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J. PARDHA SARADHI M.Tech (PSOC), S.V.University College of engg, Tirupati, Mobile No: +919703358525 Email id:pardhu_y4@yahoo.com G.V.MARUTHESWAR Asso.proffesor, Dept of. EEE, S.V.University, Tirupati.
1. Introduction
There are different types of transient disturbances that can severely affect the power quality in power systems. Such transient disturbances can cause critical impacts on load flow, system stability and reliability. Under voltage, harmonic distortion, voltage clips voltage sags, over-voltage, different faults, etc. are just few examples of such transient disturbances [I]. The accurate detection and classification of transient disturbances can help in taking effective countermeasure(s) to maintain acceptable power quality [I, 21. Many techniques using the conventional signal processing tools have been developed to detect and classify transient disturbances. Some of these techniques are: Fourier analysis, Kalman Filters, Park's transformation and reactive power method [3,4]. The previous methods are based on linear frequency division, which requires the signal to be stationary during the disturbance. The application of the aforementioned classical methods made it possible to diagnose and identify power systems events successfully under certain conditions131. However, the natures of transient disturbances in power systems are nonperiodic, non-stationary, short duration and impulse
2. Wavelet Analysis
Wavelet analysis represents the next logical step: a windowing technique with variable-sized regions. Wavelet analysis allows the use of long time intervals where we want more precise low-frequency
signal. The details are the low-scale, high-frequency components. The filtering process, at its most basic level, looks like this:
Fig1: Wavelet Analysis Heres what this looks like in contrast with the time-based, frequency-based, and STFT views of a signal: Fig 3: One-Stage Filtering in DWT The original signal, S, passes through two complementary filters and emerges as two signals. Unfortunately, if we actually perform this operation on a real digital signal, we wind up with twice as much data as we started with. Suppose, for instance, that the original signal S consists of 1000 samples of data. Then the resulting signals will each have 1000 samples, for a total of 2000. These signals A and D are interesting, but we get 2000 values instead of the 1000 we had. There exists a more subtle way to perform the decomposition using wavelets. By looking carefully at the computation, we may keep only one point out of two in each of the two 2000length samples to get the complete information. This is the notion of down sampling. We produce two sequences called cA and cD.
Fig2: Time-based frequency-based and STFT views of a signal You may have noticed that wavelet analysis does not use a time-frequency region, but rather a time-scale region.
Fig:4. Down sampling The process on the right, which includes down sampling, produces DWT coefficients. To gain a better appreciation of this process, lets perform a one-stage discrete wavelet transform of a signal. Our signal will be a pure sinusoid with high-frequency noise added to it. Here is our schematic diagram with real signals inserted into it:
Power disturbances can lead to irregularities or in a worst case scenario, stoppage of production processes. Whenever any kind of aberration in power is detected, DVRs reduce the potential shutdown time for equipment within facilities that ultimately saves a lot of time and money. DVRs can also be used to tackle the problem of harmonics caused by non-linear load machinery in manufacturing facilities. If not corrected in time, the harmonic voltages can spill over to the office power and cut into the productivity. The insulation wear on transformers, motors and drivers caused by power irregularities can also be reduced by DVR.
MAJOR INDUSTRIES THAT ARE
Fig: 6. Multiple-Level Decomposition Looking at a signals wavelet decomposition tree can yield valuable information.
3.2. THE
ARE
DVRS
Fig: 7. wavelet decomposition tree 3. Dynamic voltage Restoration with Minimum Energy Injection Dynamic voltage Restorer (DVR) was introduced commercially, only in 1994. The primary function of DVR is to minimize the voltage sags on lines that cater to sensitive equipment. It controls voltage applied to the load by injecting a voltage of compensating amplitude, frequency and phase angle to the distributions line. The voltage turns to the desired magnitude in case of any disturbances. The device functions as a filter between the transmission line and the facility, thus enabling the facility to continuously receive clean power. The DVR is primarily responsible for restoring the quality of voltage delivered to the end user when the voltage from the source is not appropriate to be used for sensitive loads. Usage of DVR enables consumers to isolate and protect themselves from transients and disturbances caused by sags and swells on the transmission lines or distribution network.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
and
distribution
Process industries (semiconductor plants, paper mills, plastic manufacturers) Automotive manufacturers. Chemical plants Electronics (consumer computer manufacturers) Mining industry Steel plants electronic and
(b) During a short circuit or fault in the downstream of the distribution line
The by-pass switch is activated to provide an alternate path for the fault currents. Hence the inverter is protected from the flow of high fault current through it, which can damage the sensitive power electronic components.
