Classification of Machines Elements The machines elements are classified into two main types: general purpose elements

and special purpose elements. These have been described below: 1) General purpose elements: The elements which are common to various types of machines serving different applications are called general purpose elements. Examples of these elements are nuts, bolts, keys, axles, shafts, couplings, bearings etc. 2) Special purpose elements: The elements that are used only in the specific type of machine are called as special purpose elements. For instance piston and connecting rods are used in the engines and compressors, while blades are used in the turbines and blowers. Some other examples are cam shafts, push roads, crankshaft, cylinder etc. Types of General Purpose Elements The general purpose elements, which are common in all types of machines, are classified into two types: fasteners and elements of rotary motion drive. These are described below: 1) Fasteners: The fasteners are the machine elements that connect or join various parts of the machine. The joints can be of permanent type or temporary type. The permanent joints are the ones that cannot be separated or disassembled into individual elements without destroying or damaging them. The examples of permanent joints are welded joints, riveted joints etc. The temporary joints are the ones in which the individual elements of the assembly can be separated easily without destroying or damaging them. The joints obtained by nut and bolt, and the cotter joints are common and widely used examples of the temporary joints. 2) Elements of rotary motion drive: These are the elements that help transmit the motion or power to or from the machines. For example belt connected to the motor and pump helps running the pump. The fear box helps transmit the motion and power from the engine to the wheels of the vehicles. Other examples of elements of the rotary motion drive are rope, chain, gear, worm drives, shafts, axles, couplings, bearings etc. 1.Eye bolts (eyebolts) are threaded bolts with a loop or eye at one end. The eye is used to anchor a cable, rope or chain. Eye bolts are rated for different types of applications and may pivot or swivel. Loadrated eyebolts are designed for vertical lifting, but are not recommended for angular lifting. Eye bolts that are not load-rated are designed for use with tie downs and guiding wires; however, they are not suitable for lifting applications. 2.,Slot Head Screw The slot head screw has a single slot in the head, in one direction. The slot is used to sink the screw into place in a piece of wood or device. The slot head screw is often used in woodworking because the head type allows this screw to be countersunk into a piece of wood. Countersunk heads are more easily covered because the screw heads are flush with the surface material or sunk down into the material. Flathead screwdrivers are used to remove this type of screw. The one-way screw is a variation of this type of screw, with a special slot requiring special tools in order to remove the screw.

3.Phillips Screw The Phillips head screw is the second-most common type of screw. The Phillips head screw has a cross-shaped slot on the head. This type of screw can be removed with a flat head screwdriver but is more easily removed using a screwdriver of the same name. The Phillips head screw prevents slipping and minimizes the amount of wear to the screw head from slipping during attempted removal. Phillips head screws are both bulbous and flat, allowing them to either stick out from the surface or be

countersunk. The Torx head screw is a variation of this type of screw, with a six-point slot instead of a four-point slot. 4.Polygon Head Bolts Bolts with square or hexagonal shaped heads require removal with a wrench. The wrench may be adjustable or sized the same as the head of the bolt. The bolts of this type sometimes have slotted heads for removal with screw drivers; this is often done for convenience. These types of bolts sometimes have pointed tips, like screws, instead of the common flat tip of most bolts.

5.Rounded Head Bolts Some types of bolts have rounded heads. Rounded bolt heads typically stand out from a surface and are rounded to prevent danger to machine users. For example, rounded head bolts are used on playground equipment to prevent cuts and bruises from rough edges of the bolt heads. Some rounded head bolts have slots to easy removal.

6.Connecting Rod Bearings Connecting rod bearings are metal inserts that protect the wear and tear in between the connecting rods and the crankshaft. These rods are the link between the pistons and the crankshaft. When the crankshaft rotates, it is the connecting rods that move the pistons down and up in their cylinder bores. This constant motion may cause the bearings to wear out over time, which will impact fuel efficiency and horsepower.

7.Crankshaft Main Bearings Crankshaft main bearings are found in between your engine block and your crankshaft. These are also the bearings on which the crankshafts rotate. Different types of engines have a different number of main bearings. For example, modern V8 engines have five main bearings while six cylinder engines have seven main bearings. The oil film coating around the bearings is important to keep consistent to ensure the crankshafts continue to spin.

