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aZmf*sD
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q&maZmf*sD ESpf 100 jynfh txdr;f trSwt

f jzpf jyefvnf xkwaf 0onf/

rmwdum

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(1)r,fhvrf;ygvm;
(2)r,fhvrf;ygwJh
(3)b,f&Gmqdyfurf;
(4)rSef;zdk@vdkyJ
(5)wufcsdefESifh uscsdef
(6)&JcJhonfygh
(7)aw;pHkeJ@yJ
(8)arsmvsufomyJ
(9)pkefqef&w&m;
(10)yef;yefvsufyJ
(11)awG;rdygp
(12)pdkif;OD;rSmvm;
(13)qdkifcif;vsufyJ
(14)acsmif;&J@tvS
(15)ol@vrf;pOf
(16)acsmif;vSzdk@udk
(17)aA'gESifhusLyif
(18)yGifhzl;wHcsD
(19)acsmif;wcGif
(20)wif;&yHkyJ
(21)vSvdkufrSmyJ
(22)'Dw&m;
(23)wdk;xGufEdkifrS
(24)r,fhjzpfenf;
(25)pkefwcg qefwvSnfh
(26)acsmif;uaxGaxG
(27)rif;vdkufvmprf;
(28)yef;0ifEdkifyg&J@
(29)}uHzef&
(30)yef;cJhonfyJ
(31)rif;ygrSyJ
(32)yef;odyg&J@
(33)rifhapem
(34)r,fhoabm
(35)aA'gciftod
(36)r,fhtdrfyJ
(37)vrf;&dk;yguJG@
(38)'Da&orD;
(39)oDygjrnfyg
(40)acsmif;rtod
(41)wvSnfhpD pkefqef+rJ
(42)twKy`wdWtusOf;

K M Htike

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r,fhvrf;ygvm;

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yef;eDvm aA'g qifovd@k

,OfvSw,fav;/
pkecf snf qefcsnef @J
'Dacsmif;a& aA'gvrf;rSm
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k csi;f usL&d;k &Si/f
raA'g jymvJv
h ef;/ urf; uyfr,f jyif/
pHy,fvS yGijhf zLpif/ urf;cGiu
f i,fu|r;f /
ol@vyd jf ym +cHt&He@J
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awG@csiw
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at;csKdvSw,f/

vdyjf ymu 0wf&nfo,f/ pHy,fu rtm;/

yGifhzl;wa0a0eJ@
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ysK@d vufrmS r,faA'gu
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=unfch siw
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k csi;f usL&d;k &Sif
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f kd yef;cdik q
f u
kd af tmif/
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K M Htike

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'Dacsmif;rSm &$i/f aA'gcif jymvJ/h

pHy,fukd ,d;k r,fz@GJ / urf;uyfcsicf /hJ

'Dacsmif;rSm &$i/f aA'gcifjymvJ/h

ysKrd ,fukd ,d;k r,fz@GJ / urf;uyfcsicf /hJ

'Dacsmif;rSm&$i/f aA'gcifjymvJ/h
apwDi,f ,d;k r,fz@GJ / urf;uyfcsicf /hJ

vif;,OfE@GJ wcscD s/D

usL&d;k &Sif ol@pum;/ em;usc+hJ yD/
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acsi;f jyifrmS pDwef;vd@k

aA'gyef; a&=uifaqG/ arsmvd@k omae/
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f rf;/
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rSef;zdk@vdkyJ
raA'g/ b,f&mG b,fpcef;eJ@
b,furf;ajc b,fa&qdyrf mS rS/ aetdyv
f @kd y/J
'Dwufv#ifaysmf
aA'garmf a&ausmq
f u
kd af tmif
qefvdkufonfyJ/
raA'g/ b,f&mG b,fpef;eJ@
b,furf;ajc b,fa&qdyrf mS rS aetdyv
f @kd y/J
'Dusv#if &$if
aA'gcif yifv,fqu
kd af tmif
pkefvdkufonfyJ/
bkwrf u tD/ yDyu
D oHrpJ/
raA'g pkeq
f efvrf;udk rSe;f zd@k vykd ?J

&efukefwuUodkvf ESpfvnfpmapmif(1957-1959)

wufcsdefESifh uscsdef

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AsKid ;f nDaemif/ tawmifu jzLazG;/

urf;pyfudk=uOf
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urf;pyfrmS idik f
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usL&Hrk mS olvcH_ jyefayhg/ 'Dus+yDav;/
'Duscsed w
f ef/ pkejf yefaygh aA'gyef;/
usL&d;k &Sif usLyif&u
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K M Htike

&JcJhonfygh

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jrpfwef;rSmwJh av=urf;qif/
xefvu
kd af v avrkew
f ikd ;f
vd_if;uabmifbif/
wv_id ;f xGuf wv_id ;f 0if/ aA'gcif jzpfe/J
a&v_id ;f AvayGe@J
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f ikd ;f av a&w&d;k rSm/ pd;k &G@H rmS yJ/

jrpf&;kd rSmwJh rk;d oufqif/

v#y}f uKd;ysH rd;k oHxpf/ rd;k ppfb&k if/
rd;k npfv@kd jrpfrjrif/ aA'gcif jzpfe/J
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aw;pHkeJ@yJ

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usL&d;k &Sif yDyED @GJ / vGr;f r,fb@GJ aw;/

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h aH w;/
aw;rsK;d &,fp/kH ukeEf ikd yf gavyJ/
raA'g pkeq
f ef+rJ/ aw;pHek @J y?J ?

