Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Subject Page
....................................... 1 Epithelium .................................. 2-4 Connective Tissue .......................... 4-14 Skeletal System ........................... 15-24 Muscle Tissue ............................. 25-27 Nervous System ........................... 28-38 Cardiovascular System ..................... 39-41 Lymphatic Organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41-45 Integument ............................... 46-49 Digestive System .......................... 50-72 Respiratory System ........................ 73-75 Urinary System ............................ 76-78
Mitosis
...................................... 93-94 Eye ...................................... 95-96 Endocrine System ........................ 97-100 Cat Dissection ...........................101-1 13 Fetal Pig Dissection ...................... 1 14-119
Ear
Copyright. @ Thomas G. Rust. 1986 ISBN 0-937029-00-9
'
All rights reserved . No part of this book may be reproduced o r utilized in any form o r by any means. electronic o r mechanical. including photocopying. recording o r by any information storage a n d retrieval system. without permission in writing from t h e author.
Southwest Educational Enterprises 1071 1 Auldine San Antonio. Texas 78230 (51 2) 342-2297
MITOSIS
----;-
Fig. l a Mitosis in cells of the Whitefish blastula x.s. x430. A blastula is a hollow ball of cells formed by successive mitotic divisions of a zygote (fertilized egg). (See Fig. 92g.)
lb FVophase x1000.
Fig. l e Telophase
EPITHELIUM
Fig. 2a Simple squamous epithelium lining Bowman's capsule. Simple cuboidal epithelium in t h e macula densa (kidney) X.S. x430. Also see F i . 4b & 40d.
Fig. 2b Stratified squarnous epithelial cells (human), scraping from t h e lining of the oral cavity w.m. x100.
Fig. 2c Stratified squamous epithelial cells (human), scraping from the lining of the oral cavity w.m. x430.
aas o w ) ' o g ~ x eaqae.13aq? Su!ql 's'x (TPL urn!laql!da ~8umnlo3 pa!Jg~irqsopnasd pa78!~3 pg 'B!d
s ~
Fg 4a Transitional epithelium from the lining of an i. empty urinary bladder x.s. x430. Surface cells
are usually dome shaped and often binucleate. (Also see Figs. 7& 8r 78d.)
Fig. 4b Simple cuboidal epithelium lining the distal convoluted tubules of the kidney X.S. x430. (Also see Fig. 2a.)
Fig. 4c Reticular fibers in and around the germinal center of a cortical nodule in a lymph node (providing a supporting network) x.s. xlOO (silver stain). (Also see Figs. 5a, 5b, 43a & 43b.)
-m
( ' ~ E B VEP 'av .sad ass P o w ) 'ogfx 'sxapou q d u ~ A ~ aaInpou ~aa!l-ro~ u! e punode sIIaD JeInayaJ pue sdaqg JreIna!laa qg
-~IJ
'qV 18 eP ' w ' s % ! aas osw) 'ogpx 's'xapou q d a a~u! alnpou ~ ~ea!?doae punom pue u! sdaq!j deIna!laa eg
Fi& 6a
X.S.
xl0.
Fig. 6c Elastic connective tissue in a monkey aorta X.S. x100. (Also see Figs. 40c & 40d.) ,
Fig. 6d Elastic connective tissue in a monkey aorta X.S. x430. (Also seeFigs. 40c & 40d.)
Capsule
matrix
Collagen
m
Fi 8a Fibrocartilage X.S. x430. Fg 8b Fibrocartilage from an intervertebral disc X.S.x200. i.
.*----.. in lacunae
" W J
"-.I
36
'a
Hemopolet~c tissue
'm
egI . 8 ~
N t ~ u rol)hil w.m. x 1000. Ttrc n u c ~ l t ~ r ~ s t traa n1;lny 1ot)t.s arrd is ~)olynlorptricin tht~sc, cclls. ('ytol)la.sn~icg r a r ~ u I ( arcx f a i ~ r t l y i s ~ t ) l ( ~ . ~s v
Fig. l 3 t )
Fig. 1 4 a
H u m a n hlootl w.ni. ~ 1 0 0 0'Thv c y t o l ~ l a s m the, nc,rltrol)hil . of s t a i n s only I'aintly a n d is clifficult to srr in t his 1)hoto.
Fig. 13c
.
