NASASP-3004

_.. COPV

iii'_,

NATIONAL

AERONAUTICS

AND

SPACE

ADMINISTRATION

Foreword
THIs
the calculation of attack. theory. of supersonic These Numerical calculations integrations differential obtained REPORT PRESENTS, in tabular flow fields were equations. for cone angles from 2.5 to 30 in regular increments about right circular the form, cones Taylor the results of at zero and angle

performed

using using

Maceoll method

were performed

the Runge-Kutta

for second-order Results were

of 2.5 . For each of these 12 cone angles, a series of 16 problems was computed at nominal free-stream Mach numbers from 1.5 to 20.0. The free-stream Mach number for each was cone not increased In in even increments, the figures. the same as those Tech. of Zden_k Rep. No. 1, and reprecones at but desired the same values Mach were used

angle.

all calculations, significant report Flow

free-stream

number

was obtained The Kopal's 1947). by the sents small data Tables They

to six or more listed in this

ard essentially Around work only Cones in the

of Supersonic differ from

(M.I.T. manner of 1.405. the flow system

Kopal's heats ratio

of presentation This field report about

use of a specific a complement angles of attack

of 1.4 instead in which coordinate

to NASA

SP-3007

in a body-fixed

is tabulated.

.lo

111

Contents
PAGE

FOREWORD INTRODUCTION SYMBOLS

SOLUTION

..................................................... ..................................................

III 1 2
..................................... 3

.......................................................
OF THE

EQUATIONS

DISCUSSION REFERENCES
TABLE

OF

TABLES

...........................................

4 5

....................................................

I,--VALUES

FOR

MINIMUM

FREE-STREAM

MACH

NUMBER

............

2.--VALUES
3.--VALUES

OF P,/P
OF Ps/9

............................................
.............................................

7
8

4.--VALUES 5.--VALUES 6.--VALVES 7.--VALUES 8.--VALUES 9.--VALVES

OF TJT ............................................ OF AS/R ............................................ OF M* AT CONE SURFACE ............................

9 10 11 12 13 ................... FREE-STREAM MACH 15 16 17 18 19

SHOCK SHOCK SHOCK WAVE WAVE WAVE ............. .............. .............. 20 21 22

OF M AT CONE SURFACE ............................ OF fl AT CONE SURFACE ............................. COEFFICIENT MINIMUM

OF SURFACE PRESSURE RESULTS FOR

14

10.--SHOCK=WAVE

NUMBER ................................................. 11.--VALUES 12.--VALUES 13.--VALUES 14 .--VALUES 15.--VALUES 16._VALUES 17.--VALUES OF SHOCK WAVE ANGLE 8_ ............................

OF P_/P ............................................
OF pw/p .............................................

OF T./T ...........................................
OF OF OF M_, M IMMEDIATELY IMMEDIATELY BEHIND BEHIND BEHIND

#, IMMEDIATELY

Con@al
TAB LE S

Flow

Field
PAGES

18355269-

34.--0,= 51.--0,= 68.--0,= 85.--0,=

2.5; 5.0o; 7.5o;

M----1.0121844 M=1.0383341 M=1.0735583

to 20.0 ...................... to 20.0 ...................... to 20.0 ...................... to 20.0 ...................... to 20.0 ...................... to 20.0 ...................... to 20.0 ...................... to 20.0 ...................... to 20.0 ...................... to 20.0 ...................... to 20.0 ...................... to 20.0 ......................

23-56 57-90 91-124 125-158 159-192 193-225 226-258 259-291 292-324 325-357 358-389 390-421

lO.O; M=1.1159051 12.5; M=1.1643198 M----1.2182190 17.5 ; 211/.=1.2773745 M=1.3419094 ; M=1.4123337 M=1.4895952 M=1.5751393 M=1.6710795

86-102.--0,= 103-119.--8,=15.0; 120-136.--#,= 137-153.--#,=20.0; 154-170.--#_=22.5 171-187.u#,=25.0; 188-203.--8,=27.5; 204-219.--8,=30.0;

vi

Fi! iil I!l !

