1

Rao S. Thallam
Fellow, IEEE
Salt River Project
Phoenix, AZ, USA
Presented at:
National Workshop on Electric Power Quality
Nov 10, 2004
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Kanpur, UP, India
Harmonics -
Application of Standards
00lll0
Introduction
THD and TDD
Displacement and True Power Factor
K-Factor and Transformer Derating
When should you be concerned?
Application of IEEE 519 Standard
Harmonics Measurements
Industrial Customers
Commercial Customers
IEC Standards
Conclusions
2
"This alternating current thing
is just a fad. It is much too
dangerous for general use"
Thomas Alva Edison
What Are Harmonics ?
Harmonics are due to distortion of the voltage or
current waveform
The distortion comes from nonlinear devices,
principally loads
V(t)
I(t)
V
I
Nonlinear Resistor
3
Decomposition into Harmonic
Components

+
+
+
+
+
+

+
60 Hz
(h = 1)
300 Hz
(h = 5)
420 Hz
(h = 7)
540 Hz
(h = 9)
660 Hz
(h = 11)
780 Hz
(h = 13)
180 Hz
(h = 3)
Current vs. Voltage Harmonics
Pure
Sinusoid
Distorted Load
Current
Distorted Voltage
+
-
(Voltage Drop)
Harmonic currents flowing through the
system impedance results in harmonic
voltages at the load
4
Why bother about Harmonics?
Important aspect of power quality
Damaging Effects to Consumer Loads
and Power System
Problems may be incipient
Non-Linear Loads are Increasing
Power Factor Correction Capacitors
Total Harmonic Distortion
Defines the total harmonic content of
current or voltage
Ratio of the RMS of the harmonic
content to the RMS of the Fundamental,
as % of Fundamental
5
THD =
sum of squares of amplitudes of all harmonics
square of amplitude of fundamental
x 100 .
Mathematically, THD of a voltage wave form can be defined as,
THD =
V
V


100 . x
h
h
h
2
1
2
2 =
=

Total Harmonic Distortion

THD for Current Waveform
THD=
I
I


100 x
h
h
h
2
1
2
2 =
=

6
Total Demand Distortion Factor
(TDD)
Applies for current distortion only.
The total rms harmonic current
distortion, in % of the maximum
demand load current (15 or 30 min
demand)
Displacement Power Factor
When V and I are not distorted, PF is:
Ratio of the active power of the
fundamental, in watts, to the apparent
power of the fundamental wave, in volt-
amperes
P = V
1rms
I
1rms
Cos
PF = Cos
7
Power and Power Factor
When significant distortion is present
PF = Cos
Displacement
Power Factor
True Power Factor
Ratio of the total power, in watts, to the
total volt-amperes. This includes
fundamental and all harmonic
components.
This is also called Distortion Power
Factor
8
True Power Factor
PF
P
S
=
S V
rms
I
rms
=
P
T
v t i t dt
T
=

1
0
( ) ( )
Where:
Engineering Speak
We are looking at a number
of approaches
Translation:
We are guessing.
9
Engineering Speak
We are making modifications to
address minor difficulties
Translation:
We are starting over.
Engineering Speak
Test results are gratifying
Translation:
It worked and boy are we surprised!
10
Engineering Speak
We are trying some new
approaches
Translation:
We threw some new guys on it.
K-Factor
K-Factor is ratio of eddy current losses
due to distorted current compared to the
losses for the same rms fundamental
frequency current
Example:
Eddy Current Losses with 100 A rms with harmonics =
270 Watts
Eddy Current Losses with 100 A rms 60 Hz sine wave =
27 Watts
K - Factor = 270/27 = 10
11
K-Factor
K = I ( )
2
pu

=
h
h
h
h
=

1
2
K-Factor
Assumes eddy current losses are
proportional to f
2 -
OK for small
conductor sizes and low harmonics
At higher frequencies, eddy current loses
are proportional to f
Transition frequency depends on winding
configuration, material
Al - 2200 Hz, Cu - 700 Hz
K-factor over estimates harmonics effect
at higher frequencies
12
THD and K-Factor
(Example Calculation)
Harmonics for 3-ph PWM type ASD
Fund. = 100 A rms
5th : 60 A rms = 0.6 pu
7th : 40 A rms = 0.4 pu
11th : 30 A rms = 0.3 pu
13th : 20 A rms = 0.2 pu
THD = Sqrt (0.6
2
+ 0.4
2
+ 0.3
2
+0.2
2
)* 100 =81 %
K = 1
2
+ 0.6
2
* 5
2
+ 0.4
2
* 7
2
+ 0.3
2
*11
2
+0.2
2
*13
2
= 1 + 9 + 7.84 + 10.89 + 6.76 = 35.49
Transformer Derating
Non K-rated transformers have to be
derated when load current has harmonics
IEEE C57.110 Recommended Practice
for Establishing Transformer Capability
When Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load
Currents
13
K-rating
K-rated transformers can handle non-
sinusoidal load current up to the full load
rating with k-factor up to the k-rating of
the transformer
K-rated transformers are designed to
have lower eddy current losses
Type of Load Typical Waveform
Current
Distortion
Weighting
Factor (W
i
)
Single Phase
Power Supply

