DEPT.

OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 1 STUDY OF CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE AIM: To study the operation of CRO and its applications.

APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. Cathode Ray Oscilloscope CRO Probes Function Generator Resistor, Capacitor, PN Diode, Zener Diode, Transistor.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FRONT PANNEL CONTROLS: 1. Power ON 2. INTENSITY 3. FOCUS 4. TIME BASE 5. TIME BASE VARIABLE : : : : : Put the instrument to main supply with LED indication. The brightness of the display. Controls the sharpness of the display. 18 steps to enable selection of 18 Calibrated sweep from 0.5uSec/div to 0.2Sec/div in 1, 2, 5 Sequence. In calibrated position the selected Sweep speed holds indicated Calibration clockwise, it extends the Sweep sipped by 2.5times approx. with LED indication. Controls the horizontal position of the

6. POSITION

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

7. LEVEL 8. AUTO/NORM

: :

9. INT/EXT

10. CH1/CH2 11. 0.2V, 1 KHz 12. POSITION 13. ac/dc/gnd 14. INPUT BNC CH1/Y (CH2/X) 15. TRACE 16. CH1/CH ATTENUATOR 17. AMPLIFIER MODE SWITCH a. ALT/CHOP b. DUAL MODE(x-y) 18. CT tester 19. CT tester. 20. SWP/X-Y

: : : :

Display. When this control is pulled it magnifies the sweep 5 times, with LED indication. Variable control, selects the trigger point On the displayed wave form. In auto mode trace is displayed in absence of any input signal. The display is then automatically triggered for signals above 30Hz depending upon correct setting of Trigger LEVEL control. INT display triggers from signals derived From any other external source fed Though EXT TRIG BNC socket. Selects trigger signal in INT mode Derived from either CH1 or CH2 inputs. 200mV Peak to peak 1 KHz square wave Calibration signal. Controls the vertical position of the dNMREC - 2 - - 2 -isplay. Selects input coupling/grounding (Grounds the amplifier input but input Signal is open circuited.) Input terminal of CH1/Y, CH2/X Inputs. Screw driver controls to adjust horizontal tilt of the trace. 12 steps compensated attenuator from 5mV/div to 20V/div in 1, 2, 5 sequence. Selects switching mode for the two Channels while in DUAL operation. In DUAL operation as a DUAL trace Scope in ALT or CHOP mode as Selected. Converts scope into a component input terminals for component When pressed, converts CH2 input Into X-channels and enable use of The scope as on x-y scope (Y input Via CH1). In released position, SWEEP operates. 2

: :

: : : : :

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

GENERAL PROCEDURE FOR OPERATION OF CRO: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Keep the vertical shift and horizontal shift controls in their middle positions. Keep the intensity control in its minimum. Now switch on the CRO wait for some time till the CR tube warms up. A horizontal line may appear if the intensity is sufficient? If not adjust the intensity control, X shift control and if necessary the Y shift control to get the horizontal line on the center of the screen. If the horizontal line is not aligning with graticule i.e., line not actually horizontal adjust trace rotation control and align the line with the graticule. Now adjust the focus control to get sharp line. Connect the output of the source through the probe to the vertical input of the CRO. Adjust the vertical input attenuates to get the required amplitude of the signal. The sweep can now be internal and does not require time adjustment. Adjust the sweep selector to get a single cycle or more cycles as per requirement.

DC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT: i. ii. iii. iv. The CRO will be switched on and a horizontal line is obtained single the internal sweep. The unknown DC voltage is applied to the vertical input terminal placing the input switch to DC mode. On applications of the voltage the horizontal line shifts. This displacement is measured using the scale marking on the screen. The magnitude of the unknown voltage can be calculated by multiplying the displacement obtained with deflection factor unknown voltage=deflection factor x displacement. i.e., = No. of divisions X volts/div.

