BK Giulini Chemistry San. and Trade. Inc.

So i u t Water Treatment T l a r t r t r Research s s i i i i land Teme le r r l l i i l l i i lke So i u t Water Treatment T l a r t r t r Research s s i i i i land Teme le r r l l i i l l i i lke invert: Selim Yenisey 2009 All rights reserved. Republished in any way without specifying the source. 1 Cooling Systems ............................................... .... 7 1.1 Single-pass cooling .............................................. .. 8 1.2 Ac?k cycled, multi-pass cooling ........................ 9 1.2.1 Cooling tower .......................................... 11 1.2.2 open cooling systems, the basic calculations ..................... 12 1.3 Closed and semi-open cooling systems ................. 18 1.4 Other systems ............................................... ....... 20 1.4.1 Steel industry, gas cleaning systems ....... 20 1.4.2 Heat exchangers ............................................. . 21 Theoretical approach in 2 Cooling water problems ........... 25 Stone formation ............................................... 2.1 ........... 26 2.1.1 Calcium carbonate ...................................... 26 2.1.1.1 Total hardness ................................. 27 2.1.1.2 Carbonic acid equilibrium position .......... 29 Carbonate alkalinity and hardness 2.1.1.3 calculation ..... 30 2.1.1.4 Calcium carbonate equilibrium position .. 31 2.1.1.5 Calcium carbonate collapse

controllability ....... 37 2.1.2 Calcium phosphate ............................................. 38 2.1.3 Calcium sulfate ............................................. 39 2.1.4 Iron Oxide ............................................. ...... 39 2.1.5 Silicate .............................................. .............. 39 Sedimentation of solid materials ........................ 2.2 40 2.3 Corrosion ................................................ .............. 43 2.3.1 Terms and Definitions ................................... 43 3 2.3.2 Electrochemical approach .......................... 45 2.3.3 The most important Corrosion types ...................... 48 2.3.4 Other parameters, corrosion, impact ..... 55 2.3.4.1 Chemical factors ......................... 55 2.3.4.2 Physical Factors ........................... 59 2.4 Biological approaches ............................................... . 61 2.4.1 Microorganisms cooling proliferation system ......... 61 2.4.2 Bacteria .............................................. .... 63 2.4.2.1 Biofilm-forming bacteria ....... 64 2.4.2.2 corrosive bacteria ......................... 66 2.4.2.3 Legionella .................................... 69 2.4.3 Algae .............................................. .......... 70 2.4.4 Mushroom .............................................. ......... 72 ..................................... 3 Cooling water conditioning 75 3.1 Hardness stabilizers and dispersants ....... 76 3.1.1 Hardness stabilization mechanics ............ 76 Dispersion mechanism ....................... 3.1.2 78 Phosphonic acids and phosphonates .................... 3.1.3 79 3.1.4 Polyphosphates .............................................. .. 81 3.1.5 Organic polyelectrolytes ............................. 82

3.1.6 Ionic - Non-ionic dispersants ................. 86 Corrosion inhibitors 3.2 ......................................... 89 3.2.1 Zinc .............................................. ............ 90 3.2.2 monophosphate .............................................. .. 90 3.2.3 Polyphosphates .............................................. .... 90 4 3.2.4 phosphonic acid and phosphonates .......................... 91 3.2.5 Nitrite .............................................. .............. 92 Molybdate .............................................. 3.2.6 ....... 92 3.2.7 Silicates .............................................. ........ 92 3.2.8 Aromatic azoles .......................................... 93 3.2.9 synergistic effect of inhibitors of ..................... 96 3.3 Biocides ................................................ ............... 97 Oxidized 3.3.1 that (oxidizing) biocides ............ 98 3.3.1.1 Inorganic chlorine and bromine compounds .... 98 Organic chlorine and bromine dispens?rlar? 3.3.1.2 .. 102 3.3.1.3 Ozone .............................................. . 104 3.3.1.4 Hydrogen peroxide ........................... 105 3.3.2 Oxidized not (reducing) the biocides ......... 106 3.3.2.1 ?sothiazoline-one ............................ 106 Quaternary ammonium compounds 3.3.2.2 .. 107 3.3.2.3 Organic bromine compounds .................. 108 3.3.2.4 Glutar-dialdehyde ........................... 110 3.3.2.5 Organic sulfur compounds ................. 111 3.3.2.6 triazines compounds ........................... 110 4 Mechanical Process ............................................... ........... 113 4.1 Support filtering ............................................... .. 113 4.2 Condenser and heat exchanger cleaning pipes system .......... 117

