LinuxCommandList

Systeminformation

Command #arch #cal2007 #cat/proc/cpuinfo #cat/proc/interrupts #cat/proc/meminfo #cat/proc/swaps #cat/proc/version #cat/proc/net/dev #cat/proc/mounts #clockw #date #date041217002007.00 #dmidecodeq #hdparmi/dev/hda #hdparmtT/dev/sda #lspcitv #lsusbtv #unamem #unamer

Description showarchitectureofmachine(1) showthetimetableof2007 showinformationCPUinfo showinterrupts verifymemoryuse showfile(s)swap showversionofthekernel shownetworkadptersandstatistics showmountedfilesystem(s) savedatechangesonBIOS showsystemdate setdateandtime MonthDayhoursMinutesYear.Seconds showhardwaresystemcomponents(SMBIOS/ DMI) displaysthecharacteristicsofaharddisk performtestreadingonaharddisk displayPCIdevices showUSBdevices showarchitectureofmachine(2) showusedkernelversion

Shutdown,RestartandLogoutofasystem
Command #init0 #logout #reboot #shutdownhnow #shutdownh16:30& #shutdownc #shutdownrnow #telinit0 Description shutdownsystem(2) leavingsession reboot(2) shutdownsystem(1) plannedshutdownofthesystemat16:30 cancelaplannedshutdownofthesystem reboot(1) shutdownsystem(3)

FilesandDirectory
Command #cd/home #cd.. #cd../.. #cd #cd~user1 #cd #cpfile1file2 #cpdir/*. #cpa/tmp/dir1. #cpadir1dir2 #cpfilefile1 #iconvl #iconvffromEncodingttoEncoding inputFile>outputFile Description entertodirectory'/home' gobackonelevel gobacktwolevels gotohomedirectory gotohomedirectory gotopreviousdirectory copyingafile copyallfilesofadirectorywithinthecurrent workdirectory copyadirectorywithinthecurrentworkdirectory copyadirectory outputsthemimetypeofthefileastext listsknownencodings convertingthecodingofcharactersfromone formattoanother

#find.maxdepth1name*.jpgprintexec batchresizefilesinthecurrentdirectoryandsend convert themtoathumbnailsdirectory(requiresconvert fromImagemagick) #lnsfile1lnk1 #lnfile1lnk1 createasymboliclinktofileordirectory createaphysicallinktofileordirectory

#ls #lsF #lsl #lsa #ls*[09]* #lstree #mkdirdir1 #mkdirdir1dir2 #mkdirp/tmp/dir1/dir2 #mvdir1new_dir #pwd #rmffile1 #rmrfdir1 #rmrfdir1dir2 #rmdirdir1 #toucht0712250000file1 #tree

viewfilesofdirectory viewfilesofdirectory showdetailsoffilesanddirectory showhiddenfiles showfilesanddirectorycontainingnumbers showfilesanddirectoriesinatreestartingfrom root(2) createadirectorycalled'dir1' createtwodirectoriessimultaneously createadirectorytree rename/moveafileordirectory showthepathofworkdirectory deletefilecalled'file1' removeadirectorycalled'dir1'andcontents recursively removetwodirectoriesandtheircontents recursively deletedirectorycalled'dir1' modifytimestampofafileordirectory (YYMMDDhhmm) showfilesanddirectoriesinatreestartingfrom root(1)

Filesearch
Command #find/namefile1 #find/useruser1 #find/home/user1name\*.bin #find/usr/bintypefatime+100 #find/usr/bintypefmtime10 #find/name*.rpmexecchmod755'{}'\; #find/xdevname\*.rpm Description searchfileanddirectoryintorootfilesystemfrom '/' searchfilesanddirectoriesbelongingto'user1' searchfileswith'.bin'extensionwithindirectory'/ home/user1' searchbinaryfilesarenotusedinthelast100days searchfilescreatedorchangedwithin10days searchfileswith'.rpm'extensionandmodify permits searchfileswith'.rpm'extensionignoring removablepartitionsascdrom,pendrive,etc.