8.Camshaft Bearings Camshaft bearings are used to reduce friction with the rotation of the camshafts. Camshafts (referred to as cams) are long rods with various lobes sticking out that can either cover or uncover a valve in the engine. Opening and closing these valves control how much air or fuel is available for combustion. The camshaft is connected to the crankshaft directly or by a gear mechanism so that the timing of both engine parts is in sync. 9.The fillister-head screw, coming with or without `drilled head, is generally used in light-mechanism assemblies. 10.Set screws are used for holding wheels, knobs, or collars rigidly in place on shafts. Socket-type set screws are turned by inserting a wrench made of hexagonal hardened steel into the head of the screw.

11.Lag screws are used for attaching metal to wood, as a vise to the work table.

12.Sheet-metal screws, made of case-hardened steel, can make their own threads when screwed into a tapped or punched hole. They do away with the need for tapping the hole or using a nut. One type resembles a wood screw; another resembles a machine screw. 13.The drive screw, also made of hardened steel, is designed for being driven into an untapped hole of a diameter slightly smaller than that of the screw. It is chiefly used for plugging holes and attaching name plates.

14.Ball Bearings Easily the most common type of wheel bearing, the ball bearing is also the most versatile. Ball bearings have the ability to absorb both radial and thrust loads. Radial load is the amount of weight put on a wheel. The thrust load is cornering pressure. Ball bearings can be found in wheels as small as those on roller skates to tires as large as those on automobiles.

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15Roller Bearings Roller bearings are also commonly used wheel bearings; however, they do not have the versatility of ball bearings. They handle radial load well, but do not hold up under thrust. This makes them virtually unusable in wheels that have to corner with even moderate amounts of speed. However, they work well for wheels on items like handtrucks or grocery carts.

16Tapered Roller Bearings Tapered roller bearings are most often used in standard car and truck and wheels. The cone shape allows for the reduction of friction during cornering when thrust load is at its greatest. When a car turns, the wheels angle varying degrees. Tapered roller bearings allow for this to keep shifting parts from grinding.

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17Precision Ball Bearings Precision ball bearings are designed for high pressure and high performance use. They reduce friction to a minimum, do not generate as much heat and have a higher rotation speed than standard bearings. Precision ball bearings are used in world class racing cars and airplane landing wheels. They are specifically designed for intense radial and thrust loads.

18.Radial Bearings SKF group produces many different variants of radial bearings. Radial bearings, or ball bearings, are rolling element bearings that use balls to maintain the separation of moving parts. The radial bearings that SKF group produce are as follows: deep groove ball bearings, Y-bearings, angular contact ball bearings, self-aligning ball bearings, cylindrical roller bearings, full complement cylindrical roller bearings, needle roller bearings, tapered roller bearings, spherical roller bearings and CARB toroidal bearings. These radial bearings are produced with different dimensions and configurations to meet almost any application.

19Thrust Bearings Thrust bearings are a type of rotary bearing that allows rotation between two parts. They are mainly used in applications that call for a bearing to handle a high axle load. SKF produces a number of different variants of thrust bearings,

such as thrust ball bearings, angular contact thrust ball bearings (with single direction and double direction applications), cylindrical roller thrust bearings (single direction and component types), needle roller thrust bearings, tapered roller thrust bearings (both single and double direction) and spherical roller thrust bearings (single direction). 20Track Runner Bearings Track runner bearings are specifically designed to take heavy rolling or shock loads on track types. SKF produces three different variants of the track runner bearing: cam rollers (both narrow and wide designs), support rollers and cam followers. Each of these track runner bearings have different applications in which they are used.

22Tapered Thrust Bearings Tapered thrust bearings are another type of thrust bearing. Tapered bearings have many rollers positioned in a tapering fashion. The axes meet at a fixed point on the bearing. The diameter of the narrow and wide ends and length of the bearings must be precisely placed so that the bearings do not skid off the axis when this requirement is not met. Tapered thrust bearings are used on the wheels in an airplane or a car. Tapered thrust bearings are more versatile and can handle greater axle loads than ball bearings. However, tapered bearings are more expensive than ball thrust bearings.

