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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA FINAL EXAMINATION

COURSE COURSE CODE EXAMINATION TIME

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY HPY550 APRIL 2006 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES 1. This question paper consists of two (2) parts : PART A (50 Questions) PART B ( 2 Questions)

2.

Answer ALL questions from all two (2) parts. i) Answer PART A in the OMR Multiple Choice Answer Sheet. ii) Answer PART B in the Answer Booklet. Start each answer on a new page.

3.

Do not bring any material into the examination room unless permission is given by the invigilator. Please check to make sure that this examination pack consists of: ) the Question Paper ) OMR Multiple Choice Answer Sheet - provided by the Faculty ) an Answer Booklet - provided by the Faculty

4.

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO

This examination paper consists of 12 printed pages
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PART A

(50 marks)

Answer ALL questions. Choose the MOST appropriate answer for each question.

1. A scientific theory is a set of statements A. B. C. D. conforming to the rules of logic. explaining the relationships which pertain among apparently diverse phenomena. which lead to empirically testable hypotheses. all of the above.

2. The result of a scientific research A. B. C. D. should be made available for critique and replication. should not be used to support existing theories. must be obtained in a controlled laboratory situation. must conform to general public expectations about the outcome.

3. The aim of critical analysis of a publication is to identify the A. B. C. D. relevancy of the results in clinical practice. internal and external validity of the investigation. incompetency of a researcher. A and B.

4. The literature review is normally found in the A. B. C. D. abstract introduction discussion references

of a research report.

5. The Method section of a research report informs the reader on A. B. C. D. the purpose of an experimental technique. the state of methodological advances in the subject area. how the experimental technique was carried out. how the hypothesis or aim of the investigation was formulated.

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6. The descriptive and inferential statistics is normally reported in the A. B. C. D. abstract result discussion appendix

section.

7. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. B. C. D. The discussion section should relate findings to research. The literature review should be written in the references. The result section should contain only tables and graphs. All the above statements are true.

8. A 'literature review' A. is a list of research publications relevant to an investigation. B. should disapprove research findings which are inconsistent with the hypothesis. C. should include only findings which directly support the hypothesis being investigated. D. should be a critical review of findings relevant to an investigation.

9. Which of the followings is common to both experimental and non-experimental research strategies? A. B. C. D. Field research. Selection of cases to be studied. Experimental hypothesis. Participant observation.

10. 32 degrees Centigrade (32C) is an example of a A. B. C. D. variable. specific value. ratio. null hypothesis.

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11. Which of the following statement represents the most comprehensive research aim? A. The aim of the present project is to investigate whether health care workers in Kuala Lumpur (KL) are satisfied with their pay and career prospects. B. The aim of the present project is to investigate if emotionally disturbed person living in K.L received adequate medical care. C. The aim of the present project is to identify the reasons why health professionals in K.L leave their professions, and seek other employment. D. The aim of the present project is to identify the proportion of teenagers in K.L smoking more than 10 cigarettes a day.

12. As sample size increases the A. B. C. D. sampling error decreases. ecological validity of the investigation increases. population becomes accessible. sample becomes more biased.

13. A representative sample A. B. C. D. consists of at least 500 cases. must be a random sample. is defined as the inverse of the square root of the sample size. reflects precisely the size of a population.

14. If a study is externally valid then A. B. C. D. the results can be generalized to other equivalent settings. it must have been an experiment. quota sampling must have been used. all the subjects in the sample must have been equivalent.

15. To say that an investigation lacks internal validity means that A. B. C. D. the independent variable had no effect. the dependent variable wasn't measured. uncontrolled variables may have affected the outcome. there were several dependent variables.

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16. If a pilot study shows that the effect is small in relation to the sampling error then the investigator should A. B. C. D. abandon the research project. use a relatively small sample. use a relatively large sample. use an incidental method of sampling.

17. If a well-designed study demonstrates an advantage of a therapeutic technique over another, but is based on a sample of five people in the two groups, then the study is likely to have validity. A. B. C. D. high internal and low external high external and low internal low internal and external high external and internal

18. The advantage of including a control or comparison group in a study of treatment effectiveness is that effects can be A. B. C. D. eliminated. reduced. measured. ignored.

19. The aim of controlled observation is to A. B. C. D. remove the effects of confounding influences. identify the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable. establish causal relationships. all of the above.

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We compare a representative sample of Siamese and Myanmars' currently residing in Malaysia on a test of visual acuity. QUESTION 20 and 21 refer to the above information

20. The design employed in the above investigation is a A. B. C. D. descriptive comparison. true experiment. factorial design. time-series design.

21. Given that the sample of Siamese are found to have higher visual acuity than the sample of Myanmars', we can conclude that A. B. C. D. Myanmars' have poor eyesight. Siamese have higher visual acuity than Myanmars'. living in Thailand improves one's visual acuity. Siamese living in Malaysia probably have higher visual acuity than Myanmars' living in Malaysia.

22. We employ correlational designs in order to A. B. C. D. establish the magnitude and direction of association between variables. establish a cause-and-effect relationship. describe the characteristics of an existing phenomenon. reduce the risk factors associated with a disease if clinical intervention are undertaken.

23. Qualitative field research involves A. B. C. D. the testing of clear cut hypotheses by using instruments. empathy with subjects of view. structured data collection. performing research in the open air.

24. Which of the following disciplines employs qualitative design? A. B. C. D. Nuclear physics. Anatomy. Genetics. Sociology.

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25. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a quantitative research? A. B. C. D. A holistic approach to persons. Precise definition of variables being studied. Prediction and control of phenomena. All of the above.

26. An important basis of qualitative field research is A. B. C. D. phenomenology. numerology. measurement theory. the medical model.