Eosinophil w.m. ~ 1 0 0 0 . 'I'tlc. g r ; ~ n u l ( ~ n t hc, is cytopl;~snrwill s t a i n r d . Fig. 13d Fig. 13c H a s o p h i l w.m x 1 0 0 0 . Thcl d a r k g r : ~ n u l c ~ s in the* c.ytoplasn1 will s t a i n a d a r k hlrle~ r nr~rt)lc*. o
1
F ~ KI.+ I
,.*
Fig. 14g
M o n o c y t r w.m. ~ 1 0 0 0 . Monoc,ytc,s a r c often 111) t o 2x t trc. size o f o t h e r WTK"s a n d c.onlmonly trav(s :I horse* shot, sh;ipt,tl nuclcus.
F g 14h E r y t h r o c y t e s (live) i.
w.m. x430. The biconcave shape is easily seen.
Blood typing illustration. (This person had type "A" blood.) "A" antibody (typing serum) was added to the drop of blood on the left side and "B" antibody was added to the right. Agglutination occurred on the left side between the "A" antibodies and the "A" antigens on the person's RBC's.
Fig. 14i
SKE1,E:'I'AL SYSTEM
Fig. 16a Rr lfih Human skull. A c'oronal s u t u r e H Coronoid process C Kthmoid I ) Kxternal acoustic, ~nc'atus I< Frontal F Sphenoid ( 1,acrirnal
-
H I .I K I. M h '
Mandible Mandibular rondyle Mandibular (Glenoid) fossa Maxilla Mastoid process Nasal Parirt :t1
C) Squamosal suturcL
-
1'
-
St yloid proccss
SKELETAL SYSTEM
18
SKELETAL SYSTEM
20
1Dens
l ndnqtoid
L
foramen
Transverac process
process
Superior
Fig. 20a Cervical vertebrae: A-Atlas, B-Axis, C-typical cervical vertebra, inferior surface, D-typical cervical vertebra, superior surface. (The two small holes in the body held wires in the articulated skeleton.)
'
Inferior
--ticula~ facet
1
Dmi-facet f o r head of r i b
,emi-facet f o r head of r i b
1Transverse process
articular
1Vertebral
foramen
. r t i c u l a r facet
Fig. 20b Thoracic vertebrae: A-lateral surface, B-inferior surface, C-superior surface.
articular face1
process
Fig. 21b
li.9 '..
malleolus
i . l r .
Fig. 21c S e c t i o ~ ~ r u U I ~ ~ ~ I I I LFILLUI.
Fig. 21d
SKELETAL SYSTEM
22
a d i a1
Fnoid
avitv
ossa
1( internal)l e- ~ ~i o n d v c
-X.u*~*
Superior
I(lateral
Head
Less
t-,ilCero
F I ~zza .
uperior
i l i a c crest
Ilium
. i n f Arnitoerr i so r~ i n t 1 e
1i n f e r i o r s ~ i n l
Fig. 24d 0 s Coxa.
MUSCLE TISSUE
26
I:,
' i r
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Fg 30a Motor neurons in gray matter of spinal cord x.s. x430. (See Fig. 29b.) i.
-!2
cn
'E 5
a Ld ' a a'
a '
r n
C f n
"
8"
EE * a'
2g
E .-
5$ a vl '
u m Lda'
Sii
NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Fig. 33d Pacinian corpuscle X.S. x100. This receptor is sensitive to pressure.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
34
- -
rmal
papillae
Fig. 34b Meissner's corpuscle 1.s. x430. (Also see Fig. 47c.)
P I '
Optic tract varolii
Inerve
iriuumsvs-y
t YT I
Spinal cord
6
Fig. 34d Sheep brain, ventral view.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
3 ~ .%M g
NERVOUS SYSTEM
38
(la) From
(40)
Toleft lung
From l e f t
body
Fig. 39a Diagram of human heart circulation. (Use the numbers and follow the path of circulation through the heart.)
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
anterior)
LnnOPLDBS art ibry
40
arteries-
veiris
v eRight l e ntric
k:yv-
Lumen
I
I
Fig. 40c Aorta (elastic artery) wall X.S.x100.
E itic l membranes
Fig. 4Od Aorta (elastic a r t e r y ) wall X.S. x430. The elasticity enables the artery to withstand the higher blood pressures coming directly from t h e ventricle. The endothelium is simple squamous epithelium.
LYMPHATIC ORGANS
nermlnal
cente-
Germinal cente-
Fig. 42c
Lymph node, detail of cortical nodule and peripheral zone X.S. x430.
LYMPHATIC ORGANS
vtes
'"""I
X.S.
x40.
l m ~ h a t l c heath) s
T
artery
INTEGUMENT
46
gland
Fig. 46b Skin and hair 1.s. x100. The Arrector pili muscle "erects" the hair in animals for insulation against cold and/or to appear larger during fights. In humans, the erected hair produces a fold of skin in front of it - the "goose bump."
t-y!!;,,:. .
