03nov - AM1 - UMTS Introduction & Basic Algo

Introduction to UMTS
Mohamed Arshad MoAD RNE SSEAI

Kuala Lumpur November 2008
Content 1. Introduction to UMTS Standard 2. W-CDMA Basic 3. Radio Environment 4. Logical / Transport / Physical Channels 5. Basic Algorithm
2 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008
All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008
IMT-2000
ITU: International Telecommunications Union

needs for a 3rd generation mobile system referred as IMT-2000 within ITU IMT-2000 stands for International Mobile Telecommunications and 2000 for the year, the bit rate (2Mbps) and the frequency (2GHz) High level requirements : world-wide standard supporting new advanced services with high bit rates (up to 2 Mbps) in multiple environments
IMT-2000 spectrum band identified in 1992 (Confrence Mondiale des Radiocommunications)
IMT-2000 objectives
Indoor low mobility
Urban reduced mobility
Rural outdoor high mobility
2 Mbit/s
384 kbit/s
144 kbit/s
Variable bit rate capability Variable Quality Of Service (BER, delay) Support of asymmetric traffic Service multiplexing High spectrum efficiency European objective: ensure compatibility with GSM
Multi-environment
Satellite Zone 4: Global

Zone 3: Suburban
Zone 2: Urban
Zone 1: In-Building
Micro-Cell Macro-Cell
Pico-Cell
Basic Terminal PDA Terminal Audio/Visual Terminal
Integration with the Fixed Network
3G Frequency Band World-Wide
1850
1900
1950
2000
2010 MHz
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
ITU Allocations
1885 MHz
IMT 2000
2025 MHz DECT
IMT 2000
2110 MHz 2170 MHz MSS 2170 MHz MSS 1980 MHz WLL MSS
Europe
GSM 1800
UMTS
UMTS
1880 MHz 1850 MHz WLL
China
GSM 1800
1885 MHz
IMT 2000
IMT 2000
1980 MHz
MSS
1885 MHz 1918 MHz
Japan Korea (w/o PHS) North America
PHS 1895 MHz
IMT 2000
MSS
IMT 2000
M D S
MSS
2160 MHz
AA D B E F C
PCS
AA D B E F C
MSS
Reserve
1850
Source: The UMTS Forum
1900
1950
2000
2050
2100
2150
2200
2250
IMT-2000 standards Each worldwide standardization body submitted their technology candidate for IMT-2000 to ITU 5 interface standards:
IMT-SC: IMT Single Carrier (TDMA or GSM EDGE (IS-136) standard) IMT-MC: IMT Multi Carrier (US CDMA 2000 standard) IMT-DS: IMT Direct Spread (WCDMA or UMTS Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)) IMT-TC: IMT Time Code (UMTS Time Division Duplex (TDD)) IMT-FT: IMT Frequency Time (DECT standard)
UMTS
UMTS : Universal Mobile Telecommunication System UMTS was the 3G European standard ETSI (European standardization body) selected its radio interface for UMTS (UTRA) in January 1998 based on W-CDMA for FDD mode and TD-CDMA for TDD mode W-CDMA was also chosen by ARIB (Japan) and also in USA and Korea Creation of 3GPP (3G Partnership Project) to join efforts on the standardization of the UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) solution: ETSI (Europe), ARIB (Japan), TTA (Korea), TTC (Japan), T1P1 (USA) , CWTS (China)
UTRA - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
1900 1920 TDD UL/D L
FDD UL
1980 2010 2025 MSS TDD UL UL/DL
2110 FDD DL
2170 MSS DL
2200
FUL FDL
FUL/DL
2 modes:
FDD Mode
TDD Mode
W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band

uplink and downlink are separated in frequency
TD-CDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band

uplink and downlink are separated in time flexible time duration for uplink and downlink for asymmetrical traffic
9 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008 All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008
Multiple Access Techniques
time time
power density
TDMA
channel bandwidth
CDMA
power density
channel bandwidth
power density
time
channel bandwidth
TD/CDMA
UTRA FDD - Characteristics
W-CDMA multiple access Frequency band Region 1 (Europe) Uplink: 1920-1980 MHz Downlink: 2110-2170 MHz Carrier Bandwidth 2x5 MHz (theor. occupied bandwidth=Chiprate 3,84 Mcps) Services Both circuit and packet data and asymmetric bitrates User bitrate up to 384 kbit/s FDD foreseen for Macro- and Microcellular coverage
UMTS Radio Access Network
Radio Access Network
Node B RNC
ISDN
Node B
Iu Iub
Core Network
Node B
Node B
Iur
RNC
Internet
Node B
Node B
User equipment
Uu
Uu
Uu is the UMTS air interface between the terminal and the access network
U S IM Cu ME
ME-Mobile Equipment
The mobile equipment is the radio terminal used for radio communication over the Uu interface
USIM-UMTS Subscriber Identity Module