#locate\*.ps #whereishalt #whichhalt

findfileswiththe'.ps'extensionfirstrun 'updatedb'command showlocationofabinaryfile,sourceorman showfullpathtoabinary/executable

MountingaFilesystem
Command #fuserkm/mnt/hda2 #mount/dev/hda2/mnt/hda2 #mount/dev/fd0/mnt/floppy #mount/dev/cdrom/mnt/cdrom #mount/dev/hdc/mnt/cdrecorder #mount/dev/hdb/mnt/cdrecorder #mountoloopfile.iso/mnt/cdrom #mounttvfat/dev/hda5/mnt/hda5 #mount/dev/sda1/mnt/usbdisk #mounttsmbfso username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share/mnt/share #umount/dev/hda2 #umountn/mnt/hda2 Description forceumountwhenthedeviceisbusy mountdiskcalledhda2verifyexistenceofthe directory'/mnt/hda2' mountafloppydisk mountacdrom/dvdrom mountacdrw/dvdrom mountacdrw/dvdrom mountafileorisoimage mountaWindowsFAT32filesystem mountausbpendriveorflashdrive mountawindowsnetworkshare

unmountdiskcalledhda2exitfrommountpoint '/mnt/hda2'first runumountwithoutwritingthefile/etc/mtab usefulwhenthefileisreadonlyortheharddiskis full

DiskSpace
Command Description

#dfh #dpkgqueryWf='${InstalledSize;10}t$ {Package}n'|sortk1,1n #dushdir1 #dusk*|sortrn #lslSr|more #rpmqaqf'%10{SIZE}t%{NAME}n'| sortk1,1n

showlistofpartitionsmounted showtheusedspacebyinstalleddebpackages, sortingbysize(debian,ubuntuandalike) estimatespaceusedbydirectory'dir1' showsizeofthefilesanddirectoriessortedbysize showsizeofthefilesanddirectoriesorderedby size showtheusedspacebyrpmpackagesinstalled sortedbysize(fedora,redhatandalike)

UsersandGroups
Command #chageE20051231user1 #groupadd[group] #groupdel[group] #groupmodnmoonsun #grpck #newgrp[group] #passwd #passwduser1 #pwck #useraddc"UserLinux"gadmind /home/user1s/bin/bashuser1 #useradduser1 #userdelruser1 #usermodc"UserFTP"gsystemd /ftp/user1s/bin/nologinuser1 Description setdeadlineforuserpassword createanewgroup deleteagroup renameagroupfrommoontosun checkcorrectsyntaxandfileformatof'/etc/group' andgroupsexistence logintoanewgrouptochangedefaultgroupof newlycreatedfiles changepassword changeauserpassword(onlybyroot) checkcorrectsyntaxandfileformatof '/etc/passwd'andusersexistence createanewuser"user1"belongs"admin"group createanewuser deleteauser('r'eliminateshomedirectory) changeuserattributesasdescription,groupand other

PermitsonFiles
Command #chgrpgroup1file1 #chmodugo+rwxdirectory1 #chmodgorwxdirectory1 #chmodu+s/bin/file1 #chmodus/bin/file1 #chmodg+s/home/public #chmodgs/home/public #chmodo+t/home/public #chmodot/home/public #chownuser1file1 #chownRuser1directory1 #chownuser1:group1file1 #find/permu+s #lslh #ls/tmp|prT5W$COLUMNS Description changegroupoffiles setpermissionsreading(r),write(w)and(x) accesstousersowner(u)group(g)andothers(o) removepermitsreading(r),write(w)and(x) accesstousersgroup(g)andothers(or setSUIDbitonabinaryfiletheuserthat runningthatfilegetssameprivilegesasowner disableSUIDbitonabinaryfile setSGIDbitonadirectorysimilartoSUIDbut fordirectory disableSGIDbitonadirectory setSTIKYbitonadirectoryallowsfilesdeletion onlytolegitimateowners disableSTIKYbitonadirectory changeownerofafile changeuserownerofadirectoryandallthefiles anddirectoriescontainedinside changeuserandgroupownershipofafile viewallfilesonthesystemwithSUIDconfigured showpermitsonfiles divideterminalinto5columns