I .
+, ?%
\
: $3; . .
.'
<+
-A&--8
4. t
--.
F
t,. .-,..:. 7
.
I d 3 . ' .
1,
-.-
,.
,Y: !
- . - .: .
J
5
-+
,
,
r -
Fig. 4%
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Fig. 50b Tongue (monkey), fungiform papilla 1.s. x40. Fungiform papillae often contain taste buds on the surface.
ib. ,
..
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
a a ann I - T ~ A ~ T ~ s
(P@3UTd?E]
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Connective
tisane
Salivary ducts
Fig. 54a Parotid gland (cat) x.s. x100. Notice that the acini are all serous (protein producing). The acini produce the enzyme salivary amylase and other proteins.
Fig. 54c Parotid gland x.s. x430. (Special stain used to show the secretory granules which produce the digestive enzyme salivary amylase.)
( 3 9 ' b osw) .paqm?a~ ' 9 2 ass aunnurap snoias aql q q snup8 sno3nur aql a3!-+o~ ~ 'OEPX 's'x (mwnq) pus@ mpq!pu~wqng qgg . 8 ~
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
56
Fig. 56a Sublingual gland x.s. x100. The sublingual gland consists mostly of mucous acini. Compare with the submandibular (Fig. 56a) and the parotid (Fig. 5 4 a )
Mixed secretory uni e pa.",., d a n d x.s. x1000. Note the sei , demilune attached to the mucous acinus. (Also see r'lg. 55b.) The myoepithelial (basket) cells are contractile and help move the secretions into the ducts.
Fig.., c ,
...
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
-I
X.S. x40. Notice that the outer muscle layers in the upper esophagus contain skeletal (voluntary) muscle, while in the lower esophagus these layers are smooth (involuntary). This allows you to initiate swallowing voluntarily and then allow the lower esophagus to take over and fmish the job without further effort on your part by involuntary peristalsis.
--
I)IGESTIVE SYSTEM
60
$ - 82i8z
2
8 t 1
1 d Zu
2z .xFi,. 5 g
""C
0
0.2 wa
w
zg s
.uaSou!sdad ansaqqds s11aa ja!q3 pure ppre a!iolqaoipAq aqaaaas snaa [re?a!ned 'O&PX '5.1 (Xayuou~) spu@ qpund 819 $ 3 ~
;?: - -
. Ai .
fl
1
p .yz
+ . -a - r
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
62
intestinal glands
Fig. 62a Junction of the stomach and duodenum 1.s. x40.Notice the abrupt change from gastric to duodenal mucosa and the sudden appearance of Brunner's glands in the submucosa.
Brunner s
f*l anrils
Fig. 62b Duodenum X.S. x40. Brunner's glands are found only in the duodenum and produce mucus (a protection against ulceration) and alkaline secretions (to neutralize the acidic bolus from the stomach).
63
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Fig. 63a Duodenum X.S. x40. Cells at the base of the intestinal glands divide frequently to form cells that migrate up the villi to replace exfoliated surface cells.
Fig. 63d
fold of mucosa.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
'OPX 'S'X
UO[03 399
'ad
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
I nodule
Lymphoidl
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
p$!Y:
I"""
propr~a
entral
& bile d u c t )
Fg 70c Liver, portal triad (artery, vein &bile duct) x.s. x430. i.
Fig. 70d Liver, bile canaliculi x.s. x430. Special staining technique used to illustrate the canaliculi.
acini
rn
73
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Suetentacular
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Goblet
Ciliated
Fig. 74a Trachea, ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells 1,s. x430. These cells are found lining the respiratory passages (mucous membranes of nose, trachea and bronchii). The goblet cells produce mucus which catches dirt particles and the cilia beat and drive the dirt-laden mucus to the back of the throat where it is swallowed. Smolung paralyzes these cilia. The smoker must then cough to remove the mucus in his lung passages.
kelet
nuscle
-...
F'ig. 74c
URINARY SYSTEM
76
I(region)
ILA
L -
URINARY SYSTEM
78
REPRODUCTORY SYSTEM
82
w w a s aql jo %og lnoqe dn sayreux pue (uraads aql saqsynou qa!qfi) asoaany u qa!a p!nU au!lreyp ya!q3 B saanpord a ~ a ! s a ~ ! pu!uras a u - 0 0 1 'sx ala!san pu!urag q ~ w
-a
REPRODUCTORY SYSTEM
84
REPRODUCTORY SYSTEM
86
REPRODUCTORY SYSTEM
Fig. 88d Uterus, endometrium x.s. x100. Proliferative phase. Notice t h a t t h e uterine glands are relatively straight.