Smart card, which stores subscriber identity and other information
UE
U ser Eq u ip m en t
UMTS radio access network
Iu
Node B RNC Node B Iub Node B RNC Node B RNS UTRAN RNS Iur
Node B
radio station like the BTS in GSM.
RNC-Radio Network Controller

controls radio resources of several Node Bs supports the Iu interface to the core network
RNS-Radio Network Subsystem

like BSS in GSM
UMTS R adio Access Network

UMTS radio access network interfaces
Iu
Node B RNC Node B Iub Node B RNC Node B RNS UTRAN RNS Iur
Iur interface
logical interface between RNCs basic inter RNC mobility (e.g. soft handover)
Iub interface
interface between RNC and Node B
UMTS R adio Access Network
Core network - circuit switched
Iu-CS MSC/VLR HLR SGSN Iu-PS CN GGSN GMSC
Iu-CS
for circuit switched services
MSC-Mobile Services switching Center

switch for circuit switched (CS) services
VLR-Visitor Location Register

register database for visitors of the radio network
GMSC-Gateway MSC
switch from mobile network to external networks for circuit switched services
Core Network
Core network - packet switched
Iu-CS MSC/VLR HLR SGSN Iu-PS CN GGSN GMSC
HLR-Home Location Register

permanent database of subscriber data
Iu-PS
for packet switched services
SGSN-Serving GPRS Support Node

switch for packet switched (PS) services
GGSN-Gateway GPRS Support Node

switch from mobile network to external networks for packet switched services
Core Network
UMTS QoS Architecture
TS23.107
UMTS
e.g. UE
TE MT UTRAN CN Iu EDGE NODE CN Gateway TE (e.g. UE)
CN = Core network TE = Terminal Equipment MT = Mobile Termination
End-to-End Service or Teleservice
TE/MT Local Bearer Service
UMTS Bearer Service
External Bearer Service
Radio Access Bearer Service (RAB)
CN Bearer Service
Radio Bearer Service (RB) UTRA FDD/TDD Service (Radio Physical Bearer Service)
Iu Bearer Service
Backbone Bearer Service
Physical Bearer Service
Each bearer offers its individual services Each bearer is using the services offered by bearers below QoS parameters are given by the core to the RAN in radio access bearer set-up
QoS Classes
4 classes have been identified: conversational

AMR speech service Video telephony
CS: PS: H324 H323
+
Delay sensitive
Data Integrity sensitive
streaming interactive
location based services computer games
background
e-mail delivery SMS ...
Application Groups
TS22.105
Conversational
Interactive
Streaming
Background
Error tolerant
Conversational Voice and Video
Voice Messaging
Streaming Audio and Video
Fax
Error intolerant
Telnet, Interactive Games
E-commerce, WWW browsing,
FTP, still image, paging
E-mail arrival notification
(delay <<1 sec)
(delay
1 sec)
(delay <10 sec)
(delay >10 sec)
Bearer Service Attributes
The Attributes (QoS Parameters) of a Bearer Service can be negotiated at the beginning of a connection and during a connection Several different Bearer Services can be established simultaneously by one UE Important Quality Parameters are Maximum transfer delay Delay variation Bit error ratio Data rate
Radio Access Bearer (RAB) Service Attributes
The service attributes shown in the following table characterize a Radio Access Bearer Service
Traffic class
Maximum bitrate Delivery order Maxum SDU size SDU format information SDU error ratio Residual bit error ratio Delivery of erroneous SDUs Transfer delay Guaranteed bit rate Traffic handling priority Allocation/ Retention priority Source statistics descriptor
Conversational class
X X X X X X X X X
Streaming class
X X X X X X X X X
Interactive class
X X X
Background class
X X X
X X X
X X X
X X X X X
Note: SDU = Service Data Unit
QoS Examples for specific services (1)
TS23.107
AMR (Adaptive Multi Rate) speech codec payload Bit rate: 4,75 - 12,2 kbit/s Delay: 100ms end-to-end delay at maximum
CODEC frame length is 20ms
BER:
10-4 for Class 1 bits (A,B) 10-3 for Class 2 bits (C)
FER < 0,5% (with degradation for higher erasure rates)
QoS Examples for specific services (2)
MPEG-4 video payload Bit rate: variable, average rate scalable from 24 to 128 kbit/s and higher end-to-end delay between 150 and 400ms video CODEC delay is typically less than 200 ms BER:
10-6 - no visible degradation 10-5 - little visible degradation 10-4 - some visible artefacts > 10-3 - limited practical application
W-CDMA Basics
Multiple Access Techniques
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