21Ball Thrust Bearings A ball thrust bearing is one of the more popular varieties of thrust bearing. It is typically used in a ball bearing and is supported by a ring. It is ideally suited for machines in which there is a low level of radial load. The bearing has a series of small rollers placed in such a way that all its axes sit on radial lines from the middle of the bearing. When the machines are used, the rollers of the ball bearing rotate, reducing friction in the engine.

24Cylindrical Cylindrical roller bearings are perhaps one of the most familiar and common forms of roller bearing. The basic design is a pair of rings with bearings between. These bearings may be spherical in shape but typically are cylindrical. Cylinders allow for the width of the bearing to be larger than what would be possible with ball bearing alone. These types of roller bearings can handle a large radial load and moderate amount of thrust since the load is distributed across cylinders instead of spheres. They are commonly used for applications where object needs to slide along in a plane.

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25Shperical Spherical roller bearings are similar in construction to a cylindrical roller bearing except that they often lack an inner ring and the entire construction is warped in such a way that they wrap or caress a round object. These types of roller bearings are used in applications where a round object needs to spin around its axis. Because spherical roller bearings are designed to hug a sphere, they tend to be self-aligning.

23Fluid Bearings Fluid bearings are bearings in which the axial pressure or thrust is held by a wafer-like layer of liquid, which gives the machine a very low degree of drag. Fluid bearings were developed in 1905 by George Mitchell.

27Shielded Bearings

Shielded bearings place the bearings inside a channel so you can open and remove the bearings for cleaning and maintenance. Shields keep larger pieces of grime out of the bearing casing, but they're not watertight nor are they sealed tightly enough to keep dust away from your bearings. Skaters who ride shielded bearings must commit to putting the maintenance time into their bearings, periodically removing them, inspecting them and soaking them in cleaning solution.

28Sealed Bearings Sealed bearings come in an all-in-one casing. You can't open the casing itself for maintenance, but it's closed up tight enough to keep water, grease and other road grime from befouling your bearings, so maintenance isn't much of an issue. Sealed bearings are slightly heavier, though, and more expensive than shielded ones. Also, in the case of bearing failure, you'll have to replace the entire unit instead of simply swapping out a few ball bearings and rebuilding it. Most starting skateboarders opt for sealed bearings because of the ease of maintenance, while weight considerations aren't much of a concern to the novice rider.

29Spring Bearings You use a spring-bearing hinge anywhere a self-closing door is desired. Spring hinges vary in size, shape and application. You find this type of bearing and hinge on fences around pools where safety is a concern or on the swinging doors of a restaurant kitchen. Designers build the hinges with a loose pin to allow for adjustment of the tension of the spring.

30Polymer Bearings Polymer offer lower friction and wear but tend to handle less weight and stress. Manufacturers combine polymer coatings with metal bearings to create a polymer composite bearing. Auto builders use polymer and polymer composite bearings in the manufacture of vehicle door hinges to maintain the smooth operation, low clearance and positioning of the door. The polymer bearings are ideal in any application exposed to corrosive elements or where durability is a major concern. Frequently used hinges often call for polymer or polymer composite bearings.

31Plain Bearings Generally cylindrical in shape, plain bearings come in straight and flanged designs. In comparison to roller element bearings, plain bearings cost less and have relatively lower friction. Two types of plain bearings include bronze bearings and plastic bearings. When used in light load applications, these self-lubricating bearings can make a perfectly sound linear motion system.

32Dovetail Slides A dovetail slide is usually made from cast iron. It can support high loads and is manually operated or powered. The dovetail slide is available in basic and hand wheel configurations. Dovetail slides can support vibrations and shock loads. They can be used in low-profile rigid mounting, linear positioning of equipment, tooling, automation devices and instrumentation. A basic dovetail slide has sections such as a saddle, base, gib and gib adjusting screws.

34Ball bearing slides provide the lowest coefficient of friction. This occurs because the rolling elements are separated from each other and are not required to turn corners, which is the case for recirculating designs. The balls run at the same length on two tracks. The

adaptable slide design allows the ball slide to adjust to the subassembly, thus cutting down on design time and tolerance build-up.Bearing Slides 35Crossed Roller Slides Described as an economical type of bearing, the crossed roller slide comes in a variety of sizes and shapes. Crossed roller slides are ideal for situations where a wide span is required between bearings. As line contact bearings, they can handle heavier loads compared to ball bearing slides. Crossed roller slides are used with many pick and place modules.