0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
Current
80%
(high 3rd)
2.5
Semiconverter

0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
Current
high 2nd,3rd,
4th at partial
loads
2.5
6 Pulse Converter,
capacitive smoothing,
no series inductance

0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
Current
80% 2.0
6 Pulse Converter,
capacitive smoothing
with series inductance > 3%,
or dc drive

0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
Current
40% 1.0
6 Pulse Converter
with large inductor
for current smoothing

0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
Current
28% 0.8
12 Pulse Converter

0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
Current
15% 0.5
ac Voltage
Regulator

0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
Current
varies with
firing angle 0.7
Sources of Harmonics
14
Example 1 - dc drive
Example 2 - PWM drive, no choke
15
Example 3 - PWM drive with choke
Example 4 - Switched mode power
supply currents
Phase A (50 Amps)
Phase B (50 Amps)
Phase C (57 Amps)
Neutral (82 Amps)
16
Example 5 - electronic ballast
Line to Neutral Voltage for Electronic Ballast
0 10 20 30 40 50
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Time (mS)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
V
)
Max:
Min:
Avg:
Abs:
RMS:
CF :
FF :
170
-170
109.055
170
120.727
1.40814
1.10703
Line Current for Electronic Ballast
0 10 20 30 40 50
-1.00
-0.75
-0.50
-0.25
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Time (mS)
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
m
p
s
)
Max:
Min:
Avg:
Abs:
RMS:
CF :
FF :
0.784
-0.792
0.305828
0.792
0.334094
2.37059
1.09242
When Should You be Concerned
About Harmonics
20 % of total load is power
electronic load
If service transformer is loaded
near rating
When PF correction capacitors
are planned
Neutral to ground voltage in 120 V
supply exceeds 1 to 2 volts

17
Harmonic Standards
Several Countries have developed
Standards to limit harmonics
IEEE 519-1992
IEEE 519A-2004?
IEC 61000-3-2, 61000-3-4, 61000-3-12
IEEE 519
IEEE 519 Recommended Practices and
Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electric Power Systems
Specifies load current harmonic limits
at PCC
Specifies supply voltage harmonic
limits at PCC
IEEE 519A Guide for Applying
Harmonic Limits on Power Systems
18
HARMONICCURRENT DISTORTIONLIMITS IN%OF I
L
V< 69 kV
I
SC
/ I
L
h < 11 11 < h < 17 17 < h < 23 23 < h < 35 35 < h TDD
<20 4.0 2.0 1.5 0.6 0.3 5.0
20-50 7.0 3.5 2.5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50-100 10.0 4.5 4.0 1.5 0.7 12.0
100-1000 12.0 5.5 5.0 2.0 1.0 15.0
>1000 15.0 7.0 6.0 2.5 1.4 20.0
IEEE 519 Standard Limits
Application Concerns
Selecting PCC
Calculating I
SC
and I
L
What is TDD ?
Measurement Problems
Time Varying Harmonics
General Procedure for Applying Harmonic
Limits
Cost of Problems vs. Cost of Solutions
Distributed Generation Limits
19
What is PCC ?
Point in the public network which is
closest to the consumer concerned
and to which other customers are or
may be connected IEC 61000-3-
4:1998
20
HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION LIMITS
(in % of Nominal Fundamental Frequency Voltage)

Bus Voltage at PCC
Individual Harmonic Voltage
Distortion
Total Voltage Harmonic
Distortion (THDV)
V < << < 69 kV

3.0 5.0
69 kV < << < V < << < 161 kV

1.5 2.5
V > >> > 161 kV 1.0 1.5

IEEE 519 Standard Limits
(Utility)
21
IEEE 519 Standard
Limits apply for the worst case for
normal operation (lasting longer than one
hour)
For shorter periods, during start-ups limits
may be exceeded by 50%
Even harmonics are limited to 25% of odd
harmonic limits
Co-gen - use I
sc
/ I
L
< 20, irrespective of
actual value
Harmonic Current Measurements
Calculate harmonics as % of a fixed
(average max. demand) current, not as %
of fundamental
Limits in the Table Apply only to Odd
harmonics Even Harmonics are limited
to 25% of those limits
CT Characteristics are important usually
good (should be less than 3 dB)
How long to monitor?
Very stable, One day may be adequate
one week for most cases
Permanent monitoring in some cases
22
Presentation of Results
snap shots
Presentation of Results
Time Trends

