Session 1

Session Name:Alkalinity Author Name:Dr. Purnima Chauhan Department:Engg. Chemistry Subject/Course: Water Analysis Cell Number:< 9926047873>

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Session Objectives
At the end of this session, the learner will be able to: Define the alkalinity. Identify the different alkalinity. Find out present alkalinity in a given water sample.

Teaching Learning Material

White Board and Markers LCD,Projector Totration tools Water sample

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Session Plan
Time (in min) Content Learning Aid and Methodology Faculty Approach Facilitates explain Typical Student Activity Learning Outcomes (Blooms + Gardeners)

15

Introduction to Alkalinity

Question and answers Brainstorming

Listens

understanding

Facilitates Participate discusses

05

Types of Alkalinity

Identify and Interpersonal Visual-spatial linguistic Analyzing Interpersonal

10

Alkalinity Measured by acid base titration

Titration method

Demonstration Visual aids

Follow demonstration

15

Mixed alkalinity

Numerical solving

Conduct question explain

Listen Participates analyzes Discuss Recalls listens

Analyzing Interpersonal Visual logical understanding Analyzing Interpersonal Remembering Interpersonal Visual-spatial linguistic

05

Advantage of finding out the alkalinity

Group discussion

Organize monitors

10

Conclusion and summery

Innovative conclusion

Observe the innovation

Recall old and new innovation

Session Inputs
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Introduction to Alkalinity & Types of Alkalinity

All the chemicals that increase the concentration of negative ions on hydrolysis or ionisation causes the alkalinity in the water. Out of all the negative ions that cause alkanity, there are three ions that are most important- OH-, CO32-, HCO3-. We can measure the alkalinity by the volume of acid with the help of acid base titration.

Suggested Activity:

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The activity can be carried out by asking the learners question such as: 1. 2. 3. 4. What type of impurities is present in water? Can you see some type of impurities in water? What do you mean by parameters of water analysis? How can we remove the impurities in water?

The learners are expected to come up with answers such as: 1. There are so many impurities present in water such as suspended colloidal, organic, inorganic, biological and chemical impurities present in water. 2. Yes we can see the colloidal impurities in the water. 3. Alkalinity is a type of impurities present in water. 4. We can remove the alkalinity by addition of acid.

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Types of alkalinity:

There are two types of alkalinity

(3)

Caustic alkalinity

(4)

Biocarbonate alkalinity

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Bicarbonate Alkalinity (HCO3) When this exists alone, it exists on the pH scale only below 8.3. Since almost all natural waters have a pH between 6.5 and 7.5, all alkalinity in these

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natural waters will exist as bicarbonates. Bicarbonate Alkalinity + Carbonate Alkalinity (HCO3 + CO32) These alkalinities can exist together only on the pH scale between pH 8.3 and 9.4. Carbonate Alkalinity (CO32) Carbonate alkalinity can exist alone above a pH of 8.3 or in combination alkalinity in the pH range of 8.3 to 9.4. It can also exist in combination with hydroxide alkalinity (OH) above a pH of 9.4 Caustic Alkalinity (NaOH) Caustic alkalinity can exist only at a pH above 9.4. Calcium carbonate is least soluble at pH 9.4. At this pH, its solubility is 13 ppm as CaCO3. Magnesium hydroxide is least soluble at pH 10.6. At this pH, the solubility is 10.2 ppm as CaCO3.

Suggested Activity: brainstorming

We can conduct the brainstorming activity by passing the question What Causes High Alkalinity in Water?

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Causes of Alkalinity

Alkalinity in a solution means the solution is capable of buffering acidic solutions with higher concentrations of hydrogen ions. Alkalinity in water comes from a high concentration of carbon-based mineral molecules suspended in the solution. Water with high alkalinity is said to be "hard." The most prevalent mineral compound causing alkalinity is calcium carbonate, which can come from rocks such as limestone or can be leached from dolomite and calcite in the soil. Water treatment plants can be treated to a higher alkalinity.

