IR515,Fall1998 OfficeVKC300B Tues&Wed3to5pm

ProfessorJohnOdell odell@usc.edu,7404298 Webpagewwwrcf.usc.edu/~odell

QUALITATIVERESEARCHDESIGN Choosingamongresearchmethodsdependsonwhichtypesofriskthescholarismost comfortabletaking,amongotherthings.Quantitativeandqualitativemethodshave differentstrengths,andeveryresearchmethodeverinventedispoorasameanstoat leastonelegitimateobjective.Operatingunderthisassumption,thisseminaroffersto helpadvancedsocialsciencestudentsgetthegreatestpossiblevaluefromqualitative empiricalresearchdesigns,whetherornotthesearecombinedwithmathematicalor statisticaltechniques.Illustrativepublicationstendtocomeprimarilyfrompolitical scienceandpoliticaleconomyespeciallyattheinternationallevel,andtolesserdegrees fromeducation,history,andsociology. Theterm"qualitative"isusedbydiversescholarswhodisagreeonepistemological basics.Assumingsomepriorexposuretothesedebates,thisseminarworkswithinwhat couldbecalledbroadorpragmaticpositivism,themainstreamintheUSA.Thisinclusive positionwillbediscussedbrieflyattheoutset.Thisyearthisseminardoesnotattemptto teachhowtousemethodsthatregardthemselvesasalternativestothistradition.IR513 hasintroducedhistoricalandhumanisticmethodsanddiscussedprospectsfor synthesizingmethods.Appendix3listsadditionalreferencesfrominterpretivist traditions. Prerequisite:IR513oranotherbasiccourseinepistemologyandresearchdesign, includingsomeexposuretostatisticalmethods.Thiscourseismostappropriateafter completingothergraduatecourseswhereyouwillhavereadscholarshiponyour particularsubjectandbeguntoidentifyyourresearchtopics. Requirements:Throughoutthesemesterthestudentworksontwolevelsstudying generalworksintroducingmethodsideas,andusingthemtodevelopanoriginalproposal foraspecificproject.Exerciseswillprovideoccasionsforexperimentingwiththe techniquesonyourparticularsubject.Ifyouhavenotalreadyselectedatopicfor dissertationresearch,youmayselectanysubjecttemporarilyforthepurposeoflearning thetechniques. Atourmeetingsmembersareexpectedtobepreparedtoanswerquestionsaboutthe requiredreadingsorexercisesforthatweek,ortodiscussresultsofyourworkorgive suggestionstoacolleague.Twobooks(Kingetal.andMaxwell)havebeenorderedat theUniversityBookstoreandplacedonreserve.Othertitlesmarked[R]arealsoon reserveinLeaveyLibrary.Originalsforotherrequiredreadingswillbeavailablefor copyinginVKC300.IwillloanoptionaltitleswhenIhavethem.InVKC42Dyoumay readafileofsuccessfulpastproposals,includingUSCwinnersofnationalfellowship

competitions.Pleasegetanemailaccountandsendyouraddressandphonenumbersto seetal@usc.edu. Grades:Ninetypercentwillcorrespondtothequalityofthestudentsfinalresearch proposalandtenpercentwillreflectearliershortpapers. Torefreshyourmemoryofelementaryresearchdesign,youcouldperuseatextbooksuch asE.Babbie,1992,ThePracticeofSocialResearch,6thed.,whichisonreservein LeaveyLibrary,oranothercomparabletext.

1.9/3Objectives,assumptions,andtipsforsuccess. Supplement: Diesing,P.1991. Howdoessocialsciencework: reflectionsonpractice.Ratherthanprescribing,theauthor describesseveraldifferentepistemologiesinusein contemporarysocialscienceaswellaslogicalpositivism, whichhasvirtuallydisappearedfromactualpractice.