Fig. 88c Uterus, endometrium x.s. x40. Menstrual phase, 1st - 5th day. The entire stratum functionalis degenerates and is shed. The stratum basalis will give rise to the new stratum functionalis in the next cycle.
Fig. 88e Uterus, endometrium X.S. x100. Secretory phase. Notice how the uterine glands are highly coiled and have a sawtooth app e a r a n c e . T h e s e c r e t i o n is high in glycogen.
REPRODUCTORY SYSTEM
arteries IUmbilicalj
Fg92m i.
EYE
Fig. 98b Pineal gland 1.s. x40.The amount of brain sand increases with age.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
100
CAT
I
Em
CAT
1 Radial 1nerve J
L
IBrachialls 1
~adiall nerve
t r i c e p s , cut
Fig. 104b Muscles of the forearm, lateral surface.
ill-
Sartorius 1
rn
107
CAT
CAT
Fig. lO8b Deep muscles of the chest and scapula, medial surface.
CAT
E"el
0 k d Q) k*
asp
ad'
91
C &3
Q,
Q,
CAT
Fig. 116 Fetal pig, ventral view. (Dissection courtesy of Stephen Davenport.)
Fig. 118a Veins of the thoracic and neck regions. (Photo courtesy of Stephen Davenport.)
cnr
.-\,
Ind
Axons ............28,31.33.37. 47 Azygous vein ..................111 Cartilage (hyaline) .............. 7 Cartilage ...............7.8.11. 12 Cartilage (fibrous)............... 8 Cat dissection ............ 101-1 13 Caudal artery. ................ 110 Caudal vena cava ........ 115. 118 Caudofemoralis........ ..... 105 . Cavernous sinuses ............ 84 Celiac artery .................. 110 Cell membrane ............. 1.2. 6 Cells of Leydig ............. .79. 80 Cementum .................... 52 Central arteries (penis)......... 84 Central artery (spleen).......... 44 Central canal .................. 29 Central vein ............... .69. 70 Centriole ........................1 Cephalic vein................. 118 Cerebellum ............. 34.35. 38 Cerebral cortex ............ .36. 37 Cerebrum (human)............. 36 Cerebrum ................. .34. 35 Cervical vertebrae ...... .15.19. 20 Chief (principal)cells ........... 99 Chief cells ................. .60. 61 Chondrocyte.............. .7.8. 73 Chordae tendinae ............. 39 Chorion .......................90 Choroid layer .............. .95. 96 Chromophobes ................ 98 Chromosomes ...................1 Cilia .................... 3.73. 74 Ciliary muscle ............. .95. 96 Ciliary process................. 96 Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium ...... 3.73. 74 Circular furrow ................. 50 Circular muscle bundles ....... 78 Circular muscle fibers.......... 87 Circular muscle............ 57.58. 60-62.65-67 . . Circular smooth muscle ....... .59, 64.89. 91 Circumvallate papillae ......... 50 Clavicle .................15.19. 22 Clavobrachialis........... 102-104 Clavotrapezius ............... 102 Coccyx ................. .15.19. 24 Cochlea ............. .. .93. 94 Cochlear duct ................. 93 Cochlear nerve ................ 93 Coeliac artery ............ 115-117 Collagen fibers .............5.6. 8 Collecting tubules ......... .76. 77 Colloid (thyroid fallicles) ........ 99 Colloid in vesicle .............. 97 Colon .............65.66.109.110. 113.114.116. 119 Columnar (glandular) epithelium ................... 66 Common carotid artery .... 116-118 Common iliac vein ........ 111. 118 Compact bone ........... .9.10. 21 96 Cones ...................... Connective tissue papilla ....... 89 Connective tissue sheath ....... 48 Coracobrachialis ............. 108 Coracoid process. ............. 22 Cornea ..................... 95. 96 Corneal epithelium......... .95. 96 Cornified epithelium ........... 50 Cornu ......................... 19 Corona radiata ................ 86 Coronal suture.............. 16. 17 Coronoid fossa ................ 22 Coronoid process .............. 16 Corpora arenacea ............. 98 Corpora quadrigemina ..... .34. 35 Corpus albicans ............... 86 Corpus callosum............... 35 Corpus cavamosa urethrae .... 84 Corpus cavernosa ............. 84 Corpus luteum............. .85. 86 Corpus spongiosum............ 84 Cortex (hair) ................... 48 Cortex (kidney) ................ 76 Cortex (lymph node)........ .41. 42 Cortex (thymus)................ 45 Cortical labryinth .............. 77 Cortical lymphatic nodules .................. 41-43 Corticle nodule ................. 5 Costal cartilage ............. 15. 19 Costocervical artery........... 110 Cribriform plate ................ 18 Crista ampullaris .............. 94 Crista galli..................... 18 Crown ......................... 53 Crus of penis ................. 112 Crypts (seminal vesicle) ........ 83 Crypts of Lieberkuhn ....... . 62-68 Cuboid ........................ 21 Cuboidal epithelium ........... 99 Cumulus oophorous ....... .85. 86 Cuneiforms.................... 21 Cupula ........................ 94 Cuticle ........................ 48 1 Cytoplasm .......................