K M Htike

arsmvsufomyJ
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avjyif;i,f ayG/ avajyv#if vnf;/

acsmif;us,f b,frjiif;
acsmif;usOf;v#ifvnf;/
aeylwek ;f cg/ rd;k &Gmv#iv
f nf;/
vomom ysKt
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k v
f #if vnf;/
tazmfi,fp/kH azmfrpHv
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yGizhf ;l iHk tukev
f ef;/ EGr;f e,fvsuf vnf;/
pkejf yef& tzefzef/ qefjyef& wvJv/J
raA'g 'Da&a=umrSm/ arsmvsuo
f myJ? ?

pkefqef& w&m;

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yef;ygbd aA'gaqG/
usL&d;k &Sif yDyu
D av;/ aw;oHu a0/
pkeq
f ef& wayay/ 'Da&e,f waus;/
'Dacsmif;a& aA'gvrf;/ yef;zG,w
f ahJ v;/
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k csi;f usL&d;k &Si/f
aeomrSm &Gm&[ef;/ qGr;f cHu0if/
xef;wzsm; aeudjk rif/ &Gmjyifu wHwm;/
qGr;f cHjyef &Gmud&k mS ;/ ae@wikd ;f ygvm;/
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k csi;f usL&d;k &Si/f
[if;&Gupf kH ESpyf x
kH yf/ avmif;pyfrmS wif/
aps;orm; r,m;vif
w&Gm0if w&GmoGm;/
tdrt
f jyef ykZeG if g;/ ae@wikd ;f ygvm;/
'Dwufawmh olxufoef/
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f ef;/ wef;pDv@kd jyef/
tvJvJ tzefzef/ pkeq
f ef&w&m;/
aA'gaqG 'Da&oGm;/ jrifxm;vd@k vm;? ?

K M Htike

yef;yefvsufyJ

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nKdjymjym vwmjyifh ajc&if;/

v_id ;f wuf& aA'gwuf/ v_id ;f ouf&m qif;/
qif;&vnf; roufom/
tke;f vufau a&aygavm/ arsmpkev
f @kd vm/
tqif;eJ@tvm/ aA'grS taxG;/
tke;f vufau ol@eaH b;/ aqmifch &hJ ao;/

aqmifch v
hJ nf; roufom
aemufwcsD 'DwvH;k u/ zH;k vdu
k jf yefyg/
ryfavaygh ay:rvm/ raA'g tvS/
wvHumG v_id ;f tu/ ay:vdu
k jf yef&/
ay:jyefvnf; roufom/
acsmif;tqG,f ajrmif;i,fxu
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bJxGufvdk@vm/

bJtyk u
f w&m ESp&f m
aA'gu wyifx(J wnf;)/
t,uftuefcHvdk@
aA'gysH tHuckd /J yef;yefvsuyf ?J

wuUodkvf tdk;a0r*~Zif; (1960)

awG;rdygp
aA'gwhJ aA'g
'Dacsmif;rSm trnfar$;/ at;+idro
hf m,m/

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ar$;or# jyefw&m/ cHp&m ta&;

twdu
k cf EH ikd rf /S tar$@cEH ikd rf S
xd;k ig;udik f 'Dqikd 0f w
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a&$b&J ef pkeq
f efvrf;rSm
&rf;wwfw,fav;/

ar$;rSvnf; r[kwyf g/
&d;k oH&I
S f yJw
h ifxyf/ acsmif;&yf{&m
pkeq
f ef& vrf;wumrSm/ vrf;rom &Sm=u/
wpdkufpdkufu,feJ@
twdu
k u
f kd t}uKdawG@ygv@kd
tar$@'%f cHaeus/ awG;rdygp?
?
wuUodkvf tdk;a0r*~Zif;(1960)

K M Htike

pdkif;OD;rSmvm;