SpecialAttributesonfiles
Command #chattr+afile1 #chattr+cfile1 #chattr+dfile1 #chattr+ifile1 #chattr+sfile1 Description allowswriteopeningofafileonlyappendmode allowsthatafileiscompressed/decompressed automaticallybythekernel makessurethattheprogramignoresDumpthe filesduringbackup makesitanimmutablefile,whichcannotbe removed,altered,renamedorlinked allowsafiletobedeletedsafely

#chattr+Sfile1 #chattr+ufile1 #lsattr

makessurethatifafileismodifiedchangesare writteninsynchronousmodeaswithsync allowsyoutorecoverthecontentsofafileevenif itiscanceled showspecialsattributes

Archivesandcompressedfiles
Command #bunzip2file1.bz2 #bzip2file1 #gunzipfile1.gz #gzipfile1 #gzip9file1 #rarafile1.rartest_file #rarafile1.rarfile1file2dir1 #rarxfile1.rar #tarcvfarchive.tarfile1 #tarcvfarchive.tarfile1file2dir1 #tartfarchive.tar #tarxvfarchive.tar #tarxvfarchive.tarC/tmp #tarcvfjarchive.tar.bz2dir1 #tarxvfjarchive.tar.bz2 #tarcvfzarchive.tar.gzdir1 #tarxvfzarchive.tar.gz #unrarxfile1.rar #unzipfile1.zip #zipfile1.zipfile1 #ziprfile1.zipfile1file2dir1 Description decompressafilecalled'file1.bz2' compressafilecalled'file1' decompressafilecalled'file1.gz' compressafilecalled'file1' compresswithmaximumcompression createanarchiverarcalled'file1.rar' compress'file1','file2'and'dir1'simultaneously decompressrararchive createauncompressedtarball createanarchivecontaining'file1','file2'and'dir1' showcontentsofanarchive extractatarball extractatarballinto/tmp createatarballcompressedintobzip2 decompressacompressedtararchiveinbzip2 createatarballcompressedintogzip decompressacompressedtararchiveingzip decompressrararchive decompressaziparchive createanarchivecompressedinzip compressinzipseveralfilesanddirectories simultaneously

RPMPackages(Fedora,RedHatandlike)
Command #rpmivh[package.rpm] #rpmivhnodeeps[package.rpm] #rpmU[package.rpm] #rpmF[package.rpm] #rpme[package] #rpmqa #rpmqa|grephttpd #rpmqi[package] #rpmqg"SystemEnvironment/Daemons" #rpmql[package] #rpmqc[package] #rpmq[package]whatrequires #rpmq[package]whatprovides #rpmq[package]scripts #rpmq[package]changelog #rpmqf/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf #rpmqp[package.rpm]l #rpmimport/media/cdrom/RPMGPG KEY #rpmchecksig[package.rpm] #rpmqagpgpubkey #rpmV[package] #rpmVa #rpmVp[package.rpm] #rpmivh/usr/src/redhat/RPMS/`arch`/ [package.rpm] #rpm2cpio[package.rpm]|cpioextract makedirectories*bin* Description installarpmpackage installarpmpackageignoringdependencies requests upgradearpmpackagewithoutchanging configurationfiles upgradearpmpackageonlyifitisalready installed removearpmpackage showallrpmpackagesinstalledonthesystem showallrpmpackageswiththename"httpd" obtaininformationonaspecificpackageinstalled showrpmpackagesofagroupsoftware showlistoffilesprovidedbyarpmpackage installed showlistofconfigurationfilesprovidedbyarpm packageinstalled showlistofdependenciesrequiredforarpm packet showcapabilityprovidedbyarpmpackage showscriptsstartedduringinstallation/removal showhistoryofrevisionsofarpmpackage verifywhichrpmpackagebelongstoagivenfile showlistoffilesprovidedbyarpmpackagenot yetinstalled importpublickeydigitalsignature verifytheintegrityofarpmpackage verifyintegrityofallrpmpackagesinstalled checkfilesize,permissions,type,owner,group, MD5checksumandlastmodification checkallrpmpackagesinstalledonthesystem usewithcaution verifyarpmpackagenotyetinstalled installapackagebuiltfromarpmsource extractexecutablefilefromarpmpackage