5 6 1. So i cooling systems Removal of heat from industrial processes, or they must be moved frequently, and often economic ebeplerden, water is used as a heat transfer element. Distinction according to the water flow is as follows: - Single-pass cooling - Hungry cycled (multi-pass) and cooling - Closed-circuit cooling Most large cooling systems, power plants, refineries, iron and steel and chemica l industries located. Iron and steel production as well as large amounts of water used to clean proces s gases and the proper conditioning of the water prevents the emergence of probl ems. 7 1.1 Work with the transition to a single cooling so i Shows a decrease in temperature of the cooling efficiency of the processes of th ermal limit to expanding the simplest and most economical method of cooling, if you have sufficient quantities of water supply, the use of fresh water. Surface waters (rivers, canals, lakes, etc.) is drawn into the system, passed th rough heat exchangers, and then dropped back to the source. This water, back, wi thout the possibility of using higher-temperature cooling systems if the overall economy can be ensured. Once-through systems are used for massive amounts of water applied to a real wat er treatment because of cost. In general, treatment with sand filters are restri cted and the chemical used. Therefore, the cooling system corrosion, sediment, m icrobiological Reproduction Problems such as determined according to the characteristics of the water. Figure 1.1 Work with the transition to a single cooling so i i i Orne 8 I cycled Ac 1.2 k (Work with the transition too) so i cooling In the context of chemical conditioning of cooling water, open cycled cooling systems, a very great importance in the process. Cooling by evaporation of water in these systems takes place circulation is carried out recyclable. Principle, briefly be explained as follows:

With the required amount of cooling water circulation pumps the tower and equipment, or heat the pool is drawn gecirtilerek exchangers where they take on the temperature provided. Heat exchangers and heating took place, cool is for. This heated water, cooling tower increase the heat exchangers cooled cooling temperature drop is equivalent to the tower. Heated cooling water A portion of the cooling water in cooling tower takes place by evaporation. Evaporation, bluff, and with terracotta pots and pan s dwindling water, complete with fresh water, and this single-pass systems The biggest difference. Dissolved substances to buharla?mad?klar? Circulation concentrations of water. This increase sooner or later the limits of solubility salts s?n?rland?r?lmazsa a?acaklard?r. To get rid of high salt concentrations the water should be emptied as a part of the continuous or intermittent. This process is called Plug. Salts in cooling water is called the concentration ratio of the number of fresh sudakilere. Salts and suspended solids from cooling water will increase continuously be passed on treatment are necessary to be a fresh water makes. 9 Figure 1.2 Power stations so i then cycled in the cooling system of ac i Job emas i 10 So i 1.2.1 Cooling tower Heated water, cooling tower of the filler on an equal and intensive contact with the cooling air is distributed in two ways with Performs: ? 15-25% of heat from direct contact with cold air,

