANGER ZONES

Robots form an important part of land mines and bomb detection squads in many countries. Besides such land combing operations, the robots go deep down the earth's crust where temperatures are unbearable and also search for buried treasures in the deepest of oceans and sometimes work in nuclear reactors. The very purpose of deploying robots is to shield humans from hazards. However, in most of the robots used, the robot's operator controls it from a safe distance and guides the fully armed robot to the danger zone. The robots are equipped with cameras, grippers, sensors, and other tools required detecting and defusing the explosive devices. One such robot called Dervish developed by Stephen Salter of the University of Edinburgh has the capability to withstand the force of about 11anti personnel mines during landmine operations. This tripod-like machine can roll through mine fields, detonating buried mines and still managing to survive the blast. Another robot named Maverick, developed by Solex Robotics, does the routine undersea search. Using ultrasound techniques, the robot check out for oil leakages in tankers that travel on the high seas and fix the metal, besides cleaning up the oil spillage. Work is going on to build autonomous robots that could search, detect, and destroy the harmful elements. Robots were recently used to recover humans trapped under the debris of World Trade Centre.

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Building Interactive Robot Theatre using various human-robot interaction and advanced robot imitation methods is a long-term dream of Professor Marek Perkowski, director of Intelligent Robotics Laboratory. Their works attempt to blend scientific theories, advanced computational intelligence programming and artistic insights to create robot actors for the theatre. Unlike current robot theatres that are fully programmed and have simplified robots or standard mobile robots, the Portland Cyber Theatre uses stationary and mobile robots that are humanoid and that improvise during their interactions with humans. Supported by grants from Intel, KOSEF and Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, the group built the first version - KAIST Hahoe Robot Theatre. The masks of Sonbi a Confucian Scholar, Yang ban a proud aristocrat, and Pune his concubine, are familiar to Koreans and to everybody interested in history of theatre. Hahoe play is known in Korea since 13 century. Now these characters become animated actors, humanoid robots with human-like behaviors, gestures and reactions The ultimate goal of the Portland Cyber Theatre is to develop the artistic concept of robot puppetry based on sound human-robot interaction principles and thus help to develop a general theory of human-robot interaction for future home robots that will become our life partners. For instance, we investigate methods to teach robots from examples and interaction, by imitation and by playing human-robot

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games. How can a certain expertise be transferred easily and flexibly from a human or a team of humans to a humanoid robot? We believe that future robots used in daily life, and especially for the disabled and elderly will need to address all or at least many of these issues in order to be not only accepted, but also be liked by their human owners.

Why Develop Humanoids?

More rational reasons
They can work in human environment without a need to adapt themselves or to change the environment Our environment and our tools are adapted for us It is easier for a human being to interact with a human-like being

Challenges in humanoids
Bipedal human-like locomotion Stable gait Changing model during one/two feet support walking Two legs, two arms, head, torso Complex kinematics and dynamics Complex real-time control architecture Nowadays, humanoid robot researchers are focusing on bipedism more than they do in cognition Stable and robust bipedal locomotion is still a good. It is mandatory to solve it in order to be able to implement cognition

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Bipedal Locomotion
ZMP (Zero Moment Point) specifies the point with respect to which dynamic reaction force at the contact of the foot with the ground does not produce any moment, i.e. the point where total inertia force equals 0 (zero). ZMP is the indicator of the stability of the robot: if it is in the foot shadow stable, f not unstable. The shadow depends on single or double support phase.

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Applications of Humanoids

Now a day, it is very impossible to do the routine actions of human life, like in Entertainment, House works, Education, Medical and Welfare, Art and Search and rescue and in very big industries to reduce the cost of production and time and give more efficient throughput in world. Robots are increasingly being used during certain types of microsurgery. This lets surgeons perform delicate procedures that would otherwise be too fine for human hands. The surgeon can control the surgery from a terminal in the room or at times several miles away from the patient while robots go on about their job. Assisted with tactile/feedback sensors, the surgeon can 'feel' the tissue underneath the robot's instruments. Humanoids, defined as computer-controlled mechanical arms, are already well established in factories all over the world. These machines are helping out in a variety of jobs that features some kind of handling. Their tasks range from putting welds onto the bodies of cars to insertion of tiny components into electronic hardware items.

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Conclusion
Humanoids are become as contemporary persons; it means they maintain high and efficient performance than human in every field. In 2020 if a game like soccer between Humanoid and human, then definitely Humanoids will win that match. The entire credit goes to Artificial Intelligence and Computer Technology. The robotics field is quite promising, but to make a really intelligent robot takes supreme efforts. You might well ask "what is the hardest part of building robots and why?" .The ultimate goal of robotics is a super-human system that embodies all the skills (such as intelligence, touch, and sensitivity) of humans without any of their limitations (such as strength, aging, and reach). In reality, we can expect the degree of autonomy to evolve to higher degrees very gradually. It is enough for robots simply to perceive and understand the world as passive observers. Their senses should provide them with feedback on how their actions influence or change the world. If the controlling computer in a robot is to perform effectively, it must not only generate and transmit instructions in the shape of signals to an electric motor but also receive and interpret information to judge the effect its instructions are having, and make sure that these have been obeyed.

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Bibliography www.humanoids.com www.roboworld.com www.humanoid collections.com Search strings on Google Ppt on humanoids Pictures of humanoids

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