I.PURPOSES,RESEARCHQUESTIONSANDRESEARCHPROGRAMS 2.9/10 Yourpurposesandyourresearchprogram

1.Study:
o Kingetal.1994.DesigningSocialInquiry(KKV),pp.333 o J.Maxwell.1996.Qualitativeresearchdesign,pp.ix62 o ImreLakatos,"FalsificationandtheMethodologyof

ScientificResearchProgrammes,"inLakatos,ed., CriticismandtheGrowthofKnowledge(Cambridge UniversityPress,1970),pp.91138and173180.[R] 2.WriteMaxwellsexercise2.1,reflectingonyourpersonalpurposesin doingthisstudy(assumingitisoneyoureallywanttodo).Yourmemo canbeinoutlineformortext.Itcanbeasbrieforaslongasyoufind useful,butatleastmakeithonestandomitnosignificantgoal.Referto Maxwell,pp.1724ontheparticularstrengthsofqualitativemethods.Do yourpurposesmatchanyofhislist?(Naturallywearenotobligedto swallowMaxwellwholeyourteacherwillinfactpickafewsignificant

boneswithhim.)Turninacopyatclass.Thisdocumentwillnotbegraded orshowntoanyoneelsewithoutyourpermission. 3.WriteMaxwellsexercise3.2,creatingafirstprimitiveconceptmapfor yourprospectivestudy.Pullthisfirstversionout ofyourownmindasit isrightnowratherthanbyturningtoadditionalpublishedstudiesor evidence.Turnitinatclass.Itwillnotbegradedorcirculatedwithout yourpermission. 4.Selectaparticularresearchprogramwithinyourdisciplineforyour personalevaluationandproposalwriting.Comepreparedtogivea preliminaryoraldescriptionoftheresearchprogramyouhaveselectedfor thesemester. Thatis,tellusthemainquestionsorpuzzlesandthemain ideasorapproachforansweringthem thatunifythisbodyofscholarship, andnamesomeofthemostinfluentialstudies.(Later,on10/1youwill needtowriteacriticalevaluationofaresearchprogram.)Iwouldbe happytohelpevaluateyouroptionsintheoffice. 5.Selectthethreeormorespecializedarticlesorbooksthatcomethe closesttoansweringyourtopresearchquestionasitstandstoday,asfaras youknow.Foreachstudy,drawaconceptmaprepresentingthemain conceptsandmainrelationsamongthemintheauthorsarguments.A simplerdiagramisbetter,forthispurpose.Indicatethedirectioninwhich causalityorinfluenceisthoughttorunbetweenconcepts,whentheauthor makesthisclear.Recordyourevaluationsofthestudyinsomeway.Turn incopiesoftwoormoreofyourdiagramsatclass.

3.9/17

Focusingourresearchquestions

1.Continuestudyingspecializedliteratureinyourresearchprogram, recordingconceptmapsandevaluativenotesoneachimportantwork, preparingfortheshortpaperdueon10/1.Noneedtoturninthesemapsor notes.

2.CompleteMaxwellsexercise4.1,developingyourresearchquestions (pp.4962).Followhissixstepsasfaithfullyaspossible,andbringto classenoughcopiesofyourresearchquestionsaloneforeachmemberto haveone.Bearinmindthewiseadvice(p.60)that"agoodsetofresearch questionswillevolve,overtime,afteryouhaveconsideredand reconsideredyourbroadresearchtheme...Bewaryofthedesiretopush

forwardbeforegoingthroughthisprocess."Inthisspiritbepreparedto poseorallyatleastonepleaforassistancearisingfromthisassignment, challengingourgrouptosuggestnextsteps.Thismightbeareportofa dilemmabetweenconceptualoptions,aconfusion,oranotheruncertainty youfeelatthisparticularmoment.

3.Experimentwithmentaltricksfromthe1985Odellmemoonresearch questions,andthelistofwaystomakeacontributioninKKV,pp.1617, generatingatleasttwoadditionalcandidateresearchquestionsstarting directlyfrompublishedliteratureonyoursubject.Generateatleastone questionbyfirstpickingaweaknessinscholarshiponyoursubject. Generateatleastonebyborrowingandproposingtoapplyacausalideaor hypothesisfromsomefieldofscholarshipotherthanyourprimaryone. Whileamoreplausibleideaisbetterthanawildlyirrelevantone,againlet creativityflywithouthavingtodefendtheideaindepth,fornow. Turnin aonepageoutlinelistingtacticsyouusedandwhateverquestionsyou generatedthatway,atclasstime.Asimpleoutlinethatisintelligibleonits facewillbesufficient.

4.9/24 Privatetutorials:

5.10/1 Criticalessay(graded)onyourresearchprogramdue

A.Whataretheprogramsprimarypuzzlesorquestionstoday?B.What areitsprimaryconceptualandmethodologicalapproachestosolvingthe puzzles?C.Howhavethepuzzlesandsolutionsevolvedoverthedecades? Havetheychangedbecauseearlierpuzzleshavebeensolvedorforother reasons?D.Todaywhatare thisprogramsmainaccomplishmentsandits mostsignificantfailuresconfusions,empiricalanomalies,gaps? Maximum3000words.