AC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT: i. ii. iii. iv. v. The CRO is switched on and the horizontal line is obtained. The unknown voltage is applied to the vertical deflecting plates. Press x-y mode switch. A vertical line is displayed by the CRO the length of this line is measured using the scale marking on the screen. This length 1 multiplied by the deflection factor gives the peak to peak amplitude of the applied voltage. Peak to peak voltage=No. of divisions in vertical direction X volt/div Peak voltage Vm = Vpp

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY: i. ii. iii. iv. v. Switch on the CRO Apply sine or square or triangular wave to the vertical plates from the function generator. Measure distance between tow peaks of the wave in horizontal direction. Time period of the wave T= distance X time/div Unknown frequency = 1/T

COMPONENT TESTING: i. ii. iii. iv. Switch on the CRO Press the CT switch. Plug in two probes one at the banana socket marked CT-IN, and the other at ground. Connect the component under test across the probes.

MEASUREMENT OF UNKNOWN FREQUENCY: TEST PATTERN:

Short circuit

Open circuit

Resistor

Capacitor

Diode

Transistor B/E

JFET S/G

Zener Diode

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 2 PN DIODE CHARACTERISTICS AIM: To plot the V-I characteristics of diode (Silicon and Germanium). To find the static resistance and dynamic resistance of the PN Diode.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) Bread Board Diodes Silicon -1N4007 & Germanium 0A79 Resistors 1K, 100 DC Voltmeters (0-1V) 1No. DC Voltmeters (0-20V) 1No. DC Ammeters (0-20mA) 1No. DC Ammeters (0-200A) 1No. DC Power Supply. Connecting wires. 0-200A A

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 1K

0-20V

1N4007

0-20V

Fig 2.1 Forward Bias

1K

0-200A A

0-20V

1N4007

0-20V

Fig 2.2 Reverse Bias

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

PROCEDURE: 1. Construct the circuit as shown in fig.2.1 2. Vary the Supply Voltage from 0V to an incremental step of voltage 0.1V and note down the ammeter and voltmeter readings. 3. Tabulate the results and Plot the V-I Characteristics. 4. Repeat the steps 2 and 3 using Germanium diode. 5. For reverse bias condition construct the circuit as shown in fig.2.2 6. Repeat the steps 2 and 3 using Silicon and Germanium diode. 7. OBSERVATION TABLE: FORWARD BIAS: Silicon Diode S.No. Vf (Volts) If (mA) Vf (Volts) If (mA) Germanium Diode

REVERSE BIAS: Silicon Diode S.No. Vr (Volts) Ir ( A) Vr (Volts) Ir ( A) Germanium Diode

IDEAL GRAPH:

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Fig.2.3 Model Graph

CALCULATIONS FOR SILICON DIODE AND GERMANIUM DIODE: Static resistance (rs): rs= V1/I1 Dynamic Resistance (rd): rd=(V2-V1) / (I2-I1) RESULT: Static Resistance: Dynamic Resistance:

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 3 ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS AIM: To determine the V-I characteristics and Break Down Voltage of Zener diode under reverse bias conditions. (8.2V). APPARATUS: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Bread Board Zener Diodes 8.2V Resistors 1k 1Nos DC Voltmeters (0-20V) 1No. DC Ammeters (0-20mA) 1No. DC Power Supply Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 0-20mA

1K

0-20V

8.2 Vz

0-20V

Fig.3.1

PROCEDURE: 1. Make the connections as shown in Fig 3.1 2. Vary the supply voltage from 0V to an incremental step voltage of 0.5V. 3. Tabulate the results and plot the V-I characteristics under reverse bias condition. 4. Note down the readings of Voltmeter and Ammeter. 5. Observe the Break Down Voltage of Zener Diode

OBSERVATION TABLE: Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College 8

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Reverse bias:
8.2V Zener Diode S.No. Vr (Volts) Ir (mA)

IDEAL GRAPH:

Calculations for Silicon Diode and Germanium Diode: Breakdown Voltage:

RESULT:

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 4 TRANSISTOR COMMON BASE-CONFIGURATION CHARACTERISTICS AIM: To obtain the input and output characteristics of a Common Base Configuration of a transistor.

APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Bread board Resistors 1K-2 No. Transistor BC107-1No. DC Voltmeter (0-1V) 1No. DC Voltmeter (0-20V) 1No. DC Ammeters (0-20mA) 1No. DC Power Supply Connecting Wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1K

0-20mA
E

0-20mA

BC107 C A
B IC

1K

A
IE 0-5V

VEB
0-1V

V VCB Fig 4.1

0-15V

0-20V

PROCEDURE: Input Characteristics: 1. Make the connections as shown in Fig 4.1 2. First fix the VCB at 5V. Now vary supply voltage slowly and note down the current IE for each value of VEB. 3. Repeat the above steps for VCB =10V. 4. Plot the graph between VEB and IE at VCB = 5V and 10V. Output Characteristics: 1. Make the connections as as shown in Fig 4.1 2. First fix the IE at 5mA. Now vary supply voltage slowly and note down the current IC for each value of VCB 3. Repeat the above steps for IE =15mA. Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College 10

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

4. Plot the graph between VCB and IC at IE = 5mA and 15mA.

OBSERVATION TABLE: Input Characteristics: VCB=5V VEB (Volt) IE (mA) VCB=10V VEB IE (Volt) (mA)

Output Characteristics: IE=5mA VCB (Volt) IC (mA) IE=15mA VCB IC (Volt) (mA)

IDEAL GRAPHS:

RESULT:

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 5 TRANSISTOR COMMON EMITTER CHARACTERISTICS AIM: To plot input and output characteristics of Common Emitter Configuration of a Transistor. APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Bread board. BC 107 Transistor. Regulated power supply. DC Ammeter (0-20 mA) 1no, (0-200 A) 1no. DC Voltmeter (0-1 V) - 1 nos, (0-20 V) - 1 nos. Resistor 100K and 1K .
0-200mA

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
100K
0-200A

Ic A
B C

1K

IB

A
E

BC107 V
0-10V

0-5V V

VBE
0-1V

0-20V

VCE

Fig 5.1 PROCEDURE: Input characteristics: 1. Make the connections as shown in the fig 5.1 2. First fix the VCE at 5V, now vary VEB in step of 0.1V and note down the readings of base current IB. 3. Repeat the above procedure by keeping VCE at 15V. Out put characteristics: 1. Make the connections as shown in the fig 5.1 2. First fix the IB at 5 A, now vary VCE in step of 0.1V and note down the readings of collector current IC. 3. Repeat the above procedure by keeping IB at 15 A.

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

OBSERVATION TABLE: Output Characteristics IB =5 A Vce (V) IC (mA) IB =15 A Vce (V) IC (mA)

Input Characteristics: VCE =5V VBE (V) IB ( A) VCE =15V VBE (V) IB ( A)

IDEAL GRAPHS

RESULT:

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 6 RECTIFIERS WITHOUT FILTERS AIM: To Calculate ripple factor and efficiency of Half wave and full wave rectifiers without filters.

APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Bread board Diodes 1N4007(2no.s) Digital multi meters (1no.s) Decade resistance box CRO with probes Connecting wires Transformer 1N4007

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

230 AC Supply 50Hz

VM
RL

V0

Fig: 6.1 Half Wave Rectifier 1N4007

VM 230 AC Supply 50Hz

RL V
0

VM

1N4007 Fig: 6.2 Full Wave Rectifier Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College 14

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in fig 6.1. 2. Note down the VM at the secondary winding of the transformer by using digital multimeter and also measure the no load voltage (VNL) by removing the load from the circuit. 3. Now connect the load RL at 1k then measure the values of Idc, Vdc, Iac and Vac. 4. Take the above readings by varying the RL in steps of 1k. 5. Repeat the above steps 1,2,3 and 4 for fig 6.2. 6. Observe the output wave forms of rectifiers by using CRO. 7. Plot the graph between RL and % Regulation OBSERVATOIN TABLE: Half wave rectifier: VM = -------- V(AC) Vdc (V) Idc (mA) Vac (V) Iac (mA ) RL = Vdc/ Idc VNL = ---------- V(DC)