When the system is in normal condition, the supply voltage (Vs) is identified as pre-sag voltage and denoted by Vpre-sag. In such situation since the DVR is not injecting any voltage to the system, load voltage (Vload) and the supply voltage will be the same. During voltage sag, the magnitude and the phase angle of the supply voltage can be changed and it is denoted by Vsag. The DVR is in operative in this case and the voltage injected will be VDVR. If the voltage sag is fully compensated by the DVR, the load voltage during the voltage sag will be Vpre-sag.
5. SIMULATION RESULTS Case1: simulation results of voltage interruption during three phase fault
4. Test system:
Single line diagram of the test system for DVR is shown in Figure. This system is composed by a 13 kV, 50 Hz generation system, feeding two transmission lines through a 3-winding transformer connected in Y//, 13/115/15 kV. Such transmission lines feed two distribution networks through two transformers connected in /Y, 15/11 kV.
Fig 12
Fig 10: Single line diagram of the test system for DVR.
SIMULATION DIAGRAM
Fig13
Fig 14
Fig 17
Fig 15 Fig 18
Fig19 Fig 16
6. CONCLUSION
A new method for power quality improvement under conditions of transient
disturbances superimposed on the voltage at the load side was demonstrated. A DVR system is used to compensate the voltage at the load side to improve the power quality under disturbance conditions. The proposed method is based on a non-linear frequency analysis, which provides accurate detection and classification of any transient disturbance. The proposed control scheme is aimed to provide a proper amount of voltage to be provided by the DVR at the load side. The proposed approach has shown efficient, effective and quick responses to improve the power quality under such transient conditions. The selection of the mother wavelet is of great importance, since the related filter bank coefficients are dependent on the selected mother wavelet. The mother wavelet Daubechies (db4) is found suitable for providing the required filter coefficients.
7. REFERENCES
1.S.A.Saleh and M.A.Rahman Wavelet- Based Dynamic Voltage Restorer for Power Quality Improvement 2004 35TH Annual IEEE power Electronics specialists conference. 2.A.M. Sharaf and M.S.El Moursi, Stability and power quality enhancement using a combined capacitive compensation and active power filter. 3.Vu Van Thong, Johan Driesen, Ronnie Belmans, Power quality and voltage stability of distribution system with distributed energy resources International Journal of Distributed Energy Resources Volume 1 Number (2005) Pages 227- 240, April 2005. 4.Satish Samineni, Student Member, IEEE, Brain K. Johnson, Member, IEEE, Modeling and Analysis of A Flywheel Energy Storage System for Voltage Sag Correction. 5.Domingo H. Pontoriero, and Pedro E. Mercado Network Compensation with Active Power Filters Integrated to PV Generation. IEEE Porto Power Tech Conference, Sept 2001. 6.Eng Kian Kenneth Sng, Member, IEEE, S.S. Choil, Member, IEEE, Analysis of Series Compensation and DC Link Voltage Controls of a Transformerless Self- Charging Dynamic Voltage Restorer. IEEE Trans, Vol., 19, No. 3, July 2004. 7.Alexandre Campos, Geza Joos, Senior Member, IEEE, Phoivos D. Ziogas, Fellow, IEEE Analysis and Design of a series Voltage Unbalance Compensator Based on a Three Phase VSI Operating With Unbalanced Switching Functions. IEEE Trans., Vol. 9., May 1994. 8.S.S.Choi, B.H.Li, and D.m. Vilathgamuwa Dynamic Voltage Restoration with Minimum Energy Injection IEEE Trans., Vol., No. 1, Feb 2005. 9.Hilmy Awad, Student Member, IEEE, Hans nelsen, Member, IEEE, Frede Blaabjerg,Fellow, IEEE
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