II.METHODSFORSTRENGTHENINGCAUSALINFERENCES ANDMAKINGOTHERTHEORETICALCONTRIBUTIONS

6.10/8Causalinferenceandcomparativemethods

1.Study:
o Maxwell,J.1996.QualitativeResearchDesign.Methods:

o o

o o

whatwillyouactuallydo?andvalidity:howmightyoube wrong?pp.6398 KKV,Descriptiveinference,causalityandcausalinference, pp.75114 Mill,J.S.1888[1970].TwoMethodsofComparison.InA. EtzioniandF.Dubow,eds.,ComparativePerspectives: TheoriesandMethods,205213.(TakenfromMill,A SystemofLogic,book3,chap.VIII,"ofthefourmethods ofexperimentalinquiry.") Lijphart,A.1971.Comparativepoliticsandthe comparativemethod. APSR65:689693. George,A.andT.McKeown.1985.Casestudiesand theoriesoforganizationaldecisionmaking.Advancesin InformationProcessinginOrganizations2:2158.

2.Exercise:Deviseasimpleoriginalillustrationofeachofthefollowing techniques,drawingonyourprojectoranysubject.Describeeach illustrativeresearchprojectinaparagraphortwoandturninthememoat classtime(tobegraded).

o Millsmethodofagreement o Millsmethodofdifference o howinmyownprojectImightconceivablyaddressthe

"manyvariablessmalln"problembyconceptually collapsingtwovariablesorvariableclassesintoone.

3.Selectthethreearticles,oneofthefollowingbooks,oranotheryou proposetome,andpreparetosummarizeyourassessmentorally,briefly answeringthesefivequestions:whatisthestudysmainthesis?how wouldyoudescribeitsresearchdesign(goalsandmethods)?doesthe methoditillustrateshaveanyappealforfutureresearch? whatconcerns doesthismethodraiseforyou?whatstrengthsorshortcomingsaredueto thisparticularapplication ofthemethod,ratherthanthemethoditself?

o Lieber,R.1970. BritishpoliticsandEuropeanunity:

parties,elites,andpressuregroups.
o George,A.andR.Smoke.1974. DeterrenceinAmerican

ForeignPolicy:TheoryandPractice.
o Skocpol,T.1979.Statesandsocialrevolutions:a o o o o o

comparativeanalysisofFrance,Russia,andChina. Bates,Robert.1981. MarketsandStatesinTropicalAfrica: ThePoliticalBasisofAgrarianPolicies. Janis,IrvingL.1982.Groupthink:psychologicalstudiesof policydecisions,2nded. Milner,Helen.1988.ResistingProtectionism:global industriesandthepoliticsofinternationaltrade. Goodman,J.1992. MonetarySovereignty:thepoliticsof centralbankinginWesternEurope. Threearticles:R.Mitchell.Summer1994.Regimedesign matters:intentionaloilpollutionandtreatycompliance,"IO 48:425458.G.M.Luebbert.July1987.Socialfoundations ofpoliticalorderininterwarEurope. WorldPolitics39: 449478.L.J.Schoppa.Summer1994.Twolevelgames andbargainingoutcomes:whygaitsusucceedsinJapanin somecasesbutnotothers.IO 47:353386.

4.Writeyourselfaonepageprivatememowhereyouchooseandstate yourownconceptionofcausalityandyourpositionastowhatidealyour researchaspiresto,inthisrespect.

Supplements: Weber,M.Objectivepossibilityandadequatecausationin historicalexplanation.InWeber,Methodologyofthesocial sciences. Moore,Jr.,Barrington.1966. Socialoriginsofdictatorship anddemocracy:lordandpeasantinthemakingofthe modernworld. Przeworski,A.andH.Teune.1970. Thelogicof comparativesocialinquiry. Smelser,N.1976. Comparativemethodsinthesocial sciences.

George,A.1979.Casestudiesandtheorydevelopment:the methodofstructured,focusedcomparison. Katzenstein,P.1985.Smallstatesinworldmarkets: industrialpolicyinEurope. McCloskey,D.N.1990. IfYouresosmart:thenarrative ofeconomicexpertise. Collier,D.1991.TheComparativemethod:twodecadesof change.In ComparativePoliticalDynamics:Global ResearchPerspectives,ed.D.A.RustowandK.P. Erickson.