? The majority of the remaining water in the cooling of a With the amount of evaporation. Cooling tower water entering temperature and the temperature of the water is expressed as the difference between the ?t. The most commonly used in "wet" type cooling towers, natural -wheel-drive and mechanical cooling towers. Air and water According to aspects of the cross-flow or counter-current to flow in separated. Natural-wheel-drive towers of the air from the bottom up the movement of heat in the cooling tower and density differences takes place. Ceki?lilerde mechanical movement of the air with fans provided. Power plants, cooled water surplus, the economic When using cooling towers that lead to high natural-wheel drive than other industries, small and low mechanical-drive cooling towers, if necessary, use a few more than one unit. 11 1.2.2 Ac cooling systems based on the calculations i i i k so To keep the system in the amount of water evaporating water continuously be completed. Along with water to buharla?mad?klar? increase in the concentration of substances in the water forever can not continue because the dissolved salts from a point Video Mode a??lacakt?r boundaries. These concentrations do not go blow-off system for a portion of the water constantly, or ak?t?lmal?d?r out periodically. System parameters used in calculations: V = system volume (m 3) C = the amount of circulation (m 3 / s) M = the amount of fresh water (m 3 / s) B = bluff losses (m 3 / s)

E = evaporation loss (m 3 / s) CoC = number of concentration Fresh water and bluff W M measurable. V kept constant according to: Evaporation is calculated with this formula is E, as practical: CoC number concentration ratio of the fresh water with M bluff B determined or 12 Buharla?mad?klar? salts and water circulation to their The number of concentration, cooling water and fresh water, the salt concentrations are determined according to the. This cooling water CW S S M salt concentration of fresh water, salt concentration equal proportion. Total dissolved solids (TDS) is also used for this measurement chloride, but it is generally preferable. Conductivity, sulfate, total hardness, calcium hardness, carbonate hardness in the use It is possible. However, each of these parameters for all the different margins of error should be considered: ? TDS or Conductivity: involvement of external factors (acid supply, etc.) ? chloride: effect of acid feeding, or chlorination ? sulfate: sulfuric acid feed, or SO 2 / SO 3 's air by "washing" ? hardness: the hardness of substances that the collapse ? m-alkalinity or carbonate hardness: the hardness collapse of matter, acid feed, air, acidic with the effect of gases and acid-producing bacteria redox. Two formulas for calculation of system information can be applied: These two parameters are known, others can be calculated at any time.

13 Summary of formulas are given in Table 1-1. Table 1-1 * This formula is the amount of fresh water, the concentration relationship betw een the number of forged. Hyperbolic as a diagram in Figure 1.3, are shown. 14 Figure 1.3 Concentration of fresh water quantity according to the number i s i i As is clearly seen in this diagram: ? Between 1 and 1.5 CoC CoC enormous water savings, ? CoC can be ignored if over 5 levels. The number alone is already a concentration of less than 2 large fresh water Requirements To, but in terms of corrosion prevention is not desirable. Number 5 is the concentration above are unable to provide significant water savings as well as precipitate increases the costs of treatment. Only the water and large amounts of fresh water is soft and shower TDS'li concentration of less than 5 above, if necessary will have meaning. Cycled hungry cooling systems for business and chemistry Another important parameter of the water and / or the contents of semilife. Water quality, as the number of thermal load or concentration select desired half-life as well as the correct treatment within an There is a special significance. 15 Half-Life, the cooling water at a given time (t 0) is added matter concentration (c 0) the first concentration half (c 0 / 2) is time drops. Calculated using the following formula: Generally, the half-life, a time between 20 to 80 hours zone.

Here is an example of a calculation which includes all the formulas. 16 Calculation Example i i System data V (system volume) = 3500 m 3 C (the amount of circulation) = 10,000 m 3 / s E (evaporation loss) = 150 m 3 / s CoC (number concentration) = 4 c (Akt.) CW (cooling water chemicals concentration) = 25 mg / L t 0 (annual operating time) = 8400 hours Calculated parameters 1 M (fresh water requirement) 2 W (Plug amount) 3 t 1 / 2 (half-life) 4 c (Akt.) M (fresh water, chemical feed rate concentration) Akt 5. / A (chemical-year requirement) Calculations 17 I then closed, and half of 1.3 ac k so i then cooling systems Closed-circuit cooling systems, open cevirimlilerin the contrary, cooled heat exchangers and hot water. The heat exchanger in the hungry air-cooled or cooled with a closed loop circuit. Celikhanelerde the use of closed circuit cooling systems common in the cooling of continuous casting molds. Very cal???lmas?ndan high temperatures or large molds will To avoid crashes due to loss of hardness patterns, with demineralised or softened water used in the closed circuits cooled. Mostly used in the plate heat exchangers