Introduction
THE SOLUTION of

supersonic

flow

fields by the method of characteristics requires that the flow conditions along a starting line in the flow field be known. For sharp-nosed bodies of revolution, this information is usually obtained from the solution of the flow field about circular cones. During the process of setting up a program for treating bodies of revolution by the method of characteristics, it was decided to compute the starting flow field rather than use the tables published by Kopal in references 1 and 2. With these programs available, it appeared desirable to prepare a set of cone tables for cones at small angles of attack in a body-fixed coordinate system. In order not to restrict the Mach numbers to those of this required also a set of case of zero angle of attack. presented in this report; case will be covered in present set of tables references 1 and 2, cone tables for the This latter set is the angle-of-attack reference 3. This from those of

reference 1 only in the manner and the value of specific heats of the present calculations, the of _= 1.4 has been usedl One of the uses envisioned for

of presentation ratio "y. In all ideal gas value the results con-

tained herein is in types of solutions of which the shock-expansion theories are typical. Thus, the minimum cone angle was 2.5 and this was increased by increments of 2.5 to a maximum cone angle of 30 (a total of 12 cone angles). For each of the cone angles, results were computed for a constant series of free-stream Mach numbers from 1.5 to 20. In addition, a solution was computed which yielded the minimum free-stream Mach number for a completely supersonic conical flow field (u,=_/_)This any for at a not

was the lowest value of M for which solutions were obtaine& Consequently, cone angles of 27.5 and 30 , the solutions free-stream Mach number of 1.5 were computed.

differs

Symbols
a a* Cp M_ M P q r,x R AS T u, v u speed of sound nondimensional speed critical speed of sound of sound, a/V,
co

conditions free-stream

back of shock condition

wave

pressure coefficient,--AP/q critical Mach number (see eq. (7)), Mach number, 17/a

17/_*

pressure free-stream dynamic pressure, p/2V_ cylindrical coordinate axes, with origin at tip of cone; x-axis=cone axis universal gas constant increase in entropy absolute temperature velocity components, dimensional (fig. 1) nondimensional velocity along conical ray line in spherical coordinate system (fig. 1), u/V, nondimensional velocity normal to con-

Shock
line

M_

V V _t

ical ray line in spherical coordinate system, _/'_7_ resultant nondimensional velocity at any conical ray line, _/_z velocity (dimensional) limiting velocity due to expansion into a vacuum ratio of specific heats, cp/co; ideal gas value = 1.4

Shock
WaVe

-'Characteristic line

Mach angle flow direction angle, angle between velocity vector V and cone axis v density 0 conical ray angle, from cone axis Subscripts: s denotes values at cone surface _b,

FIGVR_

1.--Coordinate

System.

rl

i
i'1

Solution
THE
DERIVATIONS of the

of the Equations
basic M / 2 _"VT--1 u2 cos 2 O--u s (6)

equations for the conical flow problem are given quite adequately in reference 1 and will not be repeated here. The differential equation that is the formulation of the conical flow problem in a spherical coordinate system

(fig. 1) is:
d_u . a_(u+v cot 0) dO2 -f-u= v--___ . where
du

The solutions of equation (1) presented herein were obtained using the Runge-Kutta integration method. Computation was started at the solid surface of the cone by specifying a value of u, and ended when the shock-wave conditions were size investigations, herein, indicate error is less that solution. The were satisfied to The method satisfied. Integration step which are not included that the maximum integration 5X10 -8 at any point in any Rankine-Hugoniot conditions 2 X 10 -7. of solution outlined does not

(1)

v=_-_
and a2----_-_ In the foregoing (1--u2--V all _) velocities

(2) (3)
are

equations,

nondimensionalized, dividing them by able by adiabatic

as in reference 1, by the limiting velocity attainexpansion into a vacuum.

yield a desired arbitrary frec-stream Mach number without a priori knowledge of the value of u, that should be specified. Therefore, an iteration on u_ was included in the procedure in order that Mach number both cone angle and could be specified. free-stream

This system of computation was used, even though the results are later transposed into another reference system, in order to make use of the parameters in reference 1 as convenient guides in setting up the numerical calculations. Boundary conditions must be prescribed along with equations (1) to (3), and they are