36Torsion These are compact axles designed with a flexible elastomer to absorb bumps. There are three primary components of this axle.They are the elastomer (rubber cartridge), the support bushing and the spindle arm. Torsion axles have independent suspension and are single-sided units. They are appropriate for trailers with light loads. The elastomer has a limited life and will get hard and crack over time.

37Leaf Spring Leaf spring axles are more economical than coils and other components which make up torsion axles because of their simpler design. Even so, their manufacturers say they perform as well and have the same durability. Leaf spring models were used on most American cars until 1985. They are named leaf spring because the layers of metal which are connected to the axle resemble leaves.

38Tandem Drive A tandem drive axle has two or more axles built close together. This gives it a higher load capacity than single axles. These heavy-duty axles also have more torque potential and higher horsepower than torsion axles. They are frequently seen at the back of semi-trailers. Many recreational drivers prefer a tandem axle for improved safety in the event of a tire blowout along the highway.

39Straight Axle--Dead Straight dead axles are fairly uncommon for modern vehicles, and are usually either tubular, as in some 1970s Dodge vans, or I-beam in construction. A tubular axle is just a tube with swiveling joints on either end that allow the wheels to turn. An I-beam axle, used on many heavy trucks, has swivels as well, but uses a capital "I" shaped cross-section for light weight, fairly compact dimensions and flexibility without permanent deformation.

40Drop Axle--Dead Many modern vehicles using a dead front axle utilize a drop-beam configuration. A drop axle utilizes a pair of curved right-angle sections just inboard of the steering joints, which results in a lower axle center section. Aside from dropping the vehicle lower to the ground, this configuration gets the spring mounts closer to or even below the wheel center-line, which yields more stable and predictable handling.

41Straight Axle--Live

This type is by far the most commonly used for four-wheel-drive trucks. Construction is similar to the dead axle, but a live axle uses a gear, clutch or viscous fluid-driven differential in the center to deliver power to the wheels. The wheels are connect to the differential with axle shafts hidden within the hollow, weight-bearing axle tubes. The axle shafts will utilize some type of constant velocity joint-- as known as a CV joint--in the steering joint area for flexibility.

43Independent Front Axle An independent front suspension/axle (IFS) utilizes a chassismounted center differential and a pair of CV joint on either ends of the axle shafts. This arrangement is similar to that used in frontwheel-drive cars, and helps to both reduce "unsprung" weight and eliminate the possibility of wheel movement on one side affecting traction on the other. Unsprung weight is dead weight sitting on the vehicle's tires, and hurts traction and ride quality in most situations.

44Straight Axles As its name suggests, a straight axle is a straight bar that looks very much like the typical axle found in everything from toy cars to full size cars and boat trailers. Because of its design, a straight axle is usually made from heavier metal, designed to carry a load without bowing under the weight.

45Dropped Axles The two main differences between a straight axle and a dropped axle is price and height. The dropped axle is really a straight axle that has been lowered (or dropped) in the center. Because a boat sits lower on a dropped axle there is a slight increase in gas mileage when trailering a boat, but the bigger benefit is being able to launch a boat from a lower profile, meaning you will not have to back your vehicle quite as far down the boat launch ramp to get your boat off the trailer and into the water.

46Round Axles Round axles tend to be more universal and are not brand specific, making them easy to replace since they don't have specifically placed bolt holes like a square axle. However, round axles are usually not galvanized, which means they may corrode sooner than a square axle and for this reason should be avoided for saltwater boating.

47Square Axles Square axles get their name from the rectangular metal they are crafted from, unlike the tubular metal of a round axle. Square axles are usually made of galvanized metal and therefore will last longer than round axles. However, square axles tend to be brand specific since each axle manufacturer adds bolt holes to their specific locations before the galvanization process. This is not really a problem until you need to replace a square axle -make sure you get the same brand of axle as a replacement.

48Rigid Couplings Rigid couplings are most often found when the two shafts are running coaxially, that is, they share the same axis of movement. This type of shaft coupling can be split into three sub-types, rigid sleeve or muff couplings, rigid flanged couplings and rigid split couplings.

