EET 2160 Bioelectromagnetisim Lab 2 Name : Jonathan Qiu (S3295777) Odd group

Introduction to the heart This section is about the introduction of the heart. Functions of the heart and its electrical conduction will be discussed. Physical structure of a heart A heart is a muscular tissue, which consist of 4 chambers, with 2 chambers at the left side of the heart and the remaining 2 chambers is at the right side of the heart. The function of the heart is, to pump re-oxygenated blood to the rest of the body. Figure 1 gives a more detailed graphical view of a heart.

Figure 1 Anatomical view of a heart The left part operates as a role to transport de-oxygenated blood to the lungs via through the pulmonary artery. At the lungs the blood will be re oxygenated and is transported back to the right part of the heart which then pumps the re-oxygenated blood to the rest of the body via through the Aorta. The role of the various valves in the heart is to prevent a back flow of blood. That the reason why that when a heart beats that there are thudding sounds is because of the opening and closing of these valves.

Electrical conduction of a heart A muscular tissue can categorise to either voluntary movement or non-voluntary movement. Voluntary movement of a muscular tissue is skeletal tissues (muscles) that we can control. For example of such tissues are the torsos, biceps. Non-voluntary movement of a muscular tissue is muscles that we cant control. For examples of such tissues are the smooth muscles. One such example is the movement of food of the digestive system.

A heart muscle (cardiac muscle) is a type of non-voluntary muscle. Though there are debates that heart rate can be slowed through meditation. Others argued that heart rate can be controlled via through our emotions (when we are afraid, relaxed, horny etc) The heart is able to have the moving, pumping action is because of electrical conduction which starts from the Sinoatrial Node (SA node) to the Atrioventricular Node (AV node) to the bundle of his and finally to the ventricle part of the heart. During the PR interval the electrical activity travels from the SA node to the atrium of the heart to the AV node. During the QRS complex, the electrical activity travels from the AV node to the bundle of his and finally to the ventricle. This process is repeated all over again. *note the bundle of his is at the split point from the AV node. The T-wave is when the ventricle part of the heart is relaxed. Figure 2 shows the electrical activity path line of a heart.

Figure 2 Electrical activity path line of heart

Figure 3 Electrode Placement Figure 3 describe the electrode placement (Einthoven's triangle) on a human body. This Einthoven's triangle ECG

Configuration can be applied to either the chest or even on the limbs because the limbs will just acts like a long conductor. Terms to be observed from the heart Heart Beat The duration of one heart beat. (The period of the ECG signal) Heart Rate The speed of the heart beat. (Number beats per minute) RR interval the time interval between two heart beats base on the R peak of each heart beat. (The time interval between to heart beats)

Heart Rate variability The heart rate variability [HRV], is also known as RR variability and heart period variability. The variability of the RR interval, in lame man terms it means that it is how fast or slow an RR interval i s. For example when measuring the heart rate variability of 2 cases, during the relaxed state and when the subject is exhausted. 1) Relaxed state The subject is relaxed and is in a comfortable position. The HRV during this state will be longer because the heart beat is slower then compared to a person after exercise. 2) Exhausted state The subject is set for an exercise, preferably a cardio workout like running, climing etc. The HRV during this state will be shorter because the heart beat is faster then compared to a person who is in the relaxed state. There are 2 main methods to calculate HRV 1) Time-domain methods *note the term "NN" means that it is the RR interval base on "normal" beats because of a healthy heart. (Healthy heart RR interval='NN' interval a) SDNN Is the standard deviation of the 'NN' interval. This method is calculated over a 24-hour period

b) SDANN Is the standard deviation of the average 'NN' intervals and is usually calculated at a short period of 5 minutes. c) RMSSD Is the square root of the mean squared difference of every 'NN' intervals d) NN50 Is the number of pairs of 'NN' interval that differ by more than 50ms. e) PNN50 Is the proportion of NN50 divided by the total number of 'NN' intervals

2) Frequency-domain method This method is to analyse the power spectral density of the ECG signal. Because the recording of the ECG signal is in time domain, it 1st must be converted to the frequency domain using the Discrete Fourier Transform or Fast Fourier Transform methods. From the power spectral density, a relation between the parasympathetic activity* and the sympathetic activity* with High frequency (HF) and low frequency (LF) can be established. The reason why the body needs these 2 activities (both of these activities is also known as autonomic function), is because of the need to maintain the body in the
homeostasis state*.

Sympathetic activity* body in rest state, heart rate is not fast. [Relates to HF] Parasympathetic activity* body under stress (exercise), heart rate is increased.[Relates to LF]
Homeostasis state* is a state to maintain a balance. For example during exercise the body will feel hot due to the energy that is produced hence to maintain a balance state, sweat is produced to cool down the temperature.

The method to calculate on the HRV during the lab session is using the frequency-domain method

Results (Even) Relax Power(integral) Normalised units 0.87004 0.59992 0.15482 0.5732 0.11531 0.4269 1.3428 Exercise Power(integral) Normalised units 5.4247 0.02542 0.01635 0.0033 0.02241 0.0042 0.7951

Total power VLF power LF power HF power LF/HF normalized ratio

Take note of the highlighted (yellow) portion. It is expected then during the relaxed state the LF power is higher then its HF power and when in exercise state that the HF power is higher then its LF power. My reasoning (hypothesis) is this, because to maintain the homeostasis state, it is then that the Sympathetic activity will counter react with the parasympathetic activity and vice versa. So if a person is relaxed, the parasympathetic activity will increase. And when a person is stressed (exercise), the sympathetic activity will increase.

Results (Odd)

Lets say my 1st hypothesis is wrong but I do not believe that the HF power should be higher than the LF power for both relaxed and exercise states. (Because HF relates to sympathetic activity and LF is para sympathetic activity) Comparing from the even and odd result I notice on the extremely large power integral differences. Since the ECG has filter, I think its because of body movement? Conclusion In this lab I have learn how to measure the ECG signal from the heart and how to use the AcqKnowledge software, and also to calculate the HRV. From this report and the data I conclude that the even group data seems more logical to me.