Po w er
uses band pass for carrier signal which are nonoverlapping in the frequency domain
Ti m e
O n e U ser
Po w e r
Fr eq u en cy
U ser
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access carrier signals are non overlapping in the time
Ti m e
domain
Power
Fr e q u e n cy
Time
Carrier 1
Carrier 2
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access spreads the signal over the entire available
Frequency
bandwidth by using codes with good correlation properties
One User
W-CDMA
W-CDMA = Wideband Code Division Multiple Access Users are separated with code sequences (spreading/de-spreading technique) All users are transmitting simultaneously on the same frequency In FDD mode, different frequencies are used on uplink and downlink
Spread spectrum technique
The user bits are coded with a unique sequence (code). The bits of the code are called chips and the chip rate is higher than the user bit rate
Code Ci(t)
Chip Rate =Rc = 3.84 Mcps in UMTS
Source signal Si (t) before spreading

Time Domain Bit1 Bit2
Resulting spread signal Di (t) = Si (t) x Ci(t)
Bit Rate =Rb Spreading Factor Frequency Domain Narrowband signal SF =Rc/Rb
Chip Rate =Rc
Bandwidth = 3.84 Mhz for UMTS
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Ts +1 [1 1 -1 1 -1] Symbol -1 [1 -1 -1 -1 1]
Spreading Chips +1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Spread Chip Sequence
Tc
Spreading Factor
Ts L= Tc
Spreading
SPREADING
Despreading
DESPREADING
Own and other signals
Spreading / Despreading
In the receiving path, de-spreading is achieved by auto-correlation with the same code Due to low cross-correlation properties with other codes, the received signal energy is increased compared to noise and other signal interference The gain due to despreading is called processing gain Example for 12.2 AMR speech:
Chip Rate 3840 kcps PG = = = 314.75 = 25dB User Bit Rate 12.2 kbps
Spreading and scrambling codes
Node B
Spreading Scrambling OVSF PN (Service/ user identifier)(Cell identifier) Despreading
UL
Descrambling Scrambling PN (User identifier)
UE
Despreading
Spreading OVSF (Service identifier)
Descrambling
DL
Spreading codes (channelization codes)

used to differentiate mobiles and services different lengths (spreading factor) according to service in UMTS Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) in UMTS
Scrambling codes
used to differentiate un-synchronized codes (from other UEs or Node-Bs) 1 scrambling code per sector on downlink PN code family in UMTS
Channelization codes
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) are used for channelization, that means for spreading The codes are mutually orthogonal, if they are synchronized in the time domain Codes are taken from the OVSF code tree Following codes are not allowed to be used: Codes between a used code and the code tree root Codes following a used code
Spreading codes: OVSF code tree
copy c2,1= 1 1 c1,1= 1 reverse
copy c4,1= 1 1 1 1 reverse c4,2= 1 1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1
-1 -1 1 1
Up to SF=256
SF= 1
c4,3= 1 -1 1 -1 c2,2= 1 -1 reverse c4,4= 1 -1 -1 1 SF= 2 SF= 4
1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
Spreading codes Code tree organisation
SF16
x 16
SF32 SF64 SF128 SF256
Not available Available Used by DL DPCH
C64, 1 S-CCPCH
C256, 3 AICH
C256, 2 PICH
C256,1 P-CCPCH
C256, 0 P-CPICH
OVSF : Orthogonality property
c4,1= 1 1 1 1 c2,1= 1 1 c4,2= 1 1 -1 -1 c1,1= 1 c4,3= 1 -1 1 -1 c2,2= 1 -1