7.10/15Singlecasedesigns

1.Study:
o ReviewA.Lijphart.1971. o ReviewGeorgeandMcKeown.1985. o Geertz,C.1973. TheInterpretationofCultures,Thick

description:towardaninterpretivetheoryofculture,pp.3 30. o Eckstein,H.1975.Casestudyandtheoryinpolitical science.In HandbookofPoliticalScience,vol.7,ed.Fred GreensteinandNelsonPolsby,94137.[R]

2.Chooseoneofthetypesof singlecasestudyidentifiedbyLijphart,and considerhowyoumightusethatresearchdesignastheprimarymethod foryourproposedproject. Turninaonetotwopagememo(tobegraded) identifyingwhichtypeorpurposeyourstudywouldserveandselectinga caseforthatpurpose.Assume(contrarytoLijphart)thatan"interpretive" casestudycouldmakeavaluablecontributionbyshowingthataknown hypothesisortheoryhelpstoexplainorinterpretsomenewevent,evenif itdoesnotgenerateanewhypothesis.(IsGeertzrelevanthere?)Alsonote fromEcksteinthatacasewillbeespeciallypowerfulforconfirminga theoryifitisa"leastlikely"case,andviceversaforinfirmingatheory. Youmay,ifyouprefer,substituteGeorge/McKeownforLijphart.

3.Selectoneofthefollowingbooksorthreearticles,andpreparetoassess itorally,answeringthefollowingquestions:whatisthestudysmain thesis?whichtypeofsinglecasestudy(asdefinedaboveunder1)isthis? whatarethestrengthsofthistypeofstudy?thetypesweaknesses?what strengthsandshortcomingsareduetothisparticularapplicationofthe method?

TypeA:Morse,E.L.1970. ForeignPolicyand InterdependenceinGaullistFrance. TypeB

o Lijphart,A.1975. Thepoliticsofaccommodation:

pluralismanddemocracyintheNetherlands. o LeoGrande,W.July1979.Cubandependency. CubanStudies. o Haggard,S.1988.Theinstitutional foundationsof hegemony:explainingtheReciprocalTradeAgreements actof1934.InternationalOrganization42:91120. TypeC:Russett,B.1967.Pearlharbor:deterrencetheory anddecisiontheory.JournalofPeaceResearch2:81106. Rpt.in Theoryandresearchonthecausesofwar,ed.D. PruittandR.Snyder,pp.127135. TypeD
o Winham,G.October1977.Negotiationasamanagement

process.WorldPolitics.
o Deudney,D.Spring1995.ThePhiladelphiansystem.

InternationalOrganization49:191228. TypeE
o George,A.andJ.George.1956. WoodrowWilsonand

ColonelHouse:apersonalitystudy. o Khong,Y.F.Analogiesatwar:Korea,Munich,DienBien :Phu,andtheVietnamdecisionsof1965.

8.10/22 Selectingcases,otherheadaches,andremedies (howmuchprestructuring,selectionandotherbiases,too

fewobservations,reciprocalcausation,otherthreatsto validity) 1.Study:

o ReviewMaxwell,pp.6373 o KKV1994,pp.115230

2.Exercise:In abriefmemo(graded)dueatclasstime,outlineone possibleexamplefromyoursubjectof eachofthefollowingfivepractical remediessuggestedbyKKV:

o selectingobservationstoinsurevariationintheexplanatory

variable(p.140),
o selectingarangeofvaluesofthedependentvariable(141), o selectingobservationssothedependentvariableisconstant

(147),
o selectingobservationstocontrolforomittedvariables(179

182),and
o oneremedytoavoidendogeneity(185196).

3.StudyCLaveandJ.March.AnIntroductiontoModelsintheSocial Sciences,anintroductiontospeculation,pp.949[oktoskipthrough25 34].TheyillustratewhichoneofKKVssuggestedremediesforthe "smalln"problem?Isuggestyoutakeseriouslythenotessaying"stopand think."Exercise:Problem12p.49inLaveandMarch.Turninyourbrief memoatclasstime.

4.StudyJ.Fearon.January1991.Counterfactualsandhypothesistesting inpoliticalscience.WorldPolitics43:16995.Exercise:Prepareto presentorallytotheclassoneillustrationoftheuseofcounterfactualsthat mightstrengthenacausalclaimaboutyoursubject.