49Rigid Sleeve Couplings Rigid sleeve or muff couplings are the most basic type of coupling available. They consist of a section of pipe with two threaded holes in the side through which the coupling is locked in place.

50Rigid Flanged Couplings Rigid flanged couplings are essentially thick disks that are welded or fused to the end of a shaft, and upon which another section of shaft can be connected. The two sides of the coupling are connected with bolts.

51Rigid Split Couplings Rigid split couplings are used when it is necessary to be able to remove the coupling with a minimum of problems. Rigid split couplings consist of two parts that are removed, or "split."

52Flexible Couplings Flexible couplings, also called compensating couplings, are for use when the two shafts may not always be running in a coaxial manner. They tend to have a piece of elastic between the two members of the coupling, and are therefore sometimes referred to as elastic couplings.

53Oldham Couplings Oldham couplings are named after their inventor. They are used to transfer rotary motion between shafs that are parallel but not necessarily always in alignment. They consist of two end disks and a middle disk. One of the end disks has a coil spring mounted inside it, and these three pieces are pressed together. Should any of the elements shift, the coil spring will compensate for the distance between them.

54Adjustable Couplings Adjustable couplings include a clamping bolt and an adjusting worm that allow for the two shafts to move at different rates relative to one another.

55Adjustable Flexible Couplings Adjustable flexible couplings combine aspects of both the adjustable coupling and the flexible coupling.

56Fixed Pulley A fixed pulley describes a pulley that is secured to a single spot. While the pulley's wheel will turn with the rope or chord that passes through it, the pulley itself will remain stationary. Because of this, the force exerted on the object on the opposite side of the pulley will be exactly the amount of force applied on the user's side of the pulley. This is described as having a mechanical advantage of one, because the amount of force you apply is precisely the amount of force the machine will exert on the object you are trying to move.

57Movable Pulley A movable pulley is a pulley that moves with the load you are moving, as opposed to a fixed pulley which does not move. However, unlike the fixed pulley which exerts only as much force on the object being moved as is applied to the machine, a movable pulley will multiple the force which the user applies to the machine in doing work on an object. This means that less force must be applied by the user to do the same amount of work, effectively making the work what might be described as "easier."

For example, if a man was using a fixed pulley to lift a box then he must apply a force which overcomes the force of gravity on the box. Since the fixed pulley does not multiply force, this means he must apply that amount of force himself. In contrast, if he was using a movable pulley, which does multiply force, then he would only have to apply a fraction of the force necessary to overcome gravity, and the machine would multiply that into the sufficient amount. 68Inclined Plane Stairs are a type of inclined plane. An inclined plane translates a small horizontal force over a large horizontal distance into a larger vertical force that lifts an object a smaller vertical distance. The mechanical advantage is the ratio of the horizontal distance the object moves to the vertical distance the object moves. 69Wedge Nails are a wedge used to separate wood. A wedge is similar to a plane, but instead of the force being applied to the object to be moved, the force is applied to the plane of the wedge, which in turn moves the object. Like a plane, the mechanical advantage is the ratio of the distance the wedge moves in one direction to the distance the object is moved in another direction. 70Tow Hitch Classes The Society of Automotive Engineers has defined two hitches into four classes to distinguish the loads they can tow. Class I is rated for up to 2,000 pounds. Class II is rated for up to 3,000 pounds. Class III is rated for up to 5,000 pounds and class IV is rated for up to 10,000 pounds, which makes it suitable for towing boats, recreational vehicles and other large loads.

71Receiver Tow Hitches Receiver tow hitches are the most common and versatile tow hitches. They consist of metal bars attached to mounting points on the tow vehicle and an opening facing to the rear of the vehicle, which accepts a removable ball mount. This allows the vehicle to use different sized tow ball mounts to accommodate the trailer being towed.

74Flexible Shaft Couplings Flexible shaft couplings come in a wide range of sizes and torque ratings. The range of torque ratings includes between 2 and 4,000 inch ounces. More than 30 different sizes of flexible shaft coupling exist.