evaporative cooling of a secondary cooling hungry cycled system is carried. See Figure 1.4. Structured as a closed circuit water losses are very low. Eksi?in completion of the demineralised or softened water preferred is. This is very corrosive waters due to their water treatment are the main target is a good corrosion inhibition. Fresh water treatment chemicals, usually because it is free of problems evaporation is not proportional to the amount of feed and cooling concentrations change very little water. In semi-open cooling systems, process, short-term high temperatures less than the amount of heat is reduced to correspond to the achiev ement of applications. From there, the water cooling off the mouth is usually sufficient for a warehouse. The tank necessary to lose heat through radiation in the drop size shall be such as providing time. Substantial losses of water consists of evaporation and will not be fugitives. Closed circuits, such as demineralized or in semi-open cevirimlilerde softened water is used. Semi-open cooling circuit Examples of use of electrical equipment, or by induction hardening process, which is used water immersion cooling can be seen. Unlike closed circuit, oxygen into semi-permanent jobs and koroziteyi constantly hungry cevirimlilerin increases. Induction as well as galvanized sertle?tirmelerinde corrosion must be taken into account. 18 Figure 1.4 Continuous casting mill cooling system so i 19 1.4 systems with others 1.4.1 Steel industry, gas y-i cam systems Converting large quantities of iron ore to steel dust

converter gases emerging. Environmental reasons Because these gases should be washed. This type of wet processing, but most ofte n done with scrubbers. Calcium carbonate and iron oxide precipitates in this circuit, venturi nozzles, exhaust fans, lead to serious problems it opens. Light, porous, hydrated iron oxides are mechanically easily cleaned, even layers of crystalline calcium carbonate adheres to very strict and very difficult to clean. Precipitates venturi nozzles quality becomes degraded due to washing, wet dust sticking to the blades of the fan, reach and balance cause the disorder. This tour is for sediment removal stop their big losses in the factory is operational. Figure 1.5 Converters, venturi gas y-i cam system 20 High pH'larda (pH 10 to 12.5), chemical control of sediment PH levels of iron and steel industry, this common calcium, is mainly available in the form of calcium hydroxide. a) Calcium carbonate with sodium carbonate Cokertme Drawback: the substitution of Ca 2 + ions with Na + ions to conductivity drop significantly for. Continuous formation of NaOH increases the pH. b) phosphoric acid with calcium phosphate Cokertme Drawback: if the resulting calcium phosphate susuzla?t?r?c?dan there are switching to clean a large mechanical power requires. c) Hardness stabilizer feed Drawback: the pH does not change, but the steel production for the low pH required. d) carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate hardness Lowering the fed stabilizatorunun

Gives the best results in practice. 21 1.4.2 Work to Start Business anjorleri Industrial heat exchangers, in a trunk line pipes The "tubular" and enclosed in a frame-mounted plates with a "plate type" are the most common use. See Figure 1.6 and 1.7. Heat exchanger, through a heat transfer surface of a hot liquid the heat transfer fluid flow in a cold stream. So hot flow cooled down, warmed up the cold current is. Transfer surfaces precipitates will occur more or less prevents the exchange of heat and energy losses due to the large financial losses Acarlar. Figure 1.6 Pipe type of e i s i anjoru Job Figure 1.7 Plate-type T i e i s i enjoru Job 22 The difference is then i [? t] and the degree of thermal im also i s i [?] Dry coolers or wherever steam power plants yo?unla?t?r?l?yorsa, cleaning of heat exchangers with a simple temperature measu rement can be controlled. One-on condition, constant steam and cooling water This is because flow. Temperature difference ? T and ? T is commonly used to determine how much Put it in low heat transfer. However, cooling water inlet temperature, temperature difference is seriously affecting be overlooked. ? thermal degree of change, than the heat of the cooling water inlet less affected. Dimensions and is only a value between 0 and 1 There. A value of 1 means that there is an ideal heat transfer. 23 24