23
Harmonic Voltage Measurements
Measure at PCC
Low Voltage measure with direct
connection
Higher Voltages Connect with PT
frequency response is good to 3 k Hz (50
th
harmonic)
Avoid CCVTs frequency response is not
good
Evaluation Procedure
Non-linear load is less than 10 - 20% of
total plant load No harmonic evaluation
necessary
Weighted Disturbing Power
S S W
Dw Di i
i
=

( )
24

Type of Load

Typical Waveform
Current
Distortion
Weighting
Factor (W
i
)

Single Phase
Power Supply


0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
Current


80%
(high 3rd)

2.5


Semiconverter


0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
Current


high 2nd,3rd,
4th at partial
loads


2.5

6 Pulse Converter,
capacitive smoothing,
no series inductance

0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
Current



80%


2.0

6 Pulse Converter,
capacitive smoothing
with series inductance > 3%,
or dc drive

0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
Current



40%


1.0



6 Pulse Converter
with large inductor
for current smoothing

0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
Current



28%


0.8


12 Pulse Converter


0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
Current



15%


0.5

ac Voltage
Regulator


0 10 20 30 40
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Time (mS)
Current


varies with
firing angle


0.7

Fluorescent
Lighting



17%


0.5

Evaluation Procedure
If SDw / Ssc < 0.1%, then automatic
acceptance
SDw is weighted disturbing power
Ssc is short circuit capacity at PCC
If customer has or considering PF
Correction Capacitors, harmonic
evaluation is always necessary
25
Choose PCC
Calculate Short Circuit
Capacity (I
SC
)
Stage 1:
Is Detailed Evaluation
Necessary?
Estimate Weighted Disturbing
Power (S
DW
) or %Nonlinear
Load
Is Power Factor
Correction Existing or
Planned?
No
Calculate Short Circuit Ratio
(SCR=I
SC
/I
L
)
Yes
Characterize Harmonic Levels
(Measurements, Analysis)
Stage 2:
Does facility
meet harmonic
limits?
Calculate Average Maximum
Demand Load Current (I
L
)
Yes
No
Design Power Factor
Correction and/or Harmonic
Control Equipment (include
resonance and interaction
concerns)
Verification Measurements
and Calculations
(if necessary)
Yes
No
UTILITY CUSTOMER
26
Applying Harmonic Limits For
Industrial Facilities
1. Usually supplied by dedicated transformer
2. Several nonliner loads ASDs, Rectifiers, DC
drives, Induction furnaces
3. Loads are relatively low PF - Power factor
correction capacitors are installed
4. Industrial loads like motors do not provide
much damping for resonance conditions
5. Problems inside the facility before causing
problems in utility system
6. Limit Voltage distortion to 5% at PCC provide
some margin for distortion within facility
Applying Harmonic Limits For
Industrial Facilities
1. Choose PCC
2. Characterize Harmonic Loads
3. Determine if PF Correction Needed
4. Calculate Expected Current Harmonics
at PCC
5. Design Harmonic Control Equipment, if
necessary
6. Verify performance with measurements
27
Applying Harmonic Limits For
Commercial Customers
Significant percentage of Load is
Electronic Equipment and Switch mode
Power Supplies
High Efficiency Fluorescent Lighting
HVAC Load is ASD drives
Significant harmonic cancellation -Meeting
IEEE 519 at SES is rarely a problem
Internal Harmonic Problems neutral
overheating, transformer overloading,
communication interference
Overview of Proposed Revisions
to IEEE 519
Immediate
Increased voltage limits for buses < 1 kV
Limits for time-varying harmonics
Revised notch and ringing limits and
definitions
Near-term
Measurements
Limits for Single-Phase Equipment
Dropped
28
Voltage Distortion Limits
(% of nominal fundamental frequency
voltage)

Bus Voltage at PCC (V
n
)
Individual Harmonic
Voltage Distortion (%)
Total Voltage
Distortion - THD
Vn
(%)
V kV
n
69 3.0 5.0
69 161 kV V kV
n
< 1.5 2.5
V kV
n
> 161 1.0 1.5

Harmonic Voltage Limits
Add a new voltage limit category for
buses less than 1 kV
5% limit for individual harmonics
8% limit for voltage THD
Main concern is associated with
multiple zero crossings
Research has shown that concern has
merit
29
Time-Varying Harmonics
Limits must be based on factual cause/effect
Thermal effects occur over time
Burst distortion effects can be instantaneous
Startup/abnormal conditions should be tolerated
The facts suggest providing
Significant limit increases for short periods
Some limit increases for intermediate periods
No increases for the majority of the time
Some statistical techniques may be needed
Time Varying Harmonics
30
Time Varying Harmonics
Total Duration Limits
Total Duration of
Harmonic Bursts (T
total
)
Total Duration of
Harmonic Bursts
(T
total
in%)
Acceptable
harmonic distortion
level
T
total