75Upper Temperature Limit Typical flexible shaft couplings will operate properly up to 260 degrees Fahrenheit. However, it is possible for certain kinds of

couplings to be welded to hubs, which increase their maximum operating temperature to 350 degrees Fahrenheit. 77Tees, Wyes and Crosses Tee, wye and cross fittings are all used to combine or split pipe or tube sections. Their names describe the basic design of each: tee and wye fittings each have one input and two outputs (or vice versa), intersecting at 90 and 45 degree angles, respectively; cross fittings have one input and three outputs (or vice versa) that intersect at 90 degree angles. All three designs come in standard designs (in which all outlets/inlets are the same diameter) and reducing designs (in which one or more is a different size).

78Couplings and Unions Couplings and unions come in a number of different sizes and designs. The basic function of each is simply to connect two pieces of pipe or tubing. Therefore, couplings and unions are generally quite short fittings. The main difference between couplings and unions is that couplings are designed to be somewhat permanent and are often welded in place or secured by a series of bolts and nuts, while unions are designed to be easily removed at any time.

79Compression Fittings Compression fittings are generally made up of three pieces: a body, nut and gasket ring (or ferule). They use pressure to tighten connections, thereby preventing leakage. These fittings are used in many different industries, as well as many places throughout the house, such as in toilets and faucets.

80Caps and Plugs Caps and plugs perform basically the same function but in different ways. A cap, as its name suggests, is a cap that goes over the end of pipe, creating a dead end. Plugs also stop up a pipe or tube system, are plugged, like a stopper, into the end of the pipe. a but

81Valves Valves, while considered fittings, are sometimes placed in their own category because of their complexity and variety. There are many different types of valves but the one unifying attribute is that they control the flow of fluids and gases through a system. In addition, some valves are also used to control temperature. Some common types of valves are butterfly, gate, globe and ball. Sink and shower/bathtub faucets are among the most common types of valves.

82Composition Fittings may be composed of a number of different materials. The most important consideration is that each fitting be made of a material compatible with the material composition of the rest of the pipe or

tube system. Some of the most common materials used to create fittings are copper, steel, brass and PVC. 83Zippers Zippers, also known as slide fasteners, are made of two strips of fabric, each joined by a row of metal or plastic teeth and connected by a slider. Zippers are often used as fasteners for pants, jackets, dresses and skirts. Strong, heavy zippers are used for jeans while light zippers are used in summer dresses. Zippers' teeth are typically plainly visible unless hidden, as in the case of zipper flaps for jeans or invisible zippers. Invisible zippers hide the teeth behind the fabric strips and are usually used in skirts and dresses; however, the slider is often still visible.

85Hooks and Eyes Hooks and eyes are metal fasteners that consist of two parts, that are sewn to two pieces of fabric and can be temporarily locked together to fasten the garment. The first part is the "hook," which has a protruding loop shape, the ends of which are connected to two tiny circles. These circles are sewn onto the garment's first piece of fabric. The second part is the "eye," which has a flat protruding hook and two circles, the latter of which are sewn onto the garment's second piece of fabric. To fasten the garment, the hook is inserted into the loop.

87Grommets Round grommets look like metal or plastic rings that help reinforce holes. A cord or lace threads through the hole, also known as the eye. A grommet press or a grommet setting tool and a small hammer help fasten the grommet to the garment. (See Reference 3) Examples of grommets are found on laced running shoes and laced clothing. A grommet belt allows a person to adjust the fit by inserting a buckle's metal pin through a reinforced hole.

89Snaps Snap fasteners, or snaps, feature interlocking discs. Certain kinds of metal or plastic fasteners are hand-sewn on the garment. Another type of snap fastener requires special snap pliers that press the parts onto the garment. The two types of snaps are the post-style and the prong-style. The post-style features a shaft that pierces the fabric. The prong-style features prongs or metal teeth that pierce the fabric. Post-style snaps work well on heavy outerwear and denim jeans. Prong-style snaps suit children's wear and lightweight jackets. Snap tape includes two fabric strips with rows of snap fasteners that snap together to close. The rows clasp to close a garment, such as the front placket of a Henley shirt.