Alkalinity measured by titration: titration is a volumetric analysis. If we want to find out the alkalinity in water sample then we perform the acid-base titration.

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Suggest activity: chart demonstration of titration

The process of titration is used to calculate the concentration of a solution by neutralising it and doing some maths (all explained below).

The Process: in the text book.

Calculating Concentrations

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Mixed alkalinity
Mixed Alkalinity : after we calculate the total alkalinity we have to find out the type of alkalinity or extent of alkalinity on the basis of result of titration, it is know as mixed alkalinity.

Result of titration.
Result ofOH alkalinityCO3 alkalinityHCO3 alkalinity Titration as CaCO3 as CaCO3 as CaCO3 PA = 0 0 0 TA PA < 1/2TA 0 2PA TA - 2PA PA = 1/2TA 0 2PA 0 PA > 1/2TA 2PA - TA 2(TA - PA) 0 PA = TA TA 0 0

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Suggest activity: numerical problem solving Some numerical problems given to students and the student solving the problem by the calculation.

The question:
10.0 cm3 of a solution of potassium hydroxide was titrated with a 0.10 M[1] solution of hydrochloric acid. 13.5 cm3 of the acid was required for neutralization. Calculate the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution.

conclusion
We can conclude the session by revising the key concepts discussed during the session through a question and answer activity. Suggested Activity: question and answer 1. 2. 3. 4. What do you mean by alkalinity? How can we remove the alkalinity in water? What are the types of alkalinity? How we can find out the alkalinity?

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Summary
In this session, we learnt to:

In this session , we learn to: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Define alkalinity. Identify the mixed alkalinity. Discuss the drawback of alkalinity. Titration method of alkalinity. Distinguish between different kind of alkalinity. Calculation of numerical problem.

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Assignment
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.

Define alkalinity and types of alkalinity? How can we Identify the mixed alkalinity. Discuss the drawback of alkalinity. explain Titration method of alkalinity. Distinguish between different kind of alkalinity.

20.0 cm3 of a solution of potassium hydroxide was titrated with a 0.20 M[1] solution of hydrochloric acid. 15.5 cm3 of the acid was required for neutralization. Calculate the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution.

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References

Engineering chemistry by N.D. Bhatt. Engineering chemistry by sashi chavla.

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Session 2
Session Name: polymers Author Name: Dr. purnima chauhan Department: Egg. Chemistry Subject/Course: polymerization Cell Number:< 9926047873>

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Session Objectives
At the end of this session, the learner will be able to: Define the polymers. Different type of polymers. Mechanism of polymerization.

Teaching Learning Material

White Board and Markers LCD, Projector Charts of polymers

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Session Plan
Time (in min) Content Learning Aid and Methodology Faculty Approach Facilitates explain Typical Student Activity Learning Outcomes (Blooms + Gardeners)

15

Introduction to polymers

Question and answers Brainstorming

Listens

understanding

Facilitates Participate discusses

05

Types of Polymers

Identify and Interpersonal Visual-spatial linguistic Analyzing Interpersonal

board 10 Polymerization

explain listen

15

Free radical Polymerization

OHP projector

Conduct question explain

Listen Participates analyzes Discuss Recalls listens

Analyzing Interpersonal Visual logical understanding Analyzing Interpersonal Remembering Interpersonal Visual-spatial linguistic

05

Applications of Polymers

Group discussion

Organize monitors

10

Conclusion and Summery

Innovative conclusion

Observe the innovation

Recall old and new innovation

Session Inputs
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Introduction to Polymers

Concept of Polymers: Polymer is made by two words poly + mers, poly means many and mers means units.
A polymer is a large macromolecule of high to very high molecular weight which consists of many repeating units called monomers which are covalent bond to one another. In many cases, monomers are linked together in a row, like links in a chain. However branching and cross-linking between chains does occur. Monomers can even be bonded together in a two- or three-dimensional polymer network. Example:

Polymerization of many styrene monomer molecules into a polymer called polystyrene. The squiggly lines indicate that the polymer molecule extends on both sides, but that is not shown here.