RL

r=Vac/Vdc

VNL Vdc Vdc

% reg = x 100

= (Pdc/Pac)x 100

Full wave rectifier: VM = ---------Vdc (V) Idc (mA) Vac (V) Iac (mA) RL = Vdc/ Idc V(AC) VNL = ------V(DC)

RL

% reg = r=Vac/Vdc VNL Vdc x 100

Vdc

= (Pdc/Pac)x 100

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

OUTPUT WAVE FORMS:

GRAPH: % Reg

RL CALCULATIONS: 1. Ripple factor ( r ) = V1rms I1rms Vdc = Idc

2. % Regulation 3. Efficiency ()

VNL Vdc Vdc

x 100

= (Pdc/Pac) x100 Pdc= Vdc x Idc, Pac= Vrms x Irms

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

OBSERVATIONS: S.No. 1. 2. 3. Ripple factor ( r ) % Regulation Efficiency () Half wave rectifier Full wave rectifier

Result:

Experiment No: 7 RECTIFIERS WITH FILTERS AIM: To study the various parameters of full wave rectifiers with filters.

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Bread board Diodes 1N4007(2 no.s) Digital multi meters (1 no.s) Decade resistance box CRO with probes Transformer Capacitor 470F 2No.s Inductor 45mH 1No. Connecting wires 1N4007

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

D1

230 AC Supply 50Hz

D2

C V 470F
0

1N4007 Fig 7.1 C - Filter 1N4007 45mH

L
C

D1

230 AC Supply 50Hz

D2

V
470F

1N4007 1N4007 Fig 7.2 L Section Filter

D1

45mH
L
470F 470F

230 AC Supply 50Hz

D2

V0

Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College 1N4007

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Fig 7.3 - section Filter PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit C filter as per the circuit Diagram shown in Fig 7.1. 2. Note down the Vm at the secondary Winding of the transformer by using digital multimeter and also measure the no load voltage (VNL) by removing the load from the circuit. 3. Now connect the load RL at 1k then measure the values of Idc, Vdc, Iac and Vac. 4. Take the above readings by varying the RL in steps of 1k. 5. Repeat the above steps 1, 2, 3 and 4 for L-Section and - section filter as shown in the fig 7.2 fig 7.3 respectively. 6. Observe the output wave forms of rectifiers by using CRO. 7. Plot the graph between RL and % regulation. OUTPUT WAVE FORMS:

OBSERVATOIN TABLE: Full wave rectifier: Vm =..V(AC), VNL =..V L-section, VNL = . V - section, VNL = . V C Filter Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College 19

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Filter

RL

Vdc (V)

Idc (mA)

Vac (V)

Iac (mA)

RL = Vdc/ Idc

Ripple factor = Vac/Vdc

% Reg

= (Pdc/Pac)x 100

LSection

section

C Filter

CALCULATIONS: 1. Ripple factor ( r ) = 2. % Regulation 3. Efficiency () = V1rms Vdc

VNL Vdc Vdc

= x 100

I1rms Idc

= (Pdc/Pac) x100 Pdc= Vdc x Idc, Pac= Vrms x Irms

GRAPH:

% Reg

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

OBSERVATIONS: S.No. 1 2. 3. Ripple factor ( r ) % Regulation Efficiency () Half wave rectifier Full wave rectifier Bridge rectifier

RESULT:

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 8 FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS AIM: To observe Field Effect Transistor characteristics (i.e. Drain and Transfer) and calculate drain resistance (rd), Tran conductance (gm) and Amplification factor ().