91Nails Nails are one of the most commonly used wood fasteners in the world. Most nails are made of metal and are often coated with zinc to help prevent rust. Nails are available in a variety of sizes for a variety of types of wood. In addition to general nails, you can also find upholstery nails, paneling nails and finishing nails, where the heads are hidden from view inside the wood. 92Outside Snap Ring An outside snap ring is a component of the drive shaft's U-joint available with either standard greaseable or non-greaseable joint features for better bearing cap seal

protection. It is recommended to match the measurement of the U-joint with the outside snap ring before installing it. 93Inside Snap Ring Inside snap rings are commonly used in older models of Chevrolet, Dodge and GM vehicles. An inside snap ring is a U-joint with improvised bearing cap seals containing snap rings. With U-bolts or straps, the U-joints can be held in the yoke either on the output shaft of a transfer case or on the pinion shaft of a rear axle. Unlike outside snap ring yokes, the inside yoke has no tabs at the bottom of the joint cap bores.

94Conversion U-joint Conversion U-joints are mostly used when upgrading an older model of drive shaft to a better and stronger one. Conversion joints match up to your vehicle, ensuring an accurate measurement across the U-joint in both directions with fully compressed caps. Measuring all four cap diameters ia also recommended when converting. U-

95Slip Yoke The slip yoke is located internally at the rotating spline tube that slips in and out of the transfer case output housing to support the constant change in drive shaft length. Late model, 4x4 vehicles are typically equipped with this kind of drive shaft. Because slip yokes have a small U-joint size, small tubing and are limited in movement, machinists and service mechanics do not always recommend them to customers.

96U-bolt As their name implies, U-bolts are shaped like the letter U and are made of galvanized or stainless steel. Because of the tightening action of torque, pin needles are broken down, and the U-joint eventually melts. A U-bolt can help prevent this.

97Bearing Strap The bearing strap looks like an elongated strap made of flexible steel. Numerous bearing buttons are attached from the other side of the strap that can be fastened to the opposite side to hold the strap firmly in place.

98Constant Velocity (CV) Joint Parts This part of the drive shaft consists of several bolts that transmit torque from one part of the car to the another. This transmitted torque, however, can be a disadvantage when high performance and high speeds are required.

99V-Belts V-belts, or Vee belts, are typically used for light-duty power equipment and appliances. V-belts fit in a deep, Vee-shaped groove inside of the pulley wheels, and provide high-traction power.

100Poly-V Belts

Poly-V belts, also called serpentine belts, are flat on the outside and have multiple Vee-shaped grooves on the inside. This type of drive belt provides the high-traction power of a traditional Vbelt in only one belt.

101V-Link Belts V-link belts are similar to traditional V-belts, but are open-ended and don't require the use of metal fasteners. V-link belts are typically used when obstructions make it difficult to reach the drive belt. This type of drive belt tends to be expensive and has a limited load capacity.

102Flat Belts Flat belts are light-weight drive belts that can handle high speeds. This type of drive belt has a tendency to slip because there is less traction.

103Timing Belts Timing belts, sometimes called synchronous belts, are generally used in low-power applications. Timing belts have teeth on the inside and do not depend on friction. Timing belts have a more limited power capacity than other types of drive belts A drive shaft, driveshaft, driving shaft, propeller shaft, or Cardan shaft is a mechanical component for transmitting torqueand rotation, usually used to connect other components of a drive train that cannot be connected directly because of distance or the need to allow for relative movement between them.

Drive shafts are carriers of torque: they are subject to torsion and shear stress, equivalent to the difference between the input torque and the load. They must therefore be strong enough to bear the stress, whilst avoiding too much additional weight as that would in turn increase their inertia. Drive shafts frequently incorporate one or more universal joints or jaw couplings, and sometimes a splined joint or prismatic jointto allow for variations in the alignment and distance between the driving and driven components. In mechanical engineering, a key is a machine element used to connect a rotating machine element to a shaft. Through this connection the key prevents relative rotation between the two parts and allows torque to be transmitted through. For a key to function the shaft and rotating machine element must have a keyway, also known as a keyseat, which is a slot or pocket for the key to fit in. The whole system is called a keyed joint.[1][2] A keyed joint still allows relative axial movement between the parts.

Commonly keyed components include gears, pulleys, and couplings. Splines are ridges or teeth[1][2][3] on a drive shaft that mesh with grooves in a mating piece and transfer torque to it, maintaining the angular correspondence between them.