15 min. T
total

1% 3.0

(design limits)
15 min.< T
total

1.2 hr. 1% < T
total

5% 2.0

(design limits)
1.2 hours < T
total
5% < T
total 1.0

(design limits)
Time Varying Harmonics Single
Burst Limits
Maximum Duration
of
Single Harmonic
Bursts (T
max
)
Max. Duration of
Single Harmonic
Bursts (T
max
in

%)
Acceptable
harmonic
distortion level
T
max
15 sec. T
max
0.02% 3.0(design
limits)
15 sec.< T
max
30
min.
0.02% < T
max
2% 2.0(design
limits)
30 min. < T
max
2% < T
max
1.0(design
limits)

31
Time Varying Harmonics
(24 hour period)
Total Duration of
Harmonic Bursts
Maximum
Duration of a
Single Harmonic
Burst
Acceptable
Harmonic
Distortion Level
<15 minutes < 15 seconds 3.0 x design limit
>15 minutes and
< 1.2 hours
>15 sec and < 30
minutes and
2.0 x design limit
>1.2 hours and > 30 minutes design limit
Measurements
Define measurement specification
Many commercial meters exist
8, 12, and 16 cycle windows
128 and 256 samples/cycle
Filtering
IEC 61000-4-30 offers potential
Specific requirements
Captures 3s, 10m, and 2hr values
32
IEC Standards
Apply at equipment level, 240 V or less, 1-ph,
690 V or less, 3-ph, 50 or 60 Hz
61000-3-2: loads with input current < 16 A
61000-3-12: loads with input current >16A and
<75A (published in 2004)
61000-3-4: loads with input current > 75 A
Use varies from country to country, mandatory
in EC
UL certification available in US
IEC 61000-3-2
Class A - General Purpose loads, 3-ph
balanced equipment (plus any eqpt not in
B,C,D)
Class B - Portable tools
Class C - Lighting equipment
Class D - Equipment with special wave
shape (conduction angle < 60
0
), P < 600W
33
Class A (Balanced 3-ph Equipment)
Harmonic Max. Permissible Harmonic
Order Current (Amps)
3 2.3
5 1.14
7 0.77
9 0.4
11 0.33
13 0.21
15-39 0.15 x 15/n
2 1.08
4 0.43
6 0.30
8-40 0.23 x 8/n
0l888 8 IF0fl80l0 100l8l 0l888 8 IF0fl80l0 100l8l 0l888 8 IF0fl80l0 100l8l 0l888 8 IF0fl80l0 100l8l
Use Limits for Class A multiplied by 1.5
34
Class C Equipment (Lighting >25W)
Harmonic Max. Harmonic
Order Current (% of Fund.)
2 2
3 30 x PF
5 10
7 7
9 5
11-39 3
(odd harmonics only)
Class D Equipment (Special Waveshape)
Harmonic Relative Limit Max. Harmonic
Order (mA/W) Current (Amps)
3 3.4 2.30
5 1.9 1.14
7 1.0 0.77
9 0.5 0.40
11 0.35 0.33
13-39 3.85/n 0.15 x 15/n
(odd harmonics only)
35
IEC 3-12 (for Equpt >16 A and < 75 A}
IEC 61000-3-4
Loads with rated current > 75 A
Stage 1: SC KVA/EQ. KVA > 33
Stage 2: SC KVA/EQ. KVA 66, 120,
175, 250, 350, 450, 600
Stage 3: Local Utility Requirements
apply.
36
IEC Standards
IEC Standards are based on European
distribution system
3 ph, 3-wire feeder, and 3-ph, 3-wire
branches, 11 or 12 kV
3-ph (delta-star), large (500 kVA - 1000
kVA) distribution transformers
400/230V, 3-ph long secondary
USNC - IEC standards in US
US distribution systems are
different
3-ph, 4-wire Feeder, 1-ph, 2-wire
branches, most 15 kV class
Small (50 - 100 kVA) transformers
serving 6 to 8 residents
120/240 V, 1-ph, short secondaries
No consensus between manufacturers,
utilities and users
37
Comparison of European and North
American Systems
European North American
Feeder 3-ph, 3-wire 3-ph, 4-wire
Branch 3-ph, 3-wire 1-ph, 2-wire
Transformer 500 kVA-1MVA 50 kVA-100kVA
Connection Y / Gr Y / Gr Y
Secondary 400/230V, 3-ph 120/240V, 1-ph
Length Long short
000l08l08
Harmonics are important aspect of
power quality
Application of power electronics is
causing increased level of harmonics
Survey the loads and make
preliminary evaluation
IEEE and IEC Standards reviewed