Cooling water to the theoretical approach to the problems i 2 SO I ?? m Heating systems, Stone, called the residue of different precipitates occurs. This formation, sedimentation of dissolved salts, the collapse of the suspended substances, microbiological spawn caused by debris or corrosion. Petrify the materials in contact with water, as well as corrosion effects is necessary. This is because water is a corrosive or corrosion constructive bacteria. 25 ? ? formed Ta 2.1 UMU Calcification, have already dissolved in water cooling crystallization or precipitation of substances. The reason for this solubility limit as a result of the increase in concentration and / or temperature may change. 2.1.1 Calcium carbonate Creates a hard calcium carbonate precipitates and the cooling systems, the most common form of calcification. In general, this type of calcification of CO 2 concentration azal?nca reaction of dissolved calcium bicarbonate (Reaction) is due. To better understand the "total hardness" and "carbonic acid" balance the following sections. 26 2.1.1.1 Total hardness In natural waters, the most common Ca 2 + (calcium), Mg 2 + (Magnesium), Na + (sodium) and K + (potassium) cations located. Other alkali, alkaline earth and other metal ions in the found in trace amounts. Water hardness occurs katyonlardan alkaline earth group. Strontium and barium in natural waters Sr 2 + Ba 2 + and other cations

where such levels will not be recognized here for only the Ca 2 + and Mg 2 + 's investigated the effects of water hardness. Importance of the hardness from the past, the alkaline soil hardness ions with fatty acids used in the production of soap used to forming insoluble salts. This reaction, washing and had a negative impact on the quality of textiles. To identify some of the hardness of the water is still valid in different terms were used. Alkaline earth ion concentration wholly-called total hardness. Only Ca 2 + and Mg 2 + If we take into account: Total hardness = c (Ca +2) + c (Mg +2) can say. Total hardness depending on the concentration of various cations hardness of individual separable: Total hardness = calcium hardness + magnesium hardness That hardness components, bicarbonate, carbonate or sulphate, can be found in the form of other salts like chloride and nitrate. Therefore, a further definition, carbonate and carbonate can be done in the form of non-rigidity. Stiffness components, for example, and carbonates of calcium and magnesium bicarbonate, carbonic ?eklindeyse acid salts, carbonate hardness, calcium and mineral acid salts of magnesium ions in the form of assets non-carbonate hardness is expressed as. 27 Calcium and magnesium ions, carbonate and bicarbonate carbonate hardness ions when they are at a rate equal CO 2 reduction, ie, it cokturulebilir heated. In this case, the figure carbonate hardness of the definition is as follows: Therefore, also the temporary hardness carbonate hardness is called. Stay in contrast to non-carbonate hardness Hardness is called i c i because calcium and magnesium ions in this part of the above

As noted in the carbonate hardness cokturulmesinden as they remain dissolved. HCO 3 - And CO 3 2 - ions concentration, calcium and is greater than the equivalent concentration of magnesium ions (For example, a high concentration of NaHCO 3, if any) Total Hardness, carbonate hardness will be equal. Hardness unit [mol / m 3] is. Another official, although not -units are widely used. Changes in the following proportions can be done using: 28 2.1.1.2 Carbonic acid equilibrium position Free and bound, the carbonic acid in natural waters in different are the concentrations. Carbon dioxide, water, first reaction creates carbonic acid. Decomposition of carbonic acid with continuing H 3 O + (simplified as follows H +), HCO 3 - And CO 3 2 creates. Individual reactions are as follows: Theory of mass action is applied to each of these reactions, constant coefficient equation that determines the balance will be achieved. (2) and (3) of Article equations with constant coefficient of heat rising welcomed t his suffering from high temperatures in the right side of the balance equation means. affect the pH balance is obvious, and Figure 2.1 forms carbonic acid, according to the distribution of pH forged. Figure 2.1 Formats of carbonic acid as a pH i l i ba To summarize, with increasing temperature and increasing the pH of carbonic acid

