23689 112

The base of the divisor is 100 and since this has two zeros we allow two digits after the remainder stroke. The surplus of 12 is transposed to and this is written below 112. There are three digits to the left of the remainder stroke and this provides the number of lines needed for working. 2 is brought down as the first answer digit. 2 = . = 1 to give the next

The second column is added, that is, 3 + answer digit.

1 = which is put below the 6 and 8. The sum of the third column is 6 + + = 1, and this is the third answer digit. 1 digits. = , which is set down below the last two dividend

The remainder is added up, and the answer is 211 remainder 57.

Applications of Transpose and adjust

In the original this sutra is Paravartya Yojayet which literally means Turn back and unite. In mathematics it is translated as Transpose and adjust or Transpose and apply and has very many applications. Some are outlined here.

Applications of the sutra relating to intuitive and qualitative processes: Transposing a problem from words into mathematical language or notation. Symmetry Applying a tried and tested formula to solve new problems (including applying the sense or meaning of a Vedic sutra to apparently unrelated topics)

Quantitative applications Division of numbers above the base This method of division takes the divisor and transposes all the numbers greater than the base into vinculum numbers.

Division of fractions The elementary rule for dividing one fraction by another is to invert the second fraction and change the sign to .

E.g.

Solving equations The usual rule which is employed for solving equations enjoins us to move terms from one side of the equation to the other with the inevitable change of sign. E.g.

Solving equations using formulae derived from transpositions The above equation, together with several others, is so common that the Vedic system actually develops one-line formulae for solving them. All such formulae are based on Transpose and adjust. For example, an equation of the form has the solution,

Simultaneous equations in one line Simultaneous equations of the form,

have solutions,

and

The formula is a cyclic method and is illustrated below. Pattern for x Pattern for y

N = Numerator, D = Denominator.

The dots represent the coefficients of the terms. E.g. Solve the equations,

Using the one-line mental method,

Rotations on a graph In work on transformations Transpose and adjust is frequently used. For example when rotating an object about the origin through 90 you can transpose the coordinates and change the sign of the first.

Completing the cube This combines the Transpose and adjust sutra with another By completion and non-completion. Suppose you wish to solve the cubic equation, .

Inverse functions

Find the inverse of the function,

Swap the x and y around.

Make y the subject:

Therefore,

Other applications of Transpose and adjust: Algebraic division Equation of straight line through two points Equation of a line perpendicular to a given line Nagative osculator Tests for divisibility using negative osculators Summation of series Partial fractions Matrices: determinants, inverses, transpose, adjoint Solving quadratic equations Biquadratics Multiple simultaneous equations Partial fractions Translating curves to solve equations Equation of tangent to a circle

Straight line perspective Completing the square Transformations Fractal geometry Areas of triangles and parallelograms in coordinate geometry Algebraic transformations Conformal transformations

Exercises Division

1.

113

1369 6

5.

104

1258

9.

1212

243813

13

1003

321987

2.

112

2376 6

6.

121

13445

10.

1212

13545

14.

111

79999

3.

112

1356 5

7.

1121

24789

11.

1120 2

2578787 15.

112

34884

4.

123

3695 1

8.

1121

137987 12.

1122

13888

16.

1126

24772

Simultaneous equations

1.

5.

9.

2.

6.

10.

3.

7.

11.

4.

8.

12.

Cubic equations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Answers to division 1. 2. 3. 4. 121/23 212/22 121/13 300/51 5. 6. 7. 8. 12/10 111/14 22/127 123/104 9. 201/201 13. 321/024 14. 720/79 15. 311/52 16. 22/000

10. 11/213 11. 230/2327 12. 12/424

Answers to simultaneous equations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Answers to cubic equations 1. x _ 1, 2 or 3 2. x _ _1, _2 or _3 3. x _ 1, 3 or _10 4. x _ _1, or -4

5. x _ _1, _2 or -4