Supplements: Campbell,Donald.1975."DegreesofFreedomandthe CaseStudy."ComparativePoliticalStudies8:16893.Rpt.

inD.Campbell1988.MethodologyandEpistemologyfor SocialScience. Geddes,B.1990.Howthecasesyouchooseaffectthe answersyouget:selectionbiasincomparativepolitics. PoliticalAnalysis,vol.2,J.A.Stimson,ed. Thequalitativequantitativedisputation:reviewsymposium onKKV.June1995.AmericanPoliticalScienceReview 89:454478. Tetlock,P.andA.Belkin,eds.1996.Counterfactual ThoughtExperimentsinWorldPolitics.

9.10/29Combiningquantitativeandqualitativemethods

1.StudyS.Tarrow.June1995.Bridgingthequantitativequalitativedivide inpoliticalscience.APSR. 89:471474.

2.Selectoneofthefollowingitemsandwriteaonepagememofor distributiontotheseminar.Whatisthebooksmainthesis?theauthors reasonsforusingquantitativemethods(thepurposestheyserve)?the authorsreasonsforusingqualitativemethodsorcontributionstheymake? yourpersonalassessmentoftheresultandtheutilityofthisparticular modelofcombiningmethods,forfutureresearch?

o Bunce,V.1981.Donewleadersmakeadifference?

exclusivesuccessionandpublicpolicyundercapitalism andsocialism. o Janis,IrvingL.1982.Groupthink:psychologicalstudiesof policydecisions.2nded.,plusG.M.Herek,I.L.Janis,and P.Huth.1987.Decisionmakingduringinternationalcrises: isquality ofprocessrelatedtooutcome? Journalof ConflictResolution31:203226.Alsorecommended:M. SchaferandS.Crichlow.September1996.Antecedentsof groupthink:aquantitativestudy.JCR40:415435. o Laba,R.1991. Therootsofsolidarity:apoliticalsociology ofPolandworkingclassdemocratization. o Martin,L.1992.Coercivecooperation:explaining multilateraleconomicsanctions.

o Putnam.R.D.1993. Makingdemocracywork:civic

traditionsinmodernItaly.
o Simmons,B.1994. WhoAdjusts?DomesticSourcesof

ForeignEconomicPolicyduringtheInterwarYears.

3.Withyourresearchquestionandresearchprograminmind,draftafirst onepageoutlineoftheempiricalmethodssectionofyourproject proposal.Selectatleastoneresearchdesignfromtheabovemenu,for attackingyourmainresearchquestion.Youmayadjustorchangeyour mindlater,butcommitapreliminarydecisiontopaper.Turnitinatclass.

Supplements: McAdam,D.1981.Freedomsummer. Tilly,C.1993. Europeanrevolutions,14921992. Cook,T.D.andC.S.Reichardt,eds.1979.Qualitativeand quantitativemethodsinevaluationresearch.

III.TECHNIQUESOFOBSERVATIONAND STRONGERDESCRIPTIVEINFERENCES

Thispartprovidesbriefinitialexposureandfurtherreferencestoselectedtechniquesof observationandclassificationthatcanbeusedafterproposalwriting.Aproposalneed notdiscusstheseissuesingreatdetail.Butifyouhavenotgraspedthesebasicissues, yourtextwillprobablyshowit.Thisreadingandexperimentationshouldhelpyousee moreclearlyhowyoucouldimplementoneofthedesignsonthemenu.

10.11/5

Turninginformationintodata: makingdescriptiveclaimslessarbitraryand enhancingcumulation 1.Study:

o Babbie,E.1992. Thepracticeofsocialresearch,6thed.,

pp.126146and165189.Areviewofelementary measurementandscaleconstruction.[R] o KKV,pp.3471&150168

2.Afterreadingthefirsttwogeneralworks,choosethreeofthe followingexemplarsandlookinparticulartodiscoverhowthe authorsmadetheirdescriptivestatementsmoreprecise,more consistent,andmorereliablebyspecifyingoperationaldefinitions andfollowingthemfaithfully.Thecitedpagesidentifythemost concreterulesforsortingevidence.Whilemanyofthesestudies alsoassignnumberstovariouscategories,allillustratetechniques whoselogiccanbeusedwithoutthisquantificationaswell.