the balance of carbonates (CO 3 2 -) side of the slides was determined. 29 2.1.1.3 m-and p-alkalinity and carbonate hardness calculations ini i Acid capacity of water (K S), a certain amount of water in a designated H + ion is the amount that must be added to reach pH. Same the base capacity (M B) to reach a certain pH OH must be added - represents the amount of ions. Sensitive This analysis identified a two-point, titrasyonlamada correspond to the values ??of the pH buffering capacity of the well drops comes. Natural waters, pH 8.2 and pH = 4.3, these values' tour. Starting two of the following parameters according to the pH of determined: Acid capacity pH = 4.3 up to = N S 4. 3 = m-alkalinity (MO topl.alkalinitesi) The base capacity pH = 4.3 up to = N B 4. 3 =-m-alkalinity (MO topl.asiditesi) Acid capacity pH = 8.2 up = K Q 8. 2 = p-alkalinity (PP topl.alkalinitesi) The base capacity pH = 8.2 up to = N B 4. 3 =-p-alkalinity (PP topl.asiditesi) m-alkalinity and p-methyl orange alkalinity terms indikatorunden (Color change around pH = 4.3) and fenolftalein'den (color change around pH = 8.2) is due. p-m-alkalinity and the alkalinity titration results for using the carbonate hardness in Table 2.1 are calculated according to. 30 Table 2.1, m-and p-alkalinity carbonate hardness calculation i i i Titration result

m-and palkalinite [Mmol / L] Sample anions Carbonate hardness calculation [Mmol / L] [ dH] m = p OH - 0 0 m = 2p CO 3 2 - mx 0,5 mx 2,8 m> 0, p = 0, HCO 3 - 0.5 mx 2.8 mx 2p> m> 0 OH -, CO 3 2 - m - p 2 (mp) x 2.8 m> 2p CO 3 2 -, HCO 3 - Mx 0,5 mx 2,8 m> 0, p <0 HCO 3 -, CO 2 mx 0.5 mx 2.8 Cooling water is blue the most common situations. 2.1.1.4 Calcium carbonate equilibrium position This position is calcification of the water tends to corrosion determines that. Calcium carbonate equilibrium position is known, a water feature, its tendency to corrosion, or stone, whichever possible to determine that. When they dissolve calcium carbonate: United left on the system CaCO 3 Resolution of the coefficient L are as follows: 31 If no one else meets the calcium in the water, this equation dissolve carbonate, nor what it will collapse, ie the water calcium

carbonate has been committed to the pain. If the water is calcium carbonate If the position of equilibrium, or calcium carbonate cozundurmek or will tend to precipitate calcium carbonate. Temperature coefficient of solubility and ionic forces ba??nt?l?d?r L. Calcium due to differences in temperature in the refrigeration system tion of carbonate equilibrium position according to the level of heat change. Water, regional, regions with increased thermal load calcium carbonate precipitation tend to be at a low temperature regions may be the corrosive tendency. Figure 2.2 calcium relationship between temperature coefficient of carbonate Video Mode forged. Figure 2.2 CaCO 3 Resolution correlation coefficient of heat 32 To be free of the water balance of calcium carbonate carbonic acid, calcium, and bicarbonate ion concentrations must have a certain degree. This rate equation with Tillmans determined: Hard K, decomposition of carbonic acid varieties, and CaCO 3 Resolution coefficient relates the equilibrium constants using the following formula: As a result, the first approach, only the constant K depends on temperature seems like the high salinity waters, the water will vary depending on the composition of the. Tillmans is calculated according to the equation of the free carbonic acid Depending on the content referred to as carbonic acid. If the addition of carbon ic acid if any, in excess of the amount due to some aggressive carbonic acid carbonic referred to as acid. Another name linked to the carbonic acid, carbonate ion hardness. In accordance with the following equation; To prevent the separation of sodium bicarbonate, an amount of free or required due to carbonic acid. If a certain amount of this heat-