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yifv,f0qDu/ 'Dwufp v_id ;f abmifbif/

raA'g w[kex
f ;kd / acsmif;&d;k ud0k if
rd;k rjrif avrjrif/ yef;qefcsiaf vwdik ;f /
a&xOD;ayrkd@
pdwu
f ;l ,Of ,Ofavwdik ;f / yef;xif&mpdik ;f /
txufacsmif;usawmh/
'Danmif;p acsmif;a&om
raA'g ud,
k &f edS o
f wf/ vSr;f wwfEikd yf g/
pdik ;f cJw
h hJ c&D;wmrSm/ omempHyk ckH /hJ
a&oifjzL;ayrkd@
yGizhf ;l pHk iHw
k eH @J / yef;rl,mEJ@G /

yef;tvS raA'g wJh

usL&d;k &Sif yDyu
D av;/ aw;oHuom/
yifv,f0qDu
'Da&us cGe;f pvm/ vGr;f p&mygwum;/
rd;k rjrif avrjrife@J
xDrxif pkecf siw
f ikd ;f / pdik ;f OD;rSmvm;? ?
wuUodkvf tdk;a0r*~Zif; (1960)

qdkifcif;vsufyJ

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tnmavS
tnmajr ukeaf &mif;zd@k / 'Dacsmif;rSm em;/
xef;vsufcJ&,feJ@
yJrsK;d pHk }uHKavcdu
k /f 0,fvu
kd yf gvm; wJ/h
wHigavS
wHigajr ukeaf &mif;zd@k / 'Dacsmif;rSmem;/
ykpGefusm;&,feJ@
ig;rsK;d pHk }uHKavcdu
k /f 0,fvu
kd yf gvm;wJ/h

urf;pyfrSmajrSmif
td;k azmifuek af &mif;zd@k / 'Dacsmif;rSmem;/
&m0iftdk;&,feJ@
td;k rsK;d pHk uHavcdu
k /f 0,fvu
kd yf gvm; wJ/h
urf;pyfrSmajrSmif
ig;azgif ukeaf &mif;zd@k / 'Dacsmif;rSmem;/
c,if;ig;&,feJ@
ig;rsK;d pHk }uHKavcdu
k /f 0,fvu
kd yf gvm; wJ/h
'Dvrf;u yef;aA'g
qefa& pkeaf &eJ@
xHak yay olrem;/ oGm;&cgcg.
ygygp a&mif;p&m/ yg&mS bl; olw@kd enf;/

K M Htike

tjymrSm t0guu
G u
f ,fe@J
twufrmS ol&i$ yf sayr,fh
usvnf;av olrjiif;&Smbk
'Dacsmif;a& aumufupif;rSm
qdkifcif;vsufyJ? ?

acsmif;&J@tvS

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usL&d;k &Sif raewwfv@kd

a&pyfuw
kd hJ qif;vd@k vm/
raA'g pkeq
f efarsm/ armwJah e&m/
usL&d;k &Sihf 0goem/ uAsmEJ@G csKad w;/
qefrukef pkerf cef;rSm/ yef;&Smvdrahf v; wJ/h
tdt
k csi;f rif;yDy/D
a&jynfrh mS aA'gyef;/ urf;eJ@tnD
qefvu
kd &f pD&&D/ wcscD sD wuu/
wufa&rSm jrifaeus/ acsmif;&J@tvS/
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k csi;f yDyiD ,f/
a&usrmS aA'gyef;/ urf;&yfukd z,f/
0J,mrSm vwmus,/f tv,frmS aA'gr/
oufa&rSm jrifaeus/ acsmif;&J@tvS/
wufa&eJ@ oufa&e,f/
qefrukef pkerf qH;k / vH;k ywfcsmvnf/
aA'gr c&D;onf/ yef;&Smr,fq&kd vnf;/
'Dacsmif;rSm tvSzmG ;/ yGm;cJ+h yDy?J
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ol@vrf;pOf

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urf;pyfukd rif
vrkyif tajc}uD;eJ@/ toD;awG+zKd;/
urf;ajcudk 'Da&wd;k / +yKdvrJ mS pd;k /
urf;pyfukd rif
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J / cJ&G rSmpd;k /

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vwmjyif ig;ysv
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'Dwufv#if vwmEke;f / 'Dz;Hk rSmpk;d /
pd;k ygbk ol@r&l m/
acsmif;wcGif yifv,f0u yef;vSaA'g/
qefwufcsed rf mS / qefvmEdik yf gb/d
pkeq
f if;csed rf mS / pkev
f mEdik yf gb/d
ol@vrf;pOf oljrif&?J olpw
GJ wfb?d
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K M Htike

acsmif;vSzdk@udk

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'Dacsmif;rSmom/ =umygaygv
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bkwrf u csKcd sicf sKd
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tke;f nDaemif apmif;csiaf pmif;
acsmif; aumufcsiaf umuf/
ol@vrf;eJ@ ol@tjrif
acsmif;'Da& aeor#/ acsmif;vSz@kd yif/
acsmif;zsm;u xufwcGif
yifv,fu atmufwv$m;/
pkefcsnfqefcsnfeJ@
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usL&d;k armif a&$ao#mifapmif;iJh
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acsmif;us,u
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raA'g/ qefvmaygh twif;/