27. A psychiatrist is interested to identify the relationship between brain dopamine levels and the occurrence of specific abnormal behaviours. This research would be A. B. C. D. based on phenomenological principles. a project in an ethnomethodological framework. a quantitative project. a qualitative field research.

28. When a survey is used as a research tool A. B. C. D. the making of causal inferences from the data may be problematic. we must use a questionnaire for data collection. the respondents must be anonymous. the external validity of the investigation will be automatically assured.

29. Questionnaires A. B. C. D. might have ethical problems associated with their design and administration. are instruments for data collection. can be employed in experimental research. all of the above.

30. The question 'Are you presently taking P-blockers?' is A. B. C. D. double-barrelled. ambiguous. biased. at the wrong level of difficulty.

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31. The advantage of an interview schedule approach over a self - administered questionnaire is A. B. C. D. it is cheaper to administer. there is greater control over administration. observer bias is minimized. all of the above.

32. A qualitative analysis of an interview answers is to include A. B. C. D. counting the number of words spoken by each participant. the use of a checklist. coding of recurrent themes and ideas. the quality of the interviewer's speech.

33. The advantage of an observation over an interview as a data collection technique is that observation(s) A. B. C. D. may be recorded and scrutinized later. enable the recording of actual behaviours, rather than subjects' interpretations. is scientific, unlike interviews which involve personal interactions. are unbiased and do not produce reactions in human subjects.

34. The method/technique used to record age, sex, height and weight of a patient, is to use a/an A. B. C. D. video recorder. audio tape recorder. transcript of the interview. response checklist.

35. Coding is A. B. C. D. a qualitative method of analyzing interview data. a method of keeping interview data confidential. a quantitative method of analyzing interview data usually performed without a written transcript.

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36. Which of the following does not include an operational definition? A. Patients were encouraged to eat healthy food. B. Males under 60 who were currently in full-time employment were the population for study. C. Anxiety was measured by Spielberger Anxiety Scale. D. Students who get over half the test items correct will be classified as having passed.

37. If a test-retest reliability of a measure is low, then it follows that the A. B. C. D. scores for different people tend to be different. validity must be high. scores for different people tend to be the same. same person measured twice tends to produce different results.

38. If a test is valid, then A. B. C. D. it might be reliable. it must be reliable. the reliability is unaffected. it must be unreliable.

39. The gender of a patient is an example of a (n) A. B. C. D. ratio nominal ordinal interval

scale.

40. Which of the following variables have been labeled with a wrong measuring scale? A. B. C. D. The number of heart beats per minute: interval. Platform numbers at a railway station: nominal. Finishing order in a horse race: ordinal. Self-rating of anxiety levels on a five point scale: ordinal.

41. '10m ' is a value on a (n) A. B. C. D. ratio interval ordinal nominal

scale.

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42. Response delay in millisecond is an example of a (n) A. B. C. D. ratio ordinal interval nominal

scale.

43. Interval or ratio data can be shown as A. B. C. D. histogram and bar graph. frequency polygon and bar graph. pie chart and bar graph. histogram and frequency polygon.

A researcher wishes to study effectiveness of a new treatment, X, upon the severity of migraine. A random sample of 50 subjects (n=50) is selected from a group of patients in a pain clinic. Patients are randomly selected to be treated either with X or with a more currently used treatment, Y. A pre -test or /post -test experimental design was used. Level of pain was assessed using a standardized pain questionnaires, measuring pain responses on a scale between 1-100.

QUESTIONS 44 to 46 refer to the above information. 44. The independent variable in this study was the A. B. C. D. new treatment X. type of treatment used. migraine. patients' scores on the pain questionnaire.

45. The dependent variable in the above study was the A. B. C. D. new treatment X. type of treatment used. migraine. patients' scores on the pain questionnaire.

46. The scale of measurement used to assess the pain responses was A. B. C. D. nominal. ordinal. interval. ratio. CONFIDENTIAL

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The data for the post-test pain scores for the two groups is summarized in the following table. Pain ratings Treatment X Treatment Y

31-40 41-50 51-60 61-70 71-80 81-90 91-100

1 2 3 10 4 3 2

1 2 3 4 10 5

QUESTIONS 47 to 50 refer to the above information. 47. How would you best present this information? A. B. C. D. Frequency Polygon. Histogram. Bar Graph. Either X Or Y.

48. What are the real limits of the lowest category? A. B. C. D. 31 -40 31.5-40.4 30.5-40.4 30.5-39.5

49. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE? A. B. C. D. The post - test scores for Treatment Y are skewed. The post - test scores for Treatment X are skewed. 6% of Treatment X post -test scores are under 50.5. All the above statements are true.

50. Which of the following statements supports the data, assuming that the pre-test scores were equivalent for the two groups. A. B. C. D. Treatment A appears to be more effective than Y. Treatment B appears to be more effective than X. The two treatments appear to be equivalent. Treatment A appears to be harmful.

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PART B

(50 marks)

Answer ALL questions.

QUESTION 1 a) Write short notes on the following research paradigm. i) Positivism. (4 marks) ii) Relativism. (4 marks) iii) Realism. (4 marks) b) Explain how you would review the work of others and evaluate the quality of their methods, results and conclusions. (5 marks) c) Compare and contrast qualitative and quantitative approaches in research. (8 marks)

QUESTION 2 a) Discuss the ethical issues for research in the following categories. i) Protection from harm. (5 marks) ii) Informed consent. (5 marks) iii) Right to privacy. (5 marks) iv) Honesty with professional colleagues. (5 marks) v) Institutional Review Board. (5 marks)

END OF QUESTION PAPER

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