Foundation of Analysis Practice Problems

Problem 1. The Fibonacci numbers 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, . . . are dened by the recursion formula xn+1 = xn + xn1 , withn x1 = x2 = 1. n Prove that (xn , xn+1 ) = 1 and that xn = (a b ) , where a and b are the roots (ab) of the quadratic equation x2 x 1 = 0. Problem 2. Let A and B be two sets of positive numbers bounded above, and let a = sup A. b = sup B. Let C be the set of all products of the form xy, where x A and y B. Prove that ab = sup C. Problem 3. A real number is called algebraic if it is a root of an algebraic equation f (x) = 0, where f (x) = a0 + a1 x + + an xn is a polynomial with integer coecients. Prove that the set of all polynomials with integer coecients is countable and deduce that the set of algebraic numbers is also countable. Problem 4. Let f be a real-valued function dened for every x in the interval 0 x 1. Suppose there is a positive number M having the following property: for every choice of a nite number of points x1 , x2 , . . . , xn in the interval 0 x 1, the sum |f (x1 ) + f (x2 ) + + f (xn )| M. Let S be the set of those x in 0 x 1 for which f (x) =0. Prove that S is countable. Problem 5. Let X be a set. For x, y X, dene d(x, y) = 1 if x =y and d(x, y) = 0 if x = y. Verify that d denes a metric on X. Problem 6. The union of a nite number of compact subsets of M is compact. Problem 7. Prove that in a compact metric space (S, d), every sequence in S has a subsequence which converges in S. This property also implies that S is compact but you are not required to prove this. Problem 8. Suppose that E X, E is compact and f : X Y is continuous. Show that f (E) = f (E).

Problem 9. Given a function f dened and having a nite derivative in (a, b) and such that limxb f (x) = +. Prove that limxb f (x) either fails to exist or is innite. Problem 10. Assume f has a nite derivative in (a, b) and is continuous on [a, b], with f (x) [a, b] x [a, b] and |f (x)| < 1 x(a, b). Prove f has a unique xed point in [a, b]. Problem 11. Show that a polynomial f is of bounded variation on every compact interval [a, b]. Describe a method for nding the total variation of f on [a, b] if the zeros of the derivative f are known. Problem 12. If f and g are absolutely continuose on [a, b], prove that each of the following is also: |f |, cf ( c constant), f + g, f g; also f if g is g bounded away from zero. Problem 13. Assume f R() on [a, b], where is of bounded variation on [a, b]. Let V (x) denote the total variation of on [a, x] for each x (a, b], b b and let V (a) = 0. Show that a f d a |f | dV MV (b), where M is an upper bound for |f | on [a, b]. Problem 14. Let f = (f1 , . . . , fn ) be a vector-valued function with a continuous derivative f on [a, b]. Prove that the curve described by f has length b f (a, b) = a f dt. Problem 15. The statement that the sequence of numbers x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . , is convergent means that if >0, then there is a natural number n such that if m is a natural number then |xm+n xn | < . (i) Prove that if a sequence of numbers x1 , x2 , x3 , . . . has a sequential limit point then that sequence is convergent. (ii) If (xn ) and (yn ) are convergent sequences with xn x and yn y, such that xn yn n, then x y. Problem 16. Suppose f (x)= limn fn (x), where the convergence is uniform on [a, b]. Suppose also that the derivatives fn (x) are ccontinuous and converge uniformly on [a, b]. Then f (x) is dierentiable, and f (x) = limn fn (x). 2

Problem 17. Prove that the outer measure of an interval is its length. Problem 18. Prove that if f is measurable and f=g a.e., then g is measurable. Problem 19. Show that if X and Y are measurable, then m(X Y ) + m(X Y ) = m(X ) + m(Y ). Problem 20. Prove that the collection of all measurable sets in R is a -algebra.