Codes free Codes used
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1
-1 -1 1 1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
c4,4= 1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
Scrambling codes
Long scrambling codes

Improved cross correlation Uniform distribution of the interference A Gold sequence is used with length of 38400 chips
In case of Multi-User detection (MUD), short scrambling codes (different family of codes) can be used (easier computations)
Downlink Scrambling Code
Downlink scrambling code

One code per cell (sector/carrier) : Configurable by operator 512 sets of 16 codes each (1 primary and 15 secondary) Only the primary scrambling code is used for all Common Channels
SC#128 SC#0
Node B RNC
SC#129
SC#1
Node B
SC#130 SC#2 SC: Scrambling Code
Uplink scrambling code groups o UE uses scrambling code from 0 to max 241-1 o The network assigns the scrambling code to be used by the UE
Done on RNC basis Groups per RNC to be planned
o The uplink scrambling codes are divided into 512 code groups o Each code group has max 232 codes o These 512 code groups match to the 512 primary codes of the downlink
Interference limited system
Thanks to spreading/de-spreading Desired signal is raised Interference signals are kept low
B B Channel spreading
Thermal Noise Processing gain
Despreading
However the level of interference must be controlled to to avoid receiving too much interference and not being able to discriminate useful signal
Near-Far-Problem
UE 1
UE 2
Before despreading After despreading
Up to around 80 dB attenuation between UE1 and UE2 If UE1 and UE2 transmitted with the same power, UE1 would jam UE2 : socalled near-far effect Solution : power control Need for an efficient power control able to fight against slow AND fast fading!
Power Control
TX Power is adjusted regularly so that each connection is received with the required Eb/Nt of its service Uplink: Avoid Near-Far-Problem Downlink: Power share allocation
Policy: No one gets a higher quality (Eb/Nt) than he needs. Everyone gets exactly the required quality or is not served at all no unnecessary increase of interference for other mobiles no waste of common power resource in the downlink
Interference limited
When the number of users in the cell increases, the interference level increases (noise rise), the required received power at the base station to reach a given Eb/Nt (quality) increases
Interference level relative to Noise level (dB) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Number of simultaneous users per sector
For high interference level, the required received power becomes pole capacity infinite: power control is unstable Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems
Cell breathing
Considering the limitation of maximal transmit power, the increase of required received power due to high traffic will lead to decrease the cell range
The cell coverage decreases when the traffic increases : so-called cell breathing phenomenon Coverage and capacity are linked in CDMA systems
Load control
Deployed intersite distance
Traffic density increases

In order to avoid power control instability and coverage holes due to high traffic level, the level of interference received by a base station should be controlled by means of admission and load control algorithms
CDMA Uplink capacity
CDMA uplink capacity depends on the service bit rate, required Eb/No, load (interference) level =>Theory of Pole point formula (pole capacity) in monoservice
1 X N= 1 + 1 + F Eb Rb N W o
N : number of simultaneous users per sector
F : ratio between intracell and extracell interference
X : cell load level (related to noise rise)
Soft capacity : if a cell is surrounded by lower loaded cells, this cell can support a higher number of users
Uplink Cell load (monoservice)
The UL cell load is directly linked to the so called Noise Rise or interference level 100 % UL cell load means infinite mobile power required
NoiseRise = 10 log(1 X UL )
Interference level as a function of capa city
Interference level (dB) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Cell loa ding (%)
50% of cell load (3dB of interference) max loading : 75%
monoservice
Note: For cell load above 75 %, the system gets unstable
CDMA downlink
Downlink particularities The downlink signals of the Node-B are synchronised In W-CDMA, OVSF spreading codes have orthogonality properties : less intracell interference The total transmit power of Node-B is shared between traffic channels and common channels (pilot, paging, synchronisation) A constant part of power is dedicated to common channels Downlink traffic channels are power controlled. The maximal transmit power and the dynamic of power have to be parameterized for each service The maximal total downlink power is the limiting factor
Other W-CDMA particularities
No frequency reuse pattern Scrambling code planification required 512 scrambling codes in W-CDMA Soft-handover capability RAKE receiver
Radio Environment
UMTS Radio Environment