o Cox,R.W.andH.K.Jacobson.1974.Theanatomyof

influence:decisionmakingininternationalorganization. Pp.437465[indicatorsforstatepower,statepowerin threespecialissueareas,andclassificationsofcountries accordingtotypeofpoliticalregimeandlevelofeconomic development] Hopmann,P.T.Summer1974.BargaininginArmscontrol negotiations:theSeabedsdenuclearizationtreaty. InternationalOrganization28:313344[bargaining strategies,styles,andoutcomes] Butterworth,R.L.1976.Managinginterstateconflict, 194574:datawithsynopses,pp.48198[anexampleofa codingmanualforcreatingbothquantitativeandqualitative dataforquestionssuchas"whichtypeofpowersexercised leadershipinconflictmanagement?""howwidewas agreementintheinternationalorganizationonthe managementactionsittook?""whatwasthestrongest actionittook?" Odell,J.1985.Theoutcomesofinternationaltrade conflicts:theUSandSouthKorea19601981. InternationalStudiesQuarterly29:263286.[rates outcomesof13tradedisputescomparablytoreflectwho gainedhowmuch] Destler,I.M.andJ.Odell,1987.AntiProtection: ChangingForcesinUSTradePolitics,pp.17,skim921, read2326,143157.[comparingthelevelofpolitical activityagainstimportprotectionindifferentepisodes]

o Hudec,R.E.1993. EnforcingInternationalTradeLaw.

Theappendixreportsreliable,consistentdescriptionsofall 207legalcomplaintsbroughtundertheGATTbetween 1948andtheendof1989,includingindicatorsofhowwell thelegalsystemfunctioned.Includedarethedataentry formusedtocreatecasedescriptions(pp.58889). Conceptsincludetheproceduraloutcome(legalrulingbya panelv.settledorconcededbythedefendantv.withdrawn orabandoned),substantiveoutcomesofrulings(defendant violatedv.didnotviolatetherules),andhowcountries respondedtoadverserulingsagainstthem(gavefull satisfactionv.partialsatisfactionv.negativeoutcome). Whichcountrymostfrequentlyresistedlegalrulings, wouldyouguess?

3.Exercisedueatclass:Afterstudyingtheforegoingmaterial,writea memodraftingpreliminaryoperationaldefinitionsforthreekeyconcepts inyourstudy.Forthisexercisetrytoexpressyourconceptsasmattersof degreeratherthanqualitiesthatcanonlybepresentorabsent,andrather thannominalcategories,unlessdoingsoseemsmisleading.Forexample, "democratic"and"authoritarian"mightbereplacedwith"degreeof politicalopenness."Yourmemoshouldgiveme,yourresearchassistant, rulesansweringallpossiblequestionsonhowtosorttheevidenceyou collectintoconceptual"bins."Trytoanticipateasmanydifficultboundary casesaspossible,sinceotherwiseIwillrelyonmyintuitions,whichmight notbeconsistentovertime.Todiscovermypossiblequestions, experimentwithyourrulesonseveralconcreteexamples.Thememo shouldcontain:

o foreachconcept,yourbestnominaldefinition o foreach,yourbestoperationaldefinition(classification

rules).Thesetofcategories("bins")constitutingyour indicatormaybeeithernominal,rankorderedbutnot quantitative,orquantitative.Includeatleastoneordinal andonequantitativeindicator. o Yourreactiontotheproposalthatyouuseexplicit operationaldefinitionslikethesetodisciplinethe descriptivestatementsyouwilldrawfromyourevidence. (Anyreplycanbecorrect.)

4.Nowthatyouhaveamoreconcretesenseofrecognizedmethods,write apreliminarydraftofthefirsthalfofyourfinalproposalnotdescribing yourempiricalmethod,butstatingyourresearchquestion,identifyingthe largerresearchprogramandconceptualcontextitwilladdress,andsaying generallyhowyourprojectwillgobeyondavailablespecializedliterature.