carbonate is less than the amount necessary to maintain the equilibrium CaCO 3 crashes. This amount is needed to provide stability to the carbonate If you have a more aggressive amount of carbonic acid and water is considered corrosive. To assess the calcification tendency of water or corrosive would need to determine what pH balance. This pH value the saturation pH (pH S), or balance the pH (pH e) is called. 33 Calcium carbonate equilibrium position, corrosive, or stone To see which is the creation of two eyilimlerinden index is used; Langelier Saturation Index (LSI) Ryznar Saturation Index (RSI) Indexes and forms of calculation are given below. 34 <0: aggressive > 0: CaCO 3 crash-prone = 0: the position of the balance of calcium carbonate <6: calcification > 6: corrosive pH pH S = E = (9.3 + f A + f B) - (f C + f D) (f: fakt r) 35 For practical reasons, the cooling water conditioning in the field, Ryznar index is preferred. Ask the expert, but simply with sufficient accuracy the composition of the water in which calcium cokturece?ini carbonate or corrosion should not wait provides anticipate. This concept in determining appropriate cooling-water treatment index is very helpful. On the other hand drinking Langelier index

water is used to determine the behavior. These indices are indicative only, the water corrosive If you do not tend to do on calcium carbonate precipitation must emphasize that they are expressed, and an appropriate additional cooling system is important to determine treatment parameters should also be considered: - maximum heat - flow velocities - half-life - type heat exchangers - production materials - the concentration of suspended solids - microbiological yuk - organic pollution - concentration of chloride ions, such as aggressive Calcium carbonate is a careful balance of these parameters with the position appropriate assessment as a result of cooling water conditioning can be decided on. In addition, the decision about the appropriate cooling water conditioning , while the chemical and technical factors, as well as economic and environmental factors also play an important role. 36 I check the availability of calcium carbonate, the collapse of 2.1.1.5 i a) Acid feed, hydrochloric or sulfuric acid Drawbacks: the increasing concentration of chloride or sulphate koroziviteyi also increases. b) lime softening (fresh water treatment) Carbonate hardness and carbonic acid according to the following equations removed: c) Strong (acid) with the cation resin softening

Cations hydrogen ions takes place. Therefore mineral water There are acids. CO 2 with a degasser at uzakla?t?r?l?rken dekarbonizasyona causes. Makers Hardness (Ca 2 + and Mg 2 +) It is possible the elimination of sodium recinlerle cycle. d) Hardness stabilizers to keep in balance with the carbonate hardness Cooling water to prevent precipitation of calcium carbonate basic i?levlerindendir ?artland?rmas?n?n. Therefore, the hardness stabilizers, and discussed their operation to a different department taken. 37 2.1.2 Calcium phosphate Thermal cooling system is heavily loaded areas Video Mode is not the limit, only calcium carbonate, calcium fosfat'?nki the Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 (apatite) can be overcome. Phosphate of lime sediments is very difficult to clean, fresh water high concentrations of phosphate (PO 4 3 -) or phosphate-containing the water treatment chemicals are used, the phosphate equilibrium position should be monitored very closely. Maximum PO 4 in water 3 - and Ca 2 + concentrations of Ca 3 (PO 4) 2 Video Mode is limited to the coefficient. According to the law of mass effect: Calcium phosphate solubility varies with pH and with falling pH increases. pH and calcium-phosphate balance point, calcium hardness, orthophosphate concentration, and linked with the heat. Unwanted To prevent failures, balance the pH, pH e be exceeded. This expression, according to the product or change the half-life show can. Calcium phosphate precipitation of calculation of the water tends to

determined by the use of methods. Applying products containing phosphate, calcium phosphate precipitation is case, analysis of the concentration of Ca 2 +, and orthophosphate and reach the highest temperature should be taken into consideration. In practice, this means: Ca 2 + and PO 4 on a regular basis 3 + analyzing T-max control of heat exchangers pH correction is necessary, with acid feed 38