Eke;f ESpf vwmjyifu
anmifnKdyif jrpfyg;ysO;f / yke;f &jyef&if;/
aA'gaqG/ pkeaf &eJ@ jyefqif;/
Eke;f ESpf vwmjyifu
anmifnKdyif jrpfyg;ysO;f / acgi;f az:vdu
k &f if;/
usLyif&;kd rSmawmh/ ,dr;f xd;k & wcgcg
raA'g pkeq
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kd &f b,fe@J nm/ &d;k wHnmS &$upf rd ;f /
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K M Htike

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f ,fe@J
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raA'g yifv,fatmufu
acsmif;aygufudk0if/
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aA'gaqG 'Da&xJrmS / &JaypGwum;/

a&qdyrf mS wJh nHppD /D

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c&kywf 0Ji,fi,f/
aA'gaqG 'Da&auG@rmS / ajy;awG@&w,f/
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raA'g ywfcsmvSn?hf vJx
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avmifpyfu cyfwufjyif/
a&qefrmS pkerf qdik ;f / v_id ;f ,ufyef;qif/
avSO;D u bFv;l 0if/ vsiEf ikd rf S vGw+f rJ/
aA'gysH avSe,
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acsmif;zsm;u ig; ig;ys/H
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k cf jhJ yef/
aA'gu azmifomef/ ig;ysu
H azmifp;D /
jym0ga&mif b,frnSK;d / yd;k cJrh nnf;/
wufa&rSmqef/ usjyefawmh pkeq
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aA'g&D 'Da&a=umrSm/ arsmwwfavjcif;?

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w&Gmudak usm/f wac:avmufpcef;/

raA'g qefwahJ csmif;/ ausmif;eJ@ewfvrf;/
ewfvrf;udak usm/f wac:avmufpcef;
raA'g ,mbufab;/ wJav;tdrw
f ef;/
av;tdru
f akd usm/f wac:avmufpcef;
raA'g r,fv
h uf0/J u|pJ m;usuw
f ef;/

pm;usuu
f akd usm/f wac:avmufpcef;/
raA'g 0J,mvdu
k /f awmAsKu
d jf zLwef;/
AsKu
d af wmudak usm/f wac:avmufpcef;
raA'g ywfcsm0dik ;f / udik ;f jruf&n
S w
f ef;/
a&mufjyefv#iaf ysm/f ausmjf yefawmh olvrG ;f /
a&mufwikd ;f waysmaf ysmef @J
ausmw
f ikd ;f om ol@rmS vGr;f
acsmif; aA'gvrf;? ?

K M Htike

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zl;wHu nKdww
dk /kd
pkeaf & qefa&eJ@
aA'gaqG a&tvS/ acsmif;rwcd/k
aiefe@J a&csKd/ O'[dkrpJ/
ae@ra&Smif nrtm;/ em;&&SmyJ/

em;csiv
f @kd cgw&H
raA'g &Gmol@yef;ayrd@k / urf;uyfr,f}h uH/
tpkerf mS uyf&jyef/ tqefrmS cGm&+rJ/
tqefrmS uyfv#iv
f nf; pkeq
f if;awmhc/GJ

uyfjyef& 0rf;rom/ cGmjyefawmh 0rf;renf;/

raA'g pkeq
f ef&if;/ wif;&yHyk ?J
?
&efukefwuUodkvf ESpfvnfr*~Zif;(1959-60)

vSvdkufrSmyJ
bkwrf u tD/ 'Da&usaw;/
raA'g r,f'h &Hk if;/ qif;csed rf @kd av;/

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qif;r,fah vmh raA'g wJ/h

usL&d;k &Sif yDyu
D av;/ aw;oHuom/
a&xOD;qDu
tzl;eJ@ tiH[
k m/ yGiyhf gaygch rk sm;/
yGijhf ymrSm 0gv0hJ if;rS qif;&r,fvm;/
tdt
k csi;f usL&d;k &Si/f
pkecf snf qefcsnef @J
wjyefpD 'Dw&m;/ =um;ygp&Si/f
wufcsed u
f s wufcv
hJ #i/f qif;csed w
f iG f raES;/
'Dacsmif;ae aA'grsK;d rSm/ &d;k vSjyDav;/
tdt
k csi;f usL&d;k &Si/f
yGijhf ymrSm 0gv0hJ if;rS/ qif;jyvdu
k cf si/f
tyGifhum;&,feJ@
acsmif;zsm;rSm vSa&$pif
acsmif;a&,Of vSyv
k /J
acsm;f 0rSm jrwcJ/ vSvu
kd rf mS yJ?
?
&efukefwuUodkvf aq;ody`Hr*~Zif;/ 1960

K M Htike

'Dw&m;

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rwuf&v#iaf wmh/ woufygh rcHaygif wJ/h

uepdk wH;k wdo
k pfu/ au;[pf&efaxmif/
reufu taoaumif
olawmifrS wufEikd af o;/
igw;kH wdk uepdo
k m;ayygh
acsmif;zsm;udk cgwacguf
a&muf&r,fav; wJ/h

'Dacsmif;rSm 'Dw&m;whJ
=um;rSmygh usL&d;k &Si/f
uepdk wH;k ysKv
d u
S kd em;csyg&iS /f
'Dacsmif;udk 0ifrv
d #if
rxife@J wacguw
f nf;/
wufwkH oufwekH @J
wufrukef oufrpJ/ armavmufatmify/J

'Dacsmif;rSm 'Dw&m;wJh
=um;rSmygh usL&d;k &Si/f
uepdk wH;k ysKv
d u
S /kd em;csyg&iS /f
'Dacsmif;udk 0ifrv
d #if
wufcsed w
f iG f qif;Edik yf /J
qif;csed rf mS wufvv
kd nf;/ apmif&h p+rJ/
reufu wufw'hJ /D rrDvu
kd af vvnf;/
nOD;,H 'Djyefwufygvrd /hf
wufp&mcufygy/J yef;aA'genf;/
&efukefwuUodkvf aq;odyH`r*~Zif;/1960

wdk;xGufEdkifrS

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aemufacsmif;u yef;eDvm/ aA'gr vm;/

a&S@acsmif;u yef;eDvm/ aA'gr vm;/
'DqdkifuscgrS
acsmif;0udk ta&mufc/J wJw
G ufp@kd vm; wJ/h

aemufacsmif;u yef;aA'g/ qefvmaygah v;/

a&S@acsmif;u yef;aA'g/ qefvmaygah v;/
'DqdkifrSm ESpfcdkifcaJ yr,fh/
rwJo
G m =umava0;/ 0Jausmaf =umifah v;/

0Jausmu
f ravmfrmygw/hJ
'Dt+ydKif 'Dtqdik x
f /J 0Ju w&m/
'Dtm;a=umifh rem;om/ ywfcsmvnf b0/
0JciG f 0ifor#/ wd;k xGuEf ikd rf ?S ?
&efukefwuUodkvf aq;odyH`r*~Zif;/1960

K M Htike

r,fhjzpfenf;
raA'g aomifpyfu/ avSmifwwfayav;/
usL&d;k &Sif yDyt
D m;eJ@/ vlum;wJah v;/

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avSmif&ufayh aA'gcif/
'Dacsmif;a& u|e;f ajrzGm;/ ig;i,fr#yif/
usL&d;wH&iS /f um;csiv
f @kd [w
k yf /J
&Gu&f ;kd jzL usLyavGe@J
usL&d;k az i,fpOfuwnf;/ u|r;f cJv
h @kd y/J
raA'g aomifpyfu avSmifwwfayav;/
usL&d;k &Sif yDyaD umhe@J vla=umhwahJ v;/
avSmif&ufayh aA'gcif/
'Dacsmif;ajr acsmif;a&vrf;/ yef;vSjympif
usL&d;k wH&iS /f a=umhcsiv
f @kd [w
k b
f /J
'Dvid_ ;f wHwsmeJ@
raA'g r,f[
h efy/GJ vGr;f cJv
h @kd y/J

raA'g aomifpyfu avSmifwwfayav;/

usL&d;k &Sif yDyaD w;eJ@/ vlai;wJah v;/

avSmif&ufayh aA'gcif/
em;rae 'Da&pD;rSm/ [D;wku
d v
f @kd yif/
usL&d;k wH&iS /f ai;csiv
f @kd [w
k b
f /J
pkecf snf qefcsnef @J
aA'g&D r,fjh zpfenf;/ EGr;f cJv
h @kd y?J

rEWav;wuUodkvf ESpfywfvnfr*~Zif;/ (1959-60)

pkefwcg qefwvSnfh
raA'g aomifpyfu/ avSmifwwfayav;/
usL&d;k oD yDyw
D &m;udk =um;csio
f wJah v;/

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avSmif&ufayh raA'g/
yDyrD mS r,fph um;a=umifh em;&Surf yd g/
acsmif;wavsmuf a&mufav&m
aA'gvhJ pdwpf /GJ
acsmif;eyef;&,feJ@
t[rf;oH usr;f oHaESm/ a[mvdu
k cf siv
f nf;/
a[mr,fv@kd }uHvu
kd v
f #if
igyh yD D jrnfr& t cJh tcif/
wufa&eJ@ oufa&,Of/ woGio
f iG f tvS/
bkwrf +yDww
D eD @J
wtDtD b,fqu
D ai;rdcgr/S
jrnfjyDwhJ oD+yD
acsmif;om,m vwmab;u
aw;aumufcJh+yD/
'Dacsmif;u aA'g&&D ,f/ 'Da&ud}k uKdu@GJ /
pkew
f cg qefwvSnhf aw;oHcsKed @J ?
?
rEWav;wuUodkvf ESpfvnfr*~Zif;/(1959-60)

K M Htike

acsmif;uaxGaxG
acsmif;0rSm ayG/ awcsiv
f @kd avvm;/
rwd;k om 'du
k o
f a&m/ arsm qd@k Eikd t
f m;/

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'Dwufcsed w
f ef/ qefEikd yf grh vm;/
raA'g r,fch &D;rSm/ ol qD;vd@k wm;/

tdt
k csi;f usL&d;k az/
r,fv
h rf;u &maxmifaomif;
acsmif;uaxGaxG/
onfacsmif;u wm;ygap
[dak csmif;a& &Syd gao;/
qefcsed af wmf a&ausmq
f u
kd af tmif
rif;vdkufcJhav;? ?

aq;ody`H ESpfvnfpmapmif/ twJG2/ trSwf 5/ (1961-62)

rif;vdkufvmprf;

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vwmrSm =um
aA'g tjymzl;eJ@/ 'DO;D udv
k if/h
woo&,feJ@
a&xrSm olqefv@kd
ol@z;l wH yefcsed o
f if/h acsmif;zsm;rSmyGi/hf

tyGifhe@J raA'g/
acsmif;0rSm rjypm;/ acsmif;zsm;rSmom/
rd;k OD;us rsK;d csvm
ud[
k 0g a=umifah vvm;/
ud[
k 0g w&Gmom;/ rif;}uKduv
f @kd vm;/
tyGifhe@J raA'g/
acsmif;0rSm rjypm;/ acsmif;zsm;rSmom/
aqmif;OD;ayguf aumufa&$0g
rdk;pma=umifhavvm;/
rd;k eDvm rd;k pmaw;rSm ai;csiv
f @kd vm;/

tdt
k csi;f usL&d;k az/
t=uifem xif&mar;/ awG;yge@J av/
'Dacsmif;u wufoufa&/aA'gvhJ r,fv
h rf;/
aemufwa& arqefcu
kd rf mS
rif;vdkufvmprf;? ?
aq;ody`H ESpfvnfpmapmif/ twJG2/ trSwf 5/ (1961-62)

K M Htike

yef;0ifEdkifyg&J@
usa&eJ@uH/ pke&f efom wum;/
raA'g jymvJ0h if;&,f/ qif;csi&f @J vm;/

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[du
k rf;rSm c&mcsKH / onfrmS wHk yHw
k w
H m;/
rqif;csif rif;0ifw/GJ &Jvu
kd yf gvm;/
tdt
k csi;f usL&d;k &Si/f
rd&mwG,f r,frwJ?G &Jpw
d rf xif/
pkecf sed f us+yDr@kd
pke&f vnf; r,fv
h rf;yif/ yef;0ifEikd yf g&@J /
yGizhf ;l pHk iHw
k eH @J / qif;vdu
k rf ,fw?hJ
?
aiGwm&D/ trSwf 24/ ZGef /1962

}uHzef&
oufvmwJah &/ awmifavuzrf;/
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f rf;/

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'Dvid_ ;f u avo[m/ aA'gu a&orm;/

aA'gcif pkecf sit
f m;/ 'Dvid_ ;f u wm;/
'ku[
Q hJ raA'g/
v_id ;f ykwjf yef qkw[
f efjy/ qif;&ol@rmS /
qkwjf yefvnf; olqif;vm
jrifygaygh yifv,f0/
a&pkef avqefr@kd
aA'gysH }uHzef&/ acsmif;'Davmu?
?
aiGwm&D/ trSwf 24/ ZGef/ 1962

K M Htike

yef;cJhonfyJ

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aevHk;&,feD
wdyyf ef;csD aeaoG;eJ@ ewfa&;onfo@kd /
'Dtusayrdk@
tvS vwmjyifu/ usL&d;k &Sif avSuav;eJ@
ar#mfai;vdkvdk@/
ol@u,
kd o
f v
l #i/f bmxifavrod/
b,fajymif; nmjyefe@J
[dik g;ysH vwmpGe;f rSm/ ol@u|r;f [efcsn/hf
ol@u,
kd o
f v
l #i/f bmxifavrod/
bkwrf ckEpS o
f cH sD
wnHnH vwmpGe;f rSm/ ol@vrG ;f oHcsn/hf
tdt
k csi;f usL&d;k &Si/f
ol@r&l m ol@twif;/ rif;qdck phJ Of/
rif;ud,
k v
f nf; rif;yifv#if
bmxifvdk@avvJ/
raA'g pkeq
f efvrf;rSm/ yef;cJo
h nfy?J

aiGwm&D/ trSwf 24/ ZGef/ 1962

rif;ygrSyJ

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pmbl;awmif;rSm/ pmigw@kd vifr,m;/

olwdk@vGrf;=uawmh
r,fvrG ;f atmif yDyED @GJ &,f/ aw;zJ@G ygvm;/
zufvyd t
f rd q
f if/ cgcsOu
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urf;ukeaf tmif yDyED @GJ &,f/ aw;zJ@G ygvm;/
rd;k wufr,f[
h ef/ ig;ysu
H u|r;f orm;/
t}uH}uD;olrdk@
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'Dvid_ ;f ysH xefcsix
f efwhJ
qefcsed w
f ef qefwuf&if;omyg/h
qif;csed u
f ek f pkev
f @kd qif;ygw/hJ
aA'gi,f r,frjiif;&,f/ rif; ygryS ?J

aiGwm&D/ trSwf 25/ Zlvdkif /1962

K M Htike

yef;odyg&J@

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vrkyiG ehf o
D EWm/ vwmu nKdacsm/
vwmjyif vrkwef;/ urf;pyfuawm/
'Dvrf;u yef;aA'g/
aexGufae0ifeJ@
vwmjyif vrkyg;/ oGm;&cgcg/
vrke@J vwmom/ u|r;f &SmwJh aA'gr/
vwmjyif vrkwef;/ yef;r,fah vmu/
tdt
k csi;f usL&d;k wH
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tke;f +cHe@J "ed+cH/ uGr;f oD;+cHygw/hJ
pkeq
f ef&m aA'gvrf;u/ yefoyd g&@J /

+N cHaemufu &Gmudv
k #if
+cHaemufu,
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kd ef;/ vrf;&Gm0 0if/
&GmoGm;wJh &Gmvrf;pOf
cGiw
f cg acGwvSn/hf
pkeq
f ef&m aA'gvrf;u yef;odyg&@J /
aiGwm&D/ trSwf 26/ =o*kwf/ 1962

rif;apem

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tom tom
aA'g r_ef EJ@G i/hJ pkecf yhJ gw/hJ
atmufwcGif yifv,f0rSm
'Dusv#if wJ/h
tom tom
aA'g r_ef EJ@G i/hJ pkecf yhJ gw/hJ
'Dacsmif;ajr naeat;
avaoG;v#if wJ/h

tdt
k csi;f usL&d;k &Si/f
usa&rSm ajyajyqif;/ rif;pkeaf phcsi/f
awmifav;vnf; aoG;apcsif
acsmif;wcGif jrpfwef;/
rifah pem r,frh mS yef;/ v_id ;f =uufcyG v
f rf;/
aiGwm&D/ trSwf 79/ azaz:0g&D/ 1967/

K M Htike

r,fhoabm

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urf;pyfrSmxdkif
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f aS cswum;/
usL&d;k &Sif tcifao;&,f/ ai;vSacswum;/
rai;vd@k rjzpfaygi/f
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rd;k xdatmif avSum;axmif
axmifr,fwhJ vwmab;/
yifus&nf wjrLavmufe@J
acsmif;aygurf mS ig;ysrH ;l / jrL;&ufv@kd av;/
tdt
k csi;f usL&d;k &Si/f
acsmif;aygurf mS ig;ysjH rL;ayr,fh
udk,frjrL;aevdkufv#if/
aqmif;OD;ayguf+yDrdk@
aumufyifE@GJ rn
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tcsed w
f ef pkeq
f efjref;wJh
yef;aA'g r,fo
h abmud/k apmvdu
k yf gaemh/
aiGwm&D trSwf 90/ 'DZifbm/ 1967

aA'gciftod
wufjyefaygh 'D/ [Djyefaygh a&&dik ;f /
atmufwcGif yifv,f0rSm/ 0Jxvd@k 0ikd ;f /

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us
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a&&dik ;f u xifwikd ;f om/

'Dwufcsed f ESrd rf &/ a'gxvd@k om/
acsmif;aygurf mS olajrmufvm
olrnSm/ olroem;/
acsmif;wcGif ol0ifp/ jycJo
h @l tm;/
ol@tm;udk jyvdu
k &f /kH
vwmjyif a&0ifw;kd / xd;k =u yvH/k
pGeq
f w
d w
f @kd xdwv
f @kd wek f
awmifcek v
f @kd ajrmufajy;/
usL&d;k &Sif tcifao;/ acsmif;0rSmaqG;l /

raqG;eJ@ usL&d;k &Sif

tcsed w
f ef 'Drmefus/ acsmif;vS+rJyif/
acsmif;wavsmuf aumufauG@0if
aA'gcif tod/
aemufwcsD 'Da&OD;/ 'D&;l csed x
f /d
aiGwm&D/ trSwf 91/ Zefe0g&D/ 1968

K M Htike

r,fhtdrfyJ
'D uscsed w
f ef/ tdrjf yefawmhrvm;/
aA'g&D 'Da&a=umrSm ar#mawmhr,fvm;/

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acsmif;zsm;u cg;wrm
acsmif;0om oumysm;/
aA'gaqG usa&}uKdu/f vdu
k af wmhr,fvm;/
tdt
k csi;f usL&d;k &Si/f
cg;wrm oumysm;/ jcm;vdb
k &k iS /f
r,fh'Dacsmif;rSmv
acsmif;zsm;vnf; r,ft
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acsmif;0ifvnf; r,ft
h rd yf /J
'Dwufcsdefwef
tdrjf yefr,f qefr,fc/J acsmif;zsm;udyk /J
aiGwm&D/ trSwf 103/ Zefe0g&D/ 1969

vrf;&dk;yguJG@

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taemufzufq/D aeeDe@J wdryf ef;/

a&S@qrD mS "edwef;/ acsmif;a&S@zufurf;/
"edwef;/ urf;auG@rmS
'Dwufcsed f wdrt
f pGr;f / yef;awmfwchJ g/
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pkeu
f m qefumESihf jrryg eDvmrJh
vrf;&dk;yguGJ@?
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aiGwm&D/ trSwf 111/ pufwifbm/ 1969/

K M Htike

'Da&orD;

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'Dacsmif;rSmae/ 'Da&rSm ol}uD;/

yDayonf 'Da&orD;/ acsmif;aumufauG@c&D;/
'Dwufcsed w
f ef/ rqef[k olrjiif;/
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f ek /f rpke[
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f ,f r,frv$/J acsmif;'Dqikd 0f /J

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0ifov
l nf; raA'g
cGmvdu
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kd #iv
f nf;/ oif;yJ aA'g/
t0if&J t+rJom/ tpOfcmG cGmonfcsn;f /
yDayonf 'Da&orD;/ acsmif;aumufauG@c&D;?

aiGwm&D/ trSwf 112/ atmufwdkbm/ 1969

oDyg jrnfyg

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urf;pyfrSmxdkif
usLrudik f r_id af i;vd@k / ta0;ud=k unf/h
usL&d;k &Sif yDyaD o;&,f/ aw;qdwv
f cS sn/hf
tdt
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kd m/
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uod%
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tdt
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xufaumif;uif jymvJ0h if;rSm
rif;arG@wwfjyD/
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rif;bmom wud,
k x
f ;l / =unfE;l tHah vm/
oDygwhJ jrnfyg/
'Dacsmif;ajr 'Da&ta&;/ aw;qdo
k ifyh g/
qefpOfvnf; r,fem;em
pkev
f mvnf; emrSmyJ/
em&if;om pkeq
f ef+rJ/ acsmif; 'Da&xJ? ?
aiGwm&D/ trSwf 116/ azaz:0g&D/ 1970/

K M Htike

acsmif;rtod
acsmif;rud0k if jrifyg&@J vm;/
'Dqikd rf mS ay:vm+rJ/ 0J}uD;ygvm;/

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'Do&J 0Jv,fwiG f
0Jvn
S &hf m aA'gacsmiJ/h arm&vdrx
hf if/
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acsmif;rudk r,fv
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k rf ,fvm;/

tdt
k csi;f usL&d;k &Si/f
armvdrrhf ,f wu,fy/J 0Jvn
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acsmif;rvJ uH+rJyif qifjcifryd g&@J /
acsmif;rudk 'gayr,f/h 0ifvu
kd rf ,fu@GJ /
'D0aJ =umifh r+idKjiif/
a&tDv#if 'Do&J/ &S&J rnfyif/
'Do&J r&ScJ if/ aA'gpif jymtd/
'D0'J %f cH&nf&/dS acsmif;r tod/

'D0aJ =umifh r+iKdjif/

rarmcif xGucf siv
f nf;/ cJ&rnfyif/
'D0u
J xGuEf ikd cf if/ aA'gpif jymtd/
'D0'J %f cH&nf&/dS acsmif;rtod?

aiGwm&D/ trSwf 123/ pufwifbm/ 1970

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reufcif;qDu/ pkeq
f if;cJh raA'g/
rGe;f wnfch sed f ae@vnfcif;
oif; jyefwufvm/
naeapmif;vmawmh
acsmif;zsm;a&muf qdw+f idr&f m
raA'g rtdy/f
pkecf sed rf mS pkejf yef&ayg/h
acsmif;0rSm jyefpnfum;
acsmif;zsm;rSm wdw/f
tdt
k csi;f raA'g
usL&d;k &Sif usLwHao;eJ@
aw;csKdvdk@om/

qdw+f idr&f m pnfum;&m

a&muf&mrSm r,frpJ/G
uyfcsnf cGmcsnef @J
wvSnphf D pkeq
f ef+rJ
nnf;wwfygyJ? ?

zsmyHk pmayvkyfom; r*~Zif;/ 1981

K M Htike

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rsm; ordik ;f bmom&yfrsm;jzifah tmifjrifco
hJ nf)

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19071912-1919
1920-

1924-

1925-26
1928

1929

1930/
1931-34

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1934

&efuek w
f uUov
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f yk af &;)
n$e=f um;a&;0ef tjzpf wm0ef,cl o
hJ nf/

1936
1936-38
1938

1940
1941

1942

1946
1947-48

1948
1950
1951-52
1952-57
K M Htike

1955

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1959
1961

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aetdrw
f iG f uG,v
f eG o
f nf/

1965-75
1967
1976

1979
1981
1987
1990

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aZmf*sD
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