#rpmbuildrebuild[package.src.rpm]

buildarpmpackagefromarpmsource

YUMpackagestool(Fedora,RedHatand alike)
Command #yumyinstall[package] #yumlocalinstall[package.rpm] #yumyupdate #yumupdate[package] #yumremove[package] #yumlist #yumsearch[package] #yumclean[package] #yumcleanheaders #yumcleanall Description downloadandinstallarpmpackage ThatwillinstallanRPM,andtrytoresolveallthe dependenciesforyouusingyourrepositories. updateallrpmpackagesinstalledonthesystem upgradearpmpackage removearpmpackage listallpackagesinstalledonthesystem findapackageonrpmrepository cleanuprpmcacheerasingdownloadedpackages removeallfilesheadersthatthesystemusesto resolvedependency removefromthecachepackagesandheadersfiles

DEBpackages(Debian,Ubuntuandlike)
Command #dpkgi[package.deb] #dpkgr[package] #dpkgl #dpkgl|grephttpd #dpkgs[package] #dpkgL[package] #dpkgcontents[package.deb] #dpkgS/bin/ping Description install/upgradeadebpackage removeadebpackagefromthesystem showalldebpackagesinstalledonthesystem showalldebpackageswiththename"httpd" obtaininformationonaspecificpackageinstalled onsystem showlistoffilesprovidedbyapackageinstalled onsystem showlistoffilesprovidedbyapackagenotyet installed verifywhichpackagebelongstoagivenfile

APTpackagestool(Debian,Ubuntuand alike)
Command #aptcachesearch[package] #aptcdrominstall[package] #aptgetinstall[package] #aptgetupdate #aptgetupgrade #aptgetremove[package] #aptgetcheck #aptgetclean Description returnslistofpackageswhichcorrespondsstring "searchedpackages" install/upgradeadebpackagefromcdrom install/upgradeadebpackage updatethepackagelist upgradealloftheinstalledpackages removeadebpackagefromsystem verifycorrectresolutionofdependencies cleanupcachefrompackagesdownloaded

Pacmanpackagestool(Arch,Frugalwareand alike)
Command #pacmanSname #pacmanRname Description Installpackage'name'withdependencies Deletepackage'name'andallfilesofit

Viewfilecontent
Command #catfile1 #head2file1 #lessfile1 Description viewthecontentsofafilestartingfromthefirst row viewfirsttwolinesofafile similarto'more'commandbutwhichallows backwardmovementinthefileaswellasforward movement viewcontentofafilealong

#morefile1

#tacfile1 #tail2file1 #tailf/var/log/messages

viewthecontentsofafilestartingfromthelast line viewlasttwolinesofafile viewinrealtimewhatisaddedtoafile

TextManipulation
Command #catexample.txt|awk'NR%2==1' #echoabc|awk'{print$1}' #echoabc|awk'{print$1,$3}' #catnfile1 #comm1file1file2 #comm2file1file2 #comm3file1file2 #difffile1file2 #grepAug/var/log/messages #grep^Aug/var/log/messages #grep[09]/var/log/messages #grepAugR/var/log/* #pastefile1file2 #pasted'+'file1file2 #sdifffile1file2 #sed's/string1/string2/g'example.txt #sed'/^$/d'example.txt #sed'/*#/d;/^$/d'example.txt #sede'1d'exampe.txt #sedn'/string1/p' #sede's/*$//'example.txt Description removeallevenlinesfromexample.txt viewthefirstcolumnofaline viewthefirstandthirdcolumnofaline numberrowofafile comparecontentsoftwofilesbydeletingonly uniquelinesfrom'file1' comparecontentsoftwofilesbydeletingonly uniquelinesfrom'file2' comparecontentsoftwofilesbydeletingonlythe linesthatappearonbothfiles finddifferencesbetweentwofiles lookupwords"Aug"onfile'/var/log/messages' lookupwordsthatbeginwith"Aug"onfile '/var/log/messages' selectfromfile'/var/log/messages'alllinesthat containnumbers searchstring"Aug"atdirectory'/var/log'and below mergingcontentsoftwofilesforcolumns mergingcontentsoftwofilesforcolumnswith'+' delimiteronthecenter finddifferencesbetweentwofilesandmerge interactivelyalike"diff" replace"string1"with"string2"inexample.txt removeallblanklinesfromexample.txt removecommentsandblanklinesfrom example.txt eliminatesthefirstlinefromfileexample.txt viewonlylinesthatcontaintheword"string1" removeemptycharactersattheendofeachrow