Suggested Activity: question and

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answers The activity can be carried out by asking the learners question such as: 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What is monomers? Can you see some type of polymerization? You know about some natural polymers. What do you mean by addition polymerization? What do you mean by chain reaction?

The learners are expected to come up with answers such as: 5. There are so many polymers present in nature such as natural rubber, fibers and elastomeric. 6. Yes we can see the chlorination. 7. In chain reaction so many monomers combine to each other and form polymers. 8. In addition polymers there is no any condensation.

Types of polymerisation: There are two types of polymerisation: 1. Addition polymerisation: 2. condensation polymerisation:
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(1)

Addition polymerization- An addition polymer is a

polymer which is formed by an addition reaction, where many monomers bond together via rearrangement of bonds without the loss of any atom or molecule.
(2) condensation polymerization:

are any kind of polymers formed through a condensation reaction, releasing small molecules as by-products such as water or methanol, as opposed to addition polymers which involve the reaction of unsaturated monomers. Types of condensation polymers include polyamides, polyacetals and polyesters
Suggested Activity: question and answers We can conduct the brainstorming activity by passing the question as: 10. What do you understand by addition word? 11. Can you see some type of addition activity? 12. What do you mean by addition polymerization? 13. What do you mean by word condensation?

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Free radical polymerization

One of the most common and useful reaction for making polymers is free radical polymerization. It is used to make polymers from vinyl monomers, that is, from small molecules containing carbon-carbon double bonds. Polymers made by free radical polymerization include polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl acetate) and branched polyethylene. But enough introduction. What is this reaction, and how does it work? 1 first the active centers are active. 2 then the active center attached to the monomers. 3 monomers forms to polymers. 4 and at last active center will be removed.

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Application of polymers:
Agriculture and Agribusiness

Polymeric materials are used in and on soil to improve aeration, provide mulch, and promote plant growth and health. Medicine

Many biomaterials, especially heart valve replacements and blood vessels, are made of polymers like Dacron, Teflon and polyurethane. Consumer Science

Plastic containers of all shapes and sizes are light weight and economically less expensive than the more traditional containers. Clothing, floor coverings, garbage disposal bags, and packaging are other polymer applications. Industry

Automobile parts, windshields for fighter planes, pipes, tanks, packing materials, insulation, wood substitutes, adhesives, matrix for composites, and elastomers are all polymer applications used in the industrial market.

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Sports

Playground equipment, various balls, golf clubs, swimming pools, and protective helmets are often produced from polymers.

Suggested Activity: group discussion This group discussion can be carried out by dividing the class into three groups ; first group for free radical, second cation and third anion The learners can be asked to bring out the different points related to each Type of polymers. The facilitator can support the discussion by providing guidance whenever necessary. Each group can present summary of their discussion.

Conclusion:
We can conclude the session by revising the key concepts discussed during the session through a question and answer activity. Suggested Activity: question and answer

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1. 2. 2. 4.

What is monomers? Listed the examples of polymer related to daily life ? Explain some example of addition polymerization? Explain some example of condensation polymerization

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Summary
In this session, we learnt to:

In this session , we learn to: 1. Define polymers. 2. Identify the types of polymers. 3. Discuss the applications of polymers. 4. Distinguish between thermoplastic and thermosettings. 5. Mechanism of polymerization.

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Assignment
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. What is monomers? Can you know some type of polymerization? What do you mean by addition polymerization? What do you mean by chain reaction? Difference between thermoplastic & thermosettings? All the polymers are plastics? Explain mechanism of polymers?

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References
Engineering chemistry- jain & jain http;//www.polymers.com.

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