Supplements: Webb,Eugeneetal.1966.Unobtrusivemeasures:Non reactiveresearchinthesocialsciences Lazarsfeld,Paul.1972.Developmentofatestforclass consciousness.In ContinuitiesintheLanguageofSocial Research,ed.Lazarsfeld,Pasanella,andRosenberg,pp.41 43.[Thefamousscholarrevealshowhecreatedthis indicatorforan earlystudyofAmericanvotersbyrecalling whatheandothersbelievedasyoungmembersofthe AustrianSocialDemocraticparty] Gurr,T.R.1974.Persistenceandchangeinpolitical systems,18001971. Am.Pol.Sci.Review,68:14821582. [Classifieseachintooneofsixorderedtypes,basedon indexcombiningseveralregimecharacteristics] Snyder,G.andP.Diesing.1977.Conflictamongnations, pp.340361[typesofdecisionmakingstructure] Putnam,R.andN.Bayne.1984,1987.Hangingtogether: cooperationandconflictinthesevenpowersummits,chap 11[thedegreeofcooperationachievedinsummit meetings]. Underdal,Arild.1993.Measuringandexplainingregime effectiveness.In Complexcooperation,ed.H.Hveem,pp. 92124. Henning,C.R.1994.CurrenciesandpoliticsintheUnited States,Germany,andJapan,chap.3.[classifiesthedegree ofcentralbankindependencefromthegovernmentinthree countries] George,A.,andW.Simons,eds.1994. Thelimitsof coercivediplomacy,2ded.,pp.267294 forsummary,and passimforconceptsanddefinitions[coercivediplomacy,

itssuccessandfailure,andpresenceorabsenceof conditionsfavorableforsuccess]

11.11/12Observingindirectlythroughinterviews

1.StudyeitherAorBdependingonyourinterests: A.Interviewingordinarypeople
o Spradley,James.1979.Theethnographicinterview,pp.vii

39
o Hochschild,J.L.1981.Whatsfair?AmericanBeliefs

aboutdistributivejustice,pp.1745and148191[R]
o Scott,James.1985.Weaponsoftheweak:everydayforms

ofpeasantresistance,pp.127. B.Interviewingelites
o Dexter,L.A.1970. Eliteandspecializedinterviewing,pp.

3138[R] 2.Improvethefirstdraftoutlineofyourempiricalmethodssection,in lightofthepreliminaryfirsthalfdraftedlastweek.Isthisprojectfeasible inareasonabletime?Whatcanyoudotofindout?

Supplements: Aberbach,J.etal.1975.Exploringelitepoliticalattitudes: somemethodologicallessons.PoliticalMethodology2:1 27. TaylorandBogdan,Introductiontoqualitativemethods, pp.76105 Seldon,A.andJ.Pappworth.1983. Bywordofmouth:elite oralhistory.

Mishler,E.1986. Researchinterviewing:contextand narrative. Kvale,Steinar.1996.InterViews:anintroductionto qualitativeresearchinterviewing.

12.11/19 Privatetutorials.Pleasebringatleastasentence outlineofacompleteresearchproposal,aswellas anyquestionsyouwouldliketoraise.

IV.DISCUSSIONOFRESEARCHPROPOSALS Classes13&14

Appendix1.Othertextbooksandpracticaladvice

Becker,H.W.1986.Writingforsocialscientists:howtostartandfinishyourthesis, bookorarticle.UniversityofChicagoPress.Howbadwritingreallyisnotrequiredto makesocialsciencegoodcontrarytotheimpressionyougetfromtoomanyjournals. Patton,MichaelQuinn.1990.QualitativeEvaluationandResearchMethods,2d.ed. Sage. Miles,M.B.andA.M.Huberman.1994.QualitativeDataAnalysis,2ded.Sage. Booth,W.C., etal.1995. TheCraftofResearch.University ofChicagoPress.The writingprocessaskingquestions,makingaclaimandsupportingit,predraftingand drafting,revising,andintroductions. Becker,H.1996. TricksoftheTrade:ThinkingaboutyourResearchwhileDoingIt

Appendix2.Additionalinterpretivistreferences

Mead,G.H.1934. Mind,Self,andSociety. Abel,T.1948.TheoperationcalledVerstehen.AmericanJournalofSociology 54:211 218. Blumer,H.1969. Symbolicinteractionism:perspectiveandmethod. Dallmayr,F.R.andT.A.McCarthy,eds.1977.UnderstandingandSocialInquiry. Neufeld,M.1993.Interpretationandthescienceofinternationalrelations.Reviewof InternationalStudies19:3961. Denzin,N.K.andY.S.Lincoln,eds.1994. HandbookofQualitativeResearch Puchala,D.J.1995.Thepragmaticsofinternationalhistory.MershonInternational StudiesReview 39:118. Alker,H.,Jr.1996. Rediscoveriesandreformulations:humanisticmethodologiesfor internationalstudies.