For instance, a gear mounted on a shaft might use a male spline on the shaft that matches the female spline on the gear. The splines on the pictured drive shaft match with the female

splines in the center of the clutch plate, while the smooth tip of the axle is supported in the pilot bearing in the flywheel. An alternative to splines is a keyway and key, though splines provide a longer fatigue life.[2] A bleed screw is a device used to create a temporary opening in an otherwise closed system, which facilitates the removal of air or another substance from the system by way of pressure and density differences.

A retaining ring is a fastener that holds components or assemblies onto a shaft or in a housing/bore when installed in a groove. Once installed, the exposed portion acts as a shoulder which retains the specific component or assembly. Self-locking retaining rings may be installed in applications where no groove exists. Retaining rings are typically made from carbon steel, stainless steel or beryllium copper and may feature a variety of finishes for corrosion protection depending on the type of environment in which they are used. A rivet is a permanent mechanical fastener. Before being installed a rivet consists of a smooth cylindrical shaft with a head on one end. The end opposite the head is called the buck-tail. On installation the rivet is placed in a punched or pre-drilled hole, and the tail is upset, or bucked (i.e. deformed), so that it expands to about 1.5 times the original shaft diameter, holding the rivet in place. To distinguish between the two ends of the rivet, the original head is called the factory head and the deformed end is called the shop head or buck-tail. A split pin, also known in U.S. usage as a cotter pin or cotter key,[1] is a metal fastener with two tines that are bent during installation, similar to a staple or rivet. Typically made of thick wire with a halfcircular cross section, split pins come in multiple sizes and types.

A spring is an elastic objec t used to store mechanical energy. Springs are usually made out of hardened steel. Small springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock, while larger ones are made from annealed steel and hardened after fabrication. Some non-ferrous metals are also used including phosphor bronze and titanium for parts requiring corrosion resistance and beryllium copper for springs carrying electrical current (because of its low electrical resistance). A gasket is a mechanical seal that fills the space between two mating surfaces, generally to prevent leakage from or into the joined objects

while under compression. Gaskets allow "less-than-perfect" mating surfaces on machine parts where they can fill irregularities. Gaskets are commonly produced by cutting from sheet materials, such as gasket paper, rubber, silicone, metal, cork, felt, neoprene, nitrile rubber, fiberglass, Polytetrafluoroethylene (otherwise know as PTFE or Teflon) or a plastic polymer (such as polychlorotrifluoroethylene). Gaskets for specific applications[which?] may contain asbestos. However, asbestos can cause asbestosis, so it is widely unused and unpopular[citation needed]; other forms of non-asbestos materials with the same qualities are available[which?]. It is usually desirable that the gasket be made from a material that is to some degree yielding such that it is able to deform and tightly fills the space it is designed for, including any slight irregularities. A few gaskets require an application of sealant directly to the gasket surface to function properly. A brake is a mechanical device which inhibits motion. It s opposite component is a clutch. The rest of this article is dedicated to various types of vehicular brakes. Brakes are generally applied to rotating axles or wheels, but may also take other forms such as the surface of a moving fluid (flaps deployed into water or air). Some vehicles use a combination of braking mechanisms, such as drag racing cars with both wheel brakes and a parachute, or airplanes with both wheel brakes and drag flaps raised into the air during landing. Wire rope is a type of rope which consists of several strands of metal wire laid (or 'twisted') into a helix. Initially wrought iron wires were used, but today steel is the main material used for wire ropes. Historically wire rope evolved from steel chains which had a record of mechanical failure. While flaws in chain links or solid steel bars can lead to catastrophic failure, flaws in the wires making up a steel cable are less critical as the other wires easily take up the load. Friction between the individual wires and strands, as a consequence of their twist, further compensates for any flaws. A chain is a series of connected links which are typically made of metal. A chain may consist of two or more links. Chains are usually made in one of two styles, according to their intended use: Those designed for lifting, such as when used with a hoist; for pulling; or for securing, such as with a bicycle lock, have links that are torusshaped, which makes the chain flexible in two dimensions (The fixed third dimension being a chain's length.) Those designed for transferring power in machines have links designed to mesh with the teeth of the sprockets of the machine, and are flexible in only one dimension. They are known as Roller chains, though there are also non-roller chains such as block chain.