Propagation model
o No special propagation model currently used for broadband signals at 2GHz
o Standard propagation model based on Hata-Okumura model for macrocellular

COST-HATA is only valid for 1500-2000 MHz Calibration of morpho correction factors required

Shadowing and Fast fading (1)
Due to reflection and diffraction of the transmit signal on obstacles, the received signal will suffer from slow and fast attenuations
0 Lognormal fading -10 Raleygh fading
-20 Received Power [dBm]
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70 10.6 13.2 15.9 18.5 21.1 23.7 26.3 29.0 31.6 34.2 36.8 39.4 42.1 44.7 47.3 49.9 0.1 2.8 5.4 8.0
Distance [m]

Shadowing and Fast fading (2)
In UMTS, power control will fight against shadowing and fast fading
25
20
Fast fading samples (dB) Transmit power (dBm)
Transmit power
Received Power at Node-B (dBm)
15
Received power
Power (dBm) Fast fading values (dB)
10
-5
-10
-15
-20 0 1000 2000 3000
10 00
20 00
30 00
S t N m e (0 6 m) lo u b r ,6 6 s
Slot Number (0,666 ms)

Shadowing
Same as in GSM Slow fading variations due to obstacles (buildings, hills,) are called shadowing
Normal/Gaussian Distribution
0.3 0.25 Probability Densitiy Function
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0 0 2 4 6 Fade Level 8 10 12
Shadowing can be modeled as a random variable with log-normal distribution of 0 mean and standard deviation that is characteristic of the environment

Multipath Diversity
Due to Reflection and diffraction of the transmit signal on obstacles there is not only one path but a large number of paths with different delays and amplitudes
Multipa th profile
In W-CDMA, due to larger bandwidth, RAKE receiver will take benefit of this diversity

RAKE receiver (1)
RAKE receiver is a spread-spectrum receiver that is able to track and demodulate resolvable multipath components : It takes benefit of multipath diversity
RAKE receiver combining
In W-CDMA, with 3.84 Mcps, a RAKE receiver will be able to discriminate multipath having delays higher than one chip duration (0.26 s)

RAKE receiver (2)
It combines the delayed replicas of the transmitted signal to improve reception quality : time-diversity technique:
Identify the delay positions on which significant energy arrives and allocate correlation receivers (RAKE fingers) to those peaks
Within each correlation receiver, track the changing phase and amplitude values and correct them (thanks to pilot symbol estimation)
Combine the demodulated and phase-adjusted symbols across all active fingers and present them to the decoder for further processing (maximal ratio combining)

Typical multipath channels (1)
o Typical multipath channels can be derived from measurement campaigns o ITU defined such typical profiles and they were used during the UMTS radio interface evaluation process:
Vehicular A & B, Outdoor to Indoor A & B, Indoor Office A & B

Typical multipath channels (2)
Power
Power
0 110 190 410
t [ns]
310
710
1090
1730
2510
t [ns]
P e d e s tr ia n A Tap 1 2 3 4 5 6 R e la tiv e D e la y (n s ) 0 110 190 410 Channel power variance for 1 antenna (dB) 24.5 8.5
V e h ic u la r A R e la tiv e D e la y (n s ) 0 310 710 1090 1730 2510 A v e ra g e P o w e r (d B ) 0 -1 .0 -9 .0 -1 0 .0 -1 5 .0 -2 0 .0

Interchip interference Small Large
A v e ra g e P o w e r (d B ) 0 -9 .7 -1 9 .2 -2 2 .8 -
Environment Pedestrian A Vehicular A
Power control gain Large gain can be expected at low speeds (<10 km/h) Medium

Fast fading (1)
o Each main path is a superposition of multiple paths that are very close to each other which implies that its amplitude is Rayleigh distributed
This effect is known as Rayleigh or Fast fading
Rayleigh PDF
Rayleigh Small-Scale Fading
o o Fast fading is not symmetrical (deeper negative fades than positive fades)