Integration of equation (1) yields values of u, v, and a at each conical ray angle 0. These results are transformed into the more usable forms of M*, M, _1, and V _ in the following /_,+1 manner:

, =h_= _/_:-_
since

(u_+e)

(7)

(4)

at the surface of the cone. The upper boundary condition is found by requiring the results obtained from the integration of equation _1) to satisfy the Rankine-Hugoniot equations which can be expressed as tan O_ "Y-1 u2--1 _+ 1 uv

and

the

flow direction l=0 +

angle

1 is

tan_ 1 v
_t

Furthermore,

(5)
by the results .Mach number

_=

sin-_/

a_ u_+v _ the values _th the

When equation (5) is Fulfilled from equation (1) the free-stream is given by

However, due to space limitations, of the Mach angle g will be presented small-angle-of-attack results.

Discussion
IT HAS BEEN ASSUMED that all

of Tables
system) of the characteristic cone base calibers while M* nondimensionalized direction angle in velocity radians. starting line in is the resultant and 1 is the flow The end results

of the

cones

are

terminated

at a base

diameter

of unity left-running this point are given

and the geometric location of the characteristic line emanating from has been computed. These results in an x,r cylindrical coordinate

system that has its origin at the cone vertex. Furthermore, this characteristic line was built up using the basic inte.gration step size during the integration and cannot be duplicated exactly using the tabulated values. By means of a base diameter ratio it is possible to proportion the locations of these characteristic points on a cone of any other size. Of course, ._y/_, 1, and u stay constant since the conical ray angles do not change. The tables for the individual solutions were

given with each table (AS/R, P,/P, p,/p, and T,/T._) were computed using the integrated results with shock wave and isentropic equations (ref. 4). The summary tables for surface conditions were tabulated by hand from the machine printed individual tables and are given in decimal form. Table 1 gives a summary of the surface results of the calculations for the minimum free-stream Mach number. In tables 2 through 9 are summarized some of the surface results for the cones in which the free-stream Mach number was specified. These results are tabulated for each cone angle as a function of the nominal free-stream Mach number. The iteration procedure mentioned free-stream Mach numbers that correspond more significant and flow results wave are free-stream earlier for all produced solutions

printed directly from the machine and were not converted to decimal

calculations form. The

leading sign is the algebraic sign of the quantity. The next eight digits that represent the size of the quantity are considered to be 0.xxxxxxxx. Coming last are an algebraic sign and two digits that are the exponent of 10 _-xXby which the size of the quantity must be multiplied to obtain the correct decimal point location. Thus a number that is printed in the machine code as --47168732+00 is read as --0.47168732. The angular increments at which the tables are printed generally are decreased as the flow field is traversed. This was done to keep the incremental distance along the characteristic line from increasing continuously. In the tables, the quantities M*, ,, x, and r are listed as functions of the conical ray angle 8, starting at the cone surface and terminating at the shock wave; x and r are the coordinates (in the cylindrical coordinate

to the nominal values to six or figures. Shock-wave angles immediately behind the shock minimum Tables

given in table 10 for the Mach number solutions.

11 through 17 give shock-wave angles and flow parameters immediately behind the shock wave for all solutions in which the free-stream Mach number was specified. Results for the complete flow field of each calculation are given in tables 18 through 219. In these tables, the results are tabulated starting at the cone surface and proceeding through the flow field to the shock wave. The free-stream Mach number listed with each of these tables is the exact value equations. computed from the RankineHugoniot

References
1. KOPAL, ZDEN']_K: Tables of Supersonic Flow Around Cones. Yawing Right Massachusetts Cones. Circular Institute of Technology, Tech. Rep. No. 1, 1947. 2. KOPAL, ZDE.X_K: Tables of Supersonic Flow Around Institute of Technology, Tech. Rep. No. 3, 1947. 3. SIMs, JosEP_ L.: Tables for Supersonic Flow Around Angle of Attack. NASA SP-3007, 1964. 4. AMES RESEARCH STAFF: Equations, Tables and Charts Rep. 1135, 1953. Massachusetts Cones Flow. at Small NACA

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