#sede's/string1//g'example.txt #sedn'1,5p'example.txt #sedn'5p;5q'example.txt #sede's/00*/0/g'example.txt #sortfile1file2 #sortfile1file2|uniq #sortfile1file2|uniqu #sortfile1file2|uniqd #echo'word'|tr'[:lower:]''[:upper:]'

removeonlytheword"string1"fromtextandleave intactall printfrom1thto5throwofexample.txt printrownumber5ofexample.txt replacemorezeroswithasinglezero sortcontentsoftwofiles sortcontentsoftwofilesomittinglinesrepeated sortcontentsoftwofilesbyviewingonlyunique line sortcontentsoftwofilesbyviewingonly duplicateline convertfromlowercaseinuppercase

CharactersetandFormatfileconversion
Command #dos2unixfiledos.txtfileunix.txt #recode..HTML<page.txt>page.html #recodel|more #unix2dosfileunix.txtfiledos.txt Description convertatextfileformatfromMSDOStoUNIX convertatextfiletohtml showallavailableformatsconversion convertatextfileformatfromUNIXtoMSDOS

FilesystemAnalysis
Command #badblocksv/dev/hda1 #dosfsck/dev/hda1 #e2fsck/dev/hda1 #e2fsckj/dev/hda1 #fsck/dev/hda1 #fsck.ext2/dev/hda1 Description checkbadblocksondiskhda1 repair/checkintegrityofdosfilesystemsondisk hda1 repair/checkintegrityofext2filesystemondisk hda1 repair/checkintegrityofext3filesystemondisk hda1 repair/checkintegrityoflinuxfilesystemondisk hda1 repair/checkintegrityofext2filesystemondisk hda1

#fsck.ext3/dev/hda1 #fsck.vfat/dev/hda1 #fsck.msdos/dev/hda1

repair/checkintegrityofext3filesystemondisk hda1 repair/checkintegrityoffatfilesystemondisk hda1 repair/checkintegrityofdosfilesystemondisk hda1

FormataFilesystem
Command #fdformatn/dev/fd0 #mke2fs/dev/hda1 #mke2fsj/dev/hda1 #mkfs/dev/hda1 #mkfstvfat32F/dev/hda1 #mkswap/dev/hda3 Description formatafloppydisk createafilesystemtypelinuxext2onhda1 partition createafilesystemtypelinuxext3(journal)on hda1partition createafilesystemtypelinuxonhda1partition createaFAT32filesystem createaswapfilesystem

FilesystemSWAP
Command #mkswap/dev/hda3 #swapon/dev/hda3 #swapon/dev/hda2/dev/hdb3 Description createaswapfilesystem activatinganewswappartition activatetwoswappartitions

Backup
Command #find/var/logname'*.log'|tarcvfiles from=|bzip2>log.tar.bz2 Description findallfileswith'.log'extentionandmakeanbzip archive

#find/home/user1name'*.txt'|xargscpav findandcopyallfileswith'.txt'extentionfroma targetdirectory=/home/backup/parents directorytoanother