B
Basal cells (ductusdeferens) ... 82 Basal cells (epididymis) ........ 81 Basal cells (sebaceous gland) . . 49 Basal layer .................... 46 Basement membrane .......73. 80 Basilar membrane ............. 93 Basket cell nuclei .............. 38 Basket cell .................... 56 Basophil ...................... 14 Basophils ..................... 98 Biceps brachii ........... .103. 108 Biceps femoris ................ 105 Bicuspid valve .................39 Bicuspid ...................... 18 Bifid spine ..................... 20 Bile canaliculi ................. 70 Bile duct .................. .69. 70 Bipinnaria ..................... 92 Bipolar neurons ................ 96 Blastula ..................... 1. 92 Blind spot ................. .95. 96 Blood sinusoid................. 10 Blood typing .................... 14 Blood ......................... 14 Bone collar ..................... 11 Bone marrow cavity. primitive ....11 Bone marrow .................. 10 Bone (primitive)................ 13 Bone ........................ 9-12 Bowman's capsule ....... 2.77. 78 Bowman's glands ..............73 Bowman's space ..............78 Brachial artery ............ 110. 117 Brachial vein ............. 111. 118 Brachialis .................... 104 Brachiocephalic artery .... 110. 116 Brachiocephalictrunk ......... 117 Brachiocephalic vein........... 111 Brachioradialis ............... 104 Brain (human) ................. 35 Brain (sheep) .............. .34. 35 Brain sand ....................98 Breast .............. ...... 91 Broad ligament ................ 87 Bronchiole ..................... 75 Bronchus ...................... 75 Brunner's glands ........... .62. 63 Bulb .......................... 46 Bulbourethral gland ....... 112. 119
D
Deep circumflex artery ........ 117 Deep femoral artery ....... 110. 117 Demi-facet .................... 20 Demilune ...................55. 56 Dendrites............... 28.30. 37 Dens .......................... 20 Dense connective tissue ........ 5 Dense irregular connective tissue ........................ 6 Dental papilla ................. 51 Dentin ...................... 51-53 Dermal papillae ........ 34.47. 48 Dermal tissue sheath .......... 48 Dermis ............6.13.33.46-49. 84. 94 Descending convoluted tubules ......................77 Developing tooth........... .51. 53 Diaphragm ........... .74.109. 115 Diaphysis ..................... 12 Digastric ..................... 102 Distal collectingtubules .... . 76-78 Distal convoluted tubules ................ 4.77. 78 Dome-shaped cells ............ 78 Dorsal (posterior)root .......... 29 Dorsal artery .................. 84 Dorsal root ganglion ....... .29. 30 Dorsal vein .................... 84 Dorsum sella .................. 18 Ductus arteriosus............. 116 Ductus deferens ... .79.81.112. 119 Ductus epididymis ............. 81 Duodenum ................ .62. 63
. .
...
. .
C
Calcaneous ................... 21 Calcified matrix .................11 Canaliculi ...................... 9 Canine teeth ...................18 Capillary ......................27 Capitate.......................21 Capitulum .....................22 ............. 100 Capsule (adrenal) Capsule (chondrocyte) ........7. 8 Capsule (hypophysis) .......... 97 Capsule (kidney)...............77 Capsule (lymph node)...... .41. 42 Capsule (parotid) ..............53 Capsule (pineal gland) ......... 98 Capsule (thyroid) ..............99 Cardiac glands ................59 Cardiac muscle................ 25 Cardiac stomach .............. 59 Carotid canal ..................18 Carpals .......................15 Carpus ........................21 Cartilage (elastic) ............8. 94
...
E
Ear (external)..................94 Efferent lymphatic vessels ...... 41 Egg ........................... 92 Elastic artery ..................40 Elastic cartilage .............8. 94 Elastic connective tissue ........ 6 Elastic fibers .................5. 8 Elastic laminae ................. 6 Elastic membranes ............40