Fast fading (2)
Veh. A :
6 paths with 2 main paths

10
Half a wavelength between 2 fading holes (90 ms for 3km/h, 5.4 ms for 50km/h)
Vehicular A 3 km/h
Vehicular A Tap 1 2 3 4 5 6 Relative delay (ns) 0 310 710 1090 1730 2510 Average power (dB) 0 -1 -9 -10 -15 -20
Vehicular A 50 km/h
5
Fast Fading value (dB)
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-5
-10
-15
Slot number (every 0,666ms)

C/I and Eb/No
C/I
DEMODULATOR
Ec/Io
chips chips
Eb/No
bits
Decoder
RF Filter 60MHz Down LP Filter Converter 3.84 MHz D.A.C Digital Filter Nyquist Descrambling Despreading
o Eb/Nt target = minimum required power density (or energy per bit) over the interference (or noise) power density to reach target BER/BLER after decoding C/I = (Eb*Rb)/(No*W) = (Eb*Rb)/(No*Rc) = Eb/No * Rb/Rc
(C/I)target dB = (Eb/No)target dB --PG dB (C/I)target dB = (Eb/No)target dB PG dB

o Example of speech : (Eb/No)target around 6 dB for good BER means a (C/I)target of 6-25= -19 dB (GSM : 9-12 dB)

Link level simulations
o Eb/No figures gives performance for dimensioning o Eb/No figures depend on service, mobile speed, multipath channel profile, diversity technique used o Link level simulations model the transmitter and receiver channels (coding, decoding, spreading, despreading, demodulation, power control) o Link level simulations enable to derive Eb/No figures according to required BLER target

Eb/No measurements
o Eb/No can also be measured on the equipment:

on lab tests on the field (on-air network)
o Note that specific test conditions have been defined by 3GPP to characterize the performances of the Node-B:
specific channel mapping specific multipath channel without power control Not suited for dimensioning purpose

Receiver Sensitivity
Rx Sensitivity calculation : minimum required C level to reach a given quality (C/I target) when facing only thermal noise
in dB Reference Sensitivity = (C/I) +NF + 10log(NtW) Reference Sensitivity in dBm

Where:
Nt Thermal Noise density, 10log(Nt) =-174 dBm/Hz (Eb/No) : Service target Eb/No (here: non-logarithmic) Rb: Service bit rate NF: Node-B Noise figure in dB
= NF +10log(Nt)+ 10log[(Eb/N0)] + 10log(Rb)
Service dependent
Logical/Transport/Physical Channels
Logical, Transport, Physical channels
Logical Channels are defined by the kind of information transported

signaling, system information, user data,
Transport Channels are defined by how and with what characteristics data is transported
max delay, type of coding, required BER, transport format, ...
Physical Channels are defined by

information transported
stand alone (Layer 1 support) signaling, common and dedicated channels
slot format
Mapping between different channel types in FDD

MAC data transfer services provided on logical channels Control Channels Traffic Channels
UPLINK
PHY data transfer services provided on transport channels Dedicated Transport Channels
RLC Layer
LOGICAL CHANNELS PCCH BCCH
DOWNLINK
CCCH
DCCH DTCH
CCCH
CTCH
DCCH DTCH
MAC Layer
RACH CPCH DCH TRANSPORT CHANNELS PCH BCH FACH DSCH DCH
Common Transport Channels

PRACH PCPCH DPCCH DPDCH
PHY Layer
PHYSICAL CHANNELS SCCPCH PCCPCH PDSCH DPCCH DPDCH
Variable bit rate support and multiplexing
Standalone physical channels without connection to transport layer
SCH
CPICH
AICH
PICH
CSICH
CD/CA-ICH
Mapping between different channel types in FDD

Dedicated channels
UPLINK
Control info bw UE and network

CCCH
Paging and broadcast

DOWNLINK
Point-tomultipoint channel
Random access
RACH
DCCH DTCH
LOGICAL CHANNELS
PCCH
BCCH
CCCH
CTCH
DCCH DTCH
CPCH
DCH
TRANSPORT CHANNELS
PCH
BCH
FACH
DSCH
DCH
PRACH
PCPCH
DPCCH DPDCH
PHYSICAL CHANNELS
SCCPCH
PCCPCH
PDSCH
DPCCH DPDCH
Common control physical channels Standalone physical channels without connection to transport layer SCH CPICH AICH PICH CSICH CD/CA-ICH
Synchro
Pilot
Acquisition Indicator
Paging Indicator
Logical channels
PCCH - Paging control Channel