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Bread Board. DC Ammeters (Digital) (0-20mA)-1No DC Voltmeters (Digital) (0-20V)- 2 Nos Field Effect Transistor - BFW11 Connecting wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
0-200mA

470

A 1K D G
BFW11

Id VDD V
0-20V

0-5V

0-20V

S VGS

VDS

0-30V

VGG

Fig 8.1 PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram as shown in the fig 8.1. 2. Keep VGS=0V, and measure Id as a function of VDS by varying the supply voltage VDD in steps of 1V. 3. Repeat step-2 with VGS= -0.5V, -1.0 V. 4. Plot the drain characteristics between VDS and ID. 5. Set VDS= 5V and vary VGG (I.e. input supply voltage) over it full range and measure Id and plot the transfer characteristics. 6. Evaluate rd, gm and from the graphs.

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

IDEAL GRAPH:

OBSERVATION TABLE: O/P Characteristics (or) Drain Characteristics: Vgs= 0 V Vds (v) Id (mA) Vgs = -0.5 V Vds (v) Id (mA) Vgs = -1.0 V Vds (v) Id (mA)

Transfer Characteristics: At constant Vds = 5V Vgs(v) Id (mA) CALCULATIONS: Drain resistance (rd) = Vds/Id at Vgs constant. Transconductance (gm) = Id/Vgs at Vds constant Amplification factor () = rd x gm RESULT:

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 9 COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER AIM: To obtain the frequency response characteristics and the bandwidth of the amplifier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Bread board. Transistor BC 107 Resistor 1K, 3.3k, 10k, 47k. Capacitors 100F, 10F Function Generator. CRO with probe. Connecting wires. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: VCC = 12V

47k

3.3k

10F

10F

C BC107 E Vo
CO R

Vi
50mV

10k

1k

100F

Fig 9.1

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig 9.1. 2. Connect the function generator in sine wave mode at the input terminals and the CRO at the output terminals of the circuit. 3. First keep the input signal at 1 KHz (sine wave) with amplitude is equal to 50mv (VI) constant throughout the experiment. 4. Now vary the input signal frequency from 100 Hz to 2MHz in steps. For every value of input frequency note the output voltage. 5. Calculate the gain magnitude of the amplifier using the formula and gain in (dB) = 20log (vo/vi). 6. Plot a graph frequency versus gain (dB) of the amplifier. 7. Take 3dB I.e. 3 divisions below the constant voltage gain and mark the f1 and f2 from the graph. Calculate the bandwidth f2-f1=BW. OBSERVATION TABLE: At constant Vi = 50mV S.No. Frequency Output Voltage Voltage gain Av =(vo/vi ) Gain in (dB)=20log(vo/vi)

IDEAL GRAPH:

RESULT:

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 10 COMMON COLLECTOR AMPLIFIER AIM: To observe the frequency response characteristics of common collector amplifier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Bread board. Transistor BC 107. Resistors 1k, 3.3k, 33k. Capacitor 10F CRO with probe. Function Generator. Connecting Wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: VCC = 12V

33k

10F

C BC107 E 10F

Vi
50mV

3.3k

1k

Vo

Fig 10.1

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig 10.1. 2. Set a sine wave of 50mv, amplitude at 1 KHz from signal generator on CRO. 3. Connect the output of signal generator to the input of the circuit and observe the output of the circuit across Emitter Terminal by using CRO. 4. Now vary the input signal frequency from 100 Hz to 2MHz in steps. For every value of input frequency note down the output voltage. 5. Observe the output of common collector amplifier (Vo) on CRO. 6. Calculate the gain of the common collector amplifier Av=Vo/Vi. TABULAR FORM: S.No Frequency (Hz) Input Voltage Output Voltage Gain Av = Vo/Vi

THEORITICAL CALCULATIONS: 1. Av = Vo / Vi

RESULT:

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 11 SINGLE STAGE RC-COUPLED AMPLIFIER AIM: To obtain the frequency response characteristics and the bandwidth of the RC Coupled amplifier.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Bread board. Transistor BC 107. Resistors 1k, 3.3k, 10k, 100k. Capacitor 10F, 100F Function Generator. CRO with probe. Connecting wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: VCC = 12V

47k

3.3k

10F

10F

C BC107 E 1K Vo

Vi
50mV

10k

1k

100F

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Fig 11.1 PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in Fig 11.1. 2. Connect the function generator in sine wave mode at the input terminals and the CRO at the output terminals of the circuit. 3. First keep the input signal at 1 KHz (sine wave) with amplitude is equal to 50mv (VI) constant throughout the experiment. 4. Now vary the input signal frequency from 50 Hz to 2MHz in steps. For every value of input frequency note the output voltage. 5. Calculate the gain magnitude of the amplifier using the formula gain in (dB) = 20log (vo/vi). 6. Plot a graph frequency versus gain (dB) of the amplifier. 7. Take 3dB I.e. 3 divisions below the constant voltage gain and mark the f1 and f2 from the graph. 8. Calculate the bandwidth f2-f1=BW. OBSERVATION TABLE: At constant Vi=50Mv S.no Frequency Output Voltage Voltage gain Av=(vo/vi ) Gain in (dB)=20log(vo/vi)

IDEAL GRAPH:

RESULT:

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 12 FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER AIM: To observe the frequency response of Field Effect Transistor amplifier and calculate gain and band width.

APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Bread Board Field Effect Transistor (BFW 10 (or) BFW11). RPS (DC 12V) CRO CRO Probes Resistors 1M , 2.2 K , 1K Capacitors: 1 F, 10 F Connecting wires VDD = 12V

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1k

1F

2.2k

1F

D BFW11 S Vo

Vi

50mV

1M

1k 10F

Fig 12.1

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the Circuit Diagram as shown in the fig 12.1. 2. Connect the function generator in sine wave mode at the input terminals and the CRO at the output terminals of the circuit 3. Measure output voltage and calculate gain= Vout / Vin. 4. The half power points are noted from the graphs and bandwidth is calculated. TABULAR FORM: S.NO FREQUENCY(Hz) OUTPUT VOLTAGE(V) GAIN(G)=V0/VI=AV GAIN in Db= 20 log(Vo/Vi)

IDEAL GRAPH:

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

RESULT: Experiment No: 13 RC - PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR AIM: To study and calculate the frequency of RC-phase shift oscillator theoretically and practically. APPARATUS REQUIRED: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Bread Board CRO with probe Regulated power supply (RPS) Transistor(BC 107) Resistors: 10 k(3Nos),47K,1K, 2.2K Capacitor: 0.01F(3 Nos), 100F(1 Nos) 0.047F(1 Nos). Connecting wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Vcc = 12V

47k 0.01F

2.2k 0.047F

0.01F

0.01F

C BC107 E Vo

10k

10k

10k

10k

100F

Fig 13.1

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in fig 13.1 Observe the output at collector terminal by using CRO. Calculate the frequency of oscillations from CRO practically. Calculate theoretical frequency of oscillations using the formula f= 1/2RC6+4K OBSERVATION TABLE: S.no Value of resistance Value of capacitance Theoretical Frequency( Hz) Practical Frequency( Hz) where K = Rc/R

IDEAL GRAPH:

F = 1/T RESULT:

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 14 CURRENT SERIES FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER AIM: To plot the frequency of the feedback amplifier and to measure the gain and band width.

APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Bread Board. Resistors 2.2K, 47K, 1K, 10K Capacitors 0.1F. Transistor BC 107. Regulated Power Supply. CRO. Function Generator. Connecting Wires VCC = 12V

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

47k

2.2k

0.1F

C BC107 E Vo

Vi

10k

1k

Fig 14.1

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig 14.1. 2. Keep the emitter resistance RE bypassed by connecting the capacitor CE across RE from the circuit. Apply the AC signal voltage to the input of the amplifier from the signal generator. Keep the input voltage low and freq at 1 KHz. 3. Now disconnect capacitor CE across RE from the circuit again measure the voltage at the output. 4. Find the gain of the amplifier i.e. with feedback and without feedback. 5. Vary the frequency of the input signal from 10Hz to 2MHz and measure the output at each value of frequency for with feedback and without feedback by keeping the input voltage constant. 6. Plot the frequency response curve and calculate band width for with feedback and without feedback. Band width: Without feedback (f2-f1) =

With feedback

(f2-f1) =

RESULT :

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 15 VOLTAGE SERIES FEED BACK AMPLIFIER AIM: To observe the frequency response of the voltage series feedback amplifier

APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Bread Board. Function generator. CRO, with probe. Transistor BC107 Resistors-10k,2.2k,47k Capacitors 0.1F. Regulated Power Supply Connecting wires.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: VCC = 12V

47k

0.1F

C BC107 E

Vi 50mV

10k

2.2k

Vo

PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. Set the input voltage to 50 mV at 1 KHz from Function generator. By varying the frequency of applied voltage using function generator the output voltage is noted from CRO A graph is plotted between frequency and voltage gain 36

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

5.

The bandwidth of amplifier is calculated from the graph

OBSERVATION TABLE S.No Vin(volts) Frequency Vo (volts) Avf=Vo/Vin

IDEAL GRAPH:

RESULT:

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 16 COLPITTS OSCILLATOR AIM: To calculate the frequency of colpitts oscillator theoretically as well as practically.

APPARATUS: Bread board. Resistors 3.3K, 100K, 2.2K, 220,10k. Capacitor 10F, 100F, 0.001F, 0.1F. Transistor BC 107 Decade Inductance Box. CRO with probes. Regulated Power Supply Connecting Wires CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Vcc =12V

100K

3.3K 10F C BC107 E

0.001F 100H

- 900H

2.2K

10F B

Vo

0.1F

10K

220K

100F

Fig 16.1

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

PROCEDURE: 2. 3. 4. 5. 1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig 16.1. Connect the CRO at output terminals. Observe and record the frequency of Oscillations of CRO. Calculate the frequency of oscillations practically. Calculate the frequency of oscillations theoretically by using the formula f= 1/(2II(LCT)) OBSERVATION TABLE: S.No C1 C2 CT=C1C2/C1+C2 200H 1 2 3 L 300H 500H f=1/(2II(LCT)) where L =200H, 300H, 500H. CT = C1C2/C1+C2

IDEAL GRAPH:

F = 1/T RESULT:

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 17 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR AIM: To calculate the frequency of Hartley oscillator theoretically as well as practically.

APPARATUS: Bread board. Transistor BC 107 Resistor 3.3K, 100K, 2.2K, 220, 10K Decade Capacitance Box - 10F, 1F. Inductor 5mH, 9mH, 50mH, 500mH. CRO with probes. Regulated Power Supply Connecting wires CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Vcc =12V

100K

3.3K 10F

2.2K

10F B

C BC107 E
L1

10K

220K

100F

Vo L1

Fig 17.1

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

PROCEDURE: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Connect the circuit as shown 17.1. Now switch ON the Power supply. Observe and record the frequency of Oscillations of CRO. Calculate the frequency of oscillations practically F = 1/T. Calculate the frequency of oscillations theoretically by using the formula f= 1/ (2II(C LT)) Where LT = L1+L2 and L1=5mH, L2=9mH. OBSERVATION TABLE: S.No. L1 L2
1F

C
10F

LT

fT=1/2C LT

IDEAL GRAPH:

RESULT:

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Experiment No: 18 WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR AIM: To study and calculate the frequency of operation of wein bridge oscillator. APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Two stage RC Coupled amplifier trainer kit. C.R.O with probe. DRB-2no DCB-2no. Patch cards.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig 18.1 PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit diagram as shown in 18.1. 2. Vary the R1, R 2, C1 and C2 Values and calculate the theoretical values of the frequency using the formula fr = 1/(2 R1R2C1C2) 3. Repeat step 2 for different values of R1 & R2 ,C1 & C2 are note down the frequencies. 4. At the same time calculate frequency practically from CRO.

OBSERVATION TABLE: Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College 42

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

R1

R2

C1

C2

fr = 1/(2 R1R2C1C2)

F= 1/T (on CRO)

IDEAL WAVE FORM:

RESULT:

Experiment No: 19 Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College 43

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIER AIM: To Calculate the Latching and Holding Current for a given SCR.

APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Bread Board Resistor 1k 2 nos Ammeter 0-20mA 2 nos Voltmeter 0-20 V 1 nos Silicon Controlled Rectifier Regulated Power Supply 0-20mA A A A
K

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1K

1K

0-20mA

0-20V 0-20V 0-20V

V 0-20V

Fig 19.1 PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram 19.1. 2. Set gate current Ic equal to fixing current and vary node to Cathode voltage VAK in steps of 0.5 V and note down the corresponding Anode current IA. 3. VBE is the point where VAK suddenly drops and there is a sudden increase in current IA. 4. Note down the current at that point referred as Latching Current. 5. Increase VAK in steps till its maximum. 6. Open the gate terminal and decrease the VAK. 7. Holding Current is the current below which the deflection in both the Voltmeter and Ammeter suddenly reaches to 0.

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

TABULAR COLUMN: VAK (volts) IA (mA)

EXPECTED GRAPHS:

IA (mA)

IC IA

VAK (volts)

OBSERVATIONS: IG = IA = VAK = IH = RESULT:

Experiment No: 20 Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College 45

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

COMMON BASE TRANSISTOR STATIC CHARACTERISTICS AIM: To obtain the input and output static characteristics of a CB transistor Configuration.

APPARATUS: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Bread boards Resistors 220 - 1 No. and 1k - 1 No Transistor BC107A-1No. DC Voltmeter - (0-2V) - 1No. DC Voltmeter - (0-20V) - 1No. DC Ammeter - (0-200mA) - 2No.s DC Power supply (0-30V/1A) - 1No. Connecting wires

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE: Input characteristics: 1. 2. 3. 4. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram Measure VEB and IB under open circuit at output side. Measure VEB and IB under short circuit at output side. First open the circuit the VCB. Now vary slowly VEB and note down the current IE 5. Repeat for VCB at 0V,-1V, -10V, -15V. Output characteristics: 1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram 2. First fix the IE at 1mA. Now vary the VCB in steps note the current IC for each step. 3. Repeat for IE at 2mA and 3mA. OBSERVATION TABLE: Nalla Malla Reddy Engineering College 46

DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

Input Characteristics: VCB = Open VEB IE (V) (mA) 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 2.0 Output characteristics: IE = 0mA VCB IC (V) (mA) 0.25 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 GRAPH: 1. Draw the curve for input characteristics for CB configuration VEB (V) Vs IE (mA) keeping VCB (Open), VCB = 0 (Short), VCB = -1V, -10V and -20V repeating. 2. Draw the curve for output characteristics for CB configuration VCB (V) Vs IC (mA) keeping IE = 0 (Short), 10mA, 20mA, 30mA and 40mA repeating. IE = 10mA VCB IC (V) (mA) IE = 20mA VCB IC (V) (mA) IE = 30mA VCB IC (V) (mA) IE = 40mA VCB IC (V) (mA) VCB = Short VEB IE (V) (mA) VCB = -1V VEB IE (V) (mA) VCB = -10V VEB IE (V) (mA) VCB = -15V VEB IE (V) (mA)

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DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION

DISCUSSION: 1. Explain the input and output static characteristics of a common base transistor configuration. 2. Explain the early effect. 3. Discuss the active, saturation and cutoff regions of the above4 characteristics.

RESULT:

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