#ddbs=1Mif=/dev/hda|gzip|ssh user@ip_addr'ddof=hda.gz' #ddif=/dev/sdaof=/tmp/file1

makeabackupofalocalharddiskonremotehost viassh backupcontentoftheharddrivetoafile

#ddif=/dev/hdaof=/dev/fd0bs=512count=1 makeacopyofMBR(MasterBootRecord)to floppy #ddif=/dev/fd0of=/dev/hdabs=512count=1 restoreMBRfrombackupcopysavedtofloppy #dump0ajf/tmp/home0.bak/home #dump1ajf/tmp/home0.bak/home #restoreif/tmp/home0.bak #rsyncrogpavdelete/home/tmp #rsyncrogpavesshdelete/home ip_address:/tmp #rsyncazesshdelete ip_addr:/home/public/home/local #rsyncazesshdelete/home/local ip_addr:/home/public #tarPufbackup.tar/home/user #(cd/tmp/local/&&tarc.)|sshC user@ip_addr'cd/home/share/&&tarxp' #(tarc/home)|sshCuser@ip_addr'cd /home/backuphome&&tarxp' #tarcf.|(cd/tmp/backup;tarxf) makeafullbackupofdirectory'/home' makeaincrementalbackupofdirectory'/home' restoringabackupinteractively synchronizationbetweendirectories rsyncviaSSHtunnel synchronizealocaldirectorywitharemote directoryviasshandcompression synchronizearemotedirectorywithalocal directoryviasshandcompression makeaincrementalbackupofdirectory '/home/user' copycontentofadirectoryonremotedirectoryvia ssh copyalocaldirectoryonremotedirectoryviassh localcopypreservingpermitsandlinksfroma directorytoanother

CDROM
Command #cdparanoiaB #cdparanoia #cdrecordvgracetime=2dev=/dev/cdrom ejectblank=fastforce #cdrecordvdev=/dev/cdromcd.iso #gzipdccd_iso.gz|cdrecord dev=/dev/cdrom #cdrecordscanbus #ddif=/dev/hdc|md5sum Description ripaudiotracksfromaCDtowavfiles ripfirstthreeaudiotracksfromaCDtowavfiles cleanarewritablecdrom burnanISOimage burnacompressedISOimage scanbustoidentifythechannelscsi performanmd5sumonadevice,likeaCD

#mkisofs/dev/cdrom>cd.iso #mkisofs/dev/cdrom|gzip>cd_iso.gz #mkisofsJallowleadingdotsRV #mountoloopcd.iso/mnt/iso

createanisoimageofcdromondisk createacompressedisoimageofcdromondisk createanisoimageofadirectory mountanISOimage

Networking(LAN/WiFi)
Command #dhclienteth0 #ethtooleth0 #hostwww.example.com #hostname #ifconfigeth0 #ifconfigeth0192.168.1.1netmask 255.255.255.0 #ifconfigeth0promisc #ifdowneth0 #ifupeth0 #iplinkshow #iwconfigeth1 #iwlistscan #miitooleth0 #netstattup #netstattupl #netstatrn #nslookupwww.example.com #routen #routeaddnet0/0gwIP_Gateway #routeaddnet192.168.0.0netmask 255.255.0.0gw192.168.1.1 #routedel0/0gwIP_gateway Description activeinterface'eth0'indhcpmode shownetworkstatisticsofeth0 lookuphostnametoresolvenametoipaddressand viceversa showhostnameofsystem showconfigurationofanethernetnetworkcard configureIPAddress configure'eth0'inpromiscuousmodetogather packets(sniffing) disableaninterface'eth0' activateaninterface'eth0' showlinkstatusofallnetworkinterfaces showwirelessnetworks wifiscanningtodisplaythewirelessconnections available showlinkstatusof'eth0' showallactivenetworkconnectionsandtheirPID showallnetworkserviceslisteningonthesystem andtheirPID showroutingtablealike"routen" lookuphostnametoresolvenametoipaddressand viceversa showroutingtable configuredefaultgateway configurestaticroutetoreachnetwork '192.168.0.0/16' removestaticroute

#echo"1">/proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward #tcpdumptcpport80 #whoiswww.example.com

activateiproutingtemporarily showallHTTPtraffic lookuponWhoisdatabase

MicrosoftWindowsnetworks(samba)
Command #mounttsmbfso username=user,password=pass //WinClient/share/mnt/share #nbtscanip_addr #nmblookupAip_addr #smbclientLip_addr/hostname #smbgetRrsmb://ip_addr/share Description mountawindowsnetworkshare

netbiosnameresolution netbiosnameresolution showremotesharesofawindowshost likewgetcandownloadfilesfromahostwindows viasmb

IPTABLES(firewall)
Command #iptablestfilterL #iptablestnatL #iptablestfilterF #iptablestnatF #iptablestfilterX #iptablestfilterAINPUTptcpdport telnetjACCEPT Description showallchainsoffilteringtable showallchainsofnattable clearallrulesfromfilteringtable clearallrulesfromtablenat deleteanychainscreatedbyuser allowtelnetconnectionstoinput

#iptablestfilterAOUTPUTptcpdport blockHTTPconnectionstooutput httpjDROP #iptablestfilterAFORWARDptcp dportpop3jACCEPT #iptablestfilterAINPUTjLOGlog prefix allowPOP3connectionstoforwardchain Loggingoninputchain

#iptablestnatAPOSTROUTINGoeth0j configureaPAT(PortAddressTraslation)oneth0 MASQUERADE maskingoutboundpackets

#iptablestnatAPREROUTINGd redirectpacketsaddressedtoahosttoanotherhost 192.168.0.1ptcpmtcpdport22jDNAT todestination10.0.0.2:22

Monitoringanddebugging
Command #freem #kill9process_id #kill1process_id #lastreboot #lsmod #lsofpprocess_id #lsof/home/user1 #pseafw #pseopid,argsforest #pstree #smartctlA/dev/hda #smartctli/dev/hda #stracecls>/dev/null #stracefeopenls>/dev/null #tail/var/log/dmesg #tail/var/log/messages #top #watchn1'cat/proc/interrupts' Description displaysstatusofRAMinmegabytes forceclosureoftheprocessandfinishit forceaprocesstoreloadconfiguration showhistoryreboot displaykernelloaded displayalistoffilesopenedbyprocesses displaysalistofopenfilesinagivenpathsystem displayslinuxtasks displayslinuxtasksinahierarchicalmode Showsatreesystemprocesses monitoringreliabilityofaharddiskthrough SMART checkifSMARTisactiveonaharddisk displaysystemcallsmadeandreceivedbya process displaylibrarycalls showeventsinherenttotheprocessofbooting kernel showsystemevents displaylinuxtasksusingmostcpu displayinterruptsinrealtime

Othersusefulcommands
Command #aliashh='history' #apropos...keyword Description setanaliasforacommandhh=history displayalistofcommandsthatpertainto keywordsofaprogram,usefulwhenyouknow whatyourprogramdoes,butyoudon'tknowthe nameofthecommand changeshellcommand nicecommandtoknowifyouhavetoremoteinto anotherbox encryptafilewithGNUPrivacyGuard decryptafilewithGNUPrivacyGuard showsharedlibrariesrequiredbysshprogram displaytheonlinemanualpagesforexampleon pingcommanduse'k'optiontofindanyrelated commands createabootfloppy downloadanentirewebsite downloadafilewiththeabilitytostopthe downloadandresumelater

#chsh #chshlistshells #gpgcfile1 #gpgfile1.gpg #ldd/usr/bin/ssh #manping

#mkbootdiskdevice/dev/fd0`unamer` #wgetrwww.example.com #wgetcwww.example.com/file.iso

#echo'wgetcwww.example.com/files.iso'| startadownloadatanygiventime at09:00 #whatis...keyword #whoa displaysdescriptionofwhataprogramdoes showwhoisloggedon,andprint:timeoflast systemboot,deadprocesses,systemlogin processes,activeprocessesspawnedbyinit, currentrunlevel,lastsystemclockchange