DL Paging information
(DL)
BCCH - Broadcast Control Channel

DL System control information e.g. Cell identity, UL interference level
(DL)
CCCH - Common control Channel
(UL/DL)
For transmitting control information between the network and Ues. The CCCH is commonly used by UEs having no RRC connection and after cell reselection e.g. initial access (RRC connection request, cell update)
Logical channels
CTCH - Common Traffic Channel
(DL)
channel to transfer dedicated user information to all or a group of UEs e.g. SMS Cell broadcast
DCCH - Dedicated Control Channel
(UL/DL)
transmits dedicated control information between UE and UTRAN e.g. measurement reports, radio bearer setup
DTCH - Dedicated Traffic Channel

The DTCH carries user data e.g. speech, Fax, video, web, ...
(UL/DL)
Transport Channels
Why?
A transport channel offers flexibility to arrange information on any servicespecific rate, delay or coding before mapping it on a physical channel:
provides flexibility in traffic variation enables multiplexing of transport channels on the same physical channel Provide flexibility in supporting different technologies: ATM, IP, ADSL, etc
Transport Channels
Definition
Services provided by PHY layer to higher layers Defined by how and with what characteristics data is transferred over the air Dedicated Channels Common Channels
Dedicated Channels
DCH - Dedicated to a single UE Uplink or Downlink
Common Channels
BCH Broadcast (DL, system and cell information, single TF) FACH Forward Access Channel (DL) PCH Paging Channel (DL) RACH Random Access Channel (UL) CPCH Common Packet Channel (UL) DSCH Downlink Shared Channel (DL)
Transport Channels
General Concepts
Transport Block: Basic unit b/w MAC and Layer 1, Layer 1 adds a CRC to each Transport Block Transport Block Set: Set of TB exchanged at the same time using the same Transport Channel Transmission Time Interval: MAC delivers one Transport Block Set per TTI (multiple of 10ms) to Layer 1 Transport Format: Information describing a TBS and how it has to be delivered Transport Format Set: Set of Transport Formats associated to a Transport Channel Transport Format Combination: Authorized combination of TF that can be simultaneously submitted to Layer 1 Transport Format Combination Set: Set of TFC on a CCTrCH Transport Format Indicator: Label for a TF within a TFS Transport Format Combination Indicator: Representation of the TFC
Transport Channels
Transport Channels
General Concepts
MAC indicates the TFI to L1 at each delivery of TBS on each Transport Channel L1 builds the TFCI from all TFI from parallel Transport Channels L1 processes the Transport Blocks appropriately L1 appends the TFCI to the physical control channel
Transport Channels
BCH - Broadcast Channel

for broadcasting of system information over entire cell no power control, fix bit rate
PCH - Paging Channel

association with Page Indicator Channel PICH, to support efficient sleep mode procedures must be broadcast over entire cell
FACH - Forward Access Channel

Common DL channel used for transmission of
control information small amount of packet data
open loop power control
Transport Channels
DCH - Dedicated Channel

DCH is the only Dedicated Transport Channel Channel dedicated to one UE Supports
Fast Power Control, variable bit rate, SHO, transmit diversity, beam forming
DSCH - Downlink Shared Channel

Similar to the FACH Carries dedicated user data and/or control information Always associated with a downlink DCH (with SF of 256) DSCH supports
sharing between different users no SFH, but Fast PC due to associated DCH
Transport Channels
RACH - Random Access Channel

carries control information or small amounts of packet data
e.g. for initial access or non-real-time dedicated control or traffic data
transmitted over entire cell supported by open loop power control
CPCH - Common Packet Channel

Similar to DSCH in DL, used for transmission of bursty data traffic possibility to
transmit over part of the cell (beam forming) change rate fast fast power control
initial risk of collision, but collision detection (CD/CA-ICH) Is shared by the UEs in a cell -> common resource
Physical Channels
(TS25.211)
Channels without connection to transport channels are called Stand-alone channels All Stand-alone channels exist in DL only Stand alone channels are CPICH SCH AICH PICH CSICH CD/CAICH Indicator Channel
Common Pilot Channel

Synchronization Ch (Primary & Secondary)
Acquisition Indication Channel Paging Indicator Channel CPCH Status Indicator Channel Collision Detection / Channel Assignment
Physical Channels Uplink DPDCH and DPCCH

DPDCH carries the DCH transport channel DPCCH carries L1 control information I/Q multiplexed
Data Ndata bits Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata = 10*2k bits (k=0..6) Pilot Npilot bits TFCI NTFCI bits Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits FBI NFBI bits TPC NTPC bits
Feedback Information for closed-loop TxDiv
DPDCH
Channel estimation
DPCCH
Transport Format Combination Indicator

Slot #0 Slot #1
DPCCH: Fixed spreading factor of 256 Power Control command

Slot #i 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms Slot #14
Physical Channels Downlink DPDCH and DPCCH
DPDCH Data1 Ndata1 bits
DPCCH TPC NTPC bits TFCI NTFCI bits
DPDCH Data2 Ndata2 bits
DPCCH Pilot Npilot bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..7)
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i One radio frame, Tf = 10 ms
Slot #14
Physical Channels PRACH: Physical Random Access Channel

Based on slotted ALOHA with fast acquisition indication
Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part 10 ms (one radio frame) Preamble Preamble Message part 20 ms (two radio frames)
Data Ndata bits Pilot Npilot bits Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..3) TFCI NTFCI bits
Repetition of a 16 chip signature
4096 chips
Preamble
Data part mapped to the RACH
4096 chips
Data
Control
Control part for channel estimation and TFCI
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i Message part radio frame TRACH = 10 ms
Slot #14
Physical Channels AICH: Acquisition Indicator Channel

Fixed rate (SF=256) Carries Acquisition Indicators (AI) An AI corresponds to a signature on the PRACH
AI part = 4096 chips, 32 real-valued symbols
1024 chips Transmission Off
a0 a1 a 2
a30 a31
AS #14
AS #0
AS #1
AS #i 20 ms
AS #14
AS #0
Physical Channels CPICH: Common Pilot Channel

Fixed rate (30Kbps, SF=256) Aid the channel estimation at UE Provide phase reference for the common channels Used for measurements in case of hand-over and cell selection/re-selection
Pre-defined bit sequence Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #i 1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms
Slot #14
Physical Channels P-CCPCH: Primary Common Control Physical Channel

Fixed rate (30Kbps, SF=256) Carries BCH
Timemultiplexed with SCH
256 chips (Tx OFF) Data Ndata1=18 bits Tslot = 2560 chips , 20 bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #14
Physical Channels S-CCPCH: Secondary Common Control Physical Channel

Carries FACH and PCH
TFCI NTFCI bits
Data Ndata1 bits Tslot = 2560 chips, 20*2k bits (k=0..6)
Pilot Npilot bits
Slot #0
Slot #1
Slot #14
Physical Channels SCH - Synchronization Channel Time multiplexed with PCCPCH

first 256 chips of slot SCH, rest PCCPCH
Primary SCH
Consists of a a fixed 256 chips code Primary Synchronization Code (PSC)
The PSC is the same for every cell in the system The PSC is repeated in each slot
Secondary SCH
Transmitted in parallel to the Primary SCH In each of the 15 slots a different Secondary Synchronization Code SSC is transmitted The SSC sequence indicates the used downlink scrambling code set (8 codes) out of 64 scrambling code groups
Physical Channels AICH - Acquisition Indication Channel

SF256, Frame length 20ms 5120 chips/slot
Used to confirm reception of (P)RACH
PICH - Paging Indicator Channel

SF=256, carries the paging indicators associated with an SCCPCH to which a PCH transport channel is mapped Once a PI message has been detected on the PICH, the UE decodes the next PCH frame transmitted on the SCCPCH whether there is a paging message intended for it.
CSICH - CPCH Status Indication Channel CD/CA-ICH - CPCH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator Channel
All CPCH related physical channels support the operation of the UL CPCH transport channel
Basic Algorithms
Interfaces to Layer 1
Radio Resource Control
Layer 3
CPHY primitives Control of the configuration
Medium Access Control

Transfer of transport blocks Status of Layer 1 Transport blocks and error indication
Layer 2
PHY primitives
Physical Layer
Layer 1
Layer 1 Functions
FEC encoding/decoding of transport channels Measurements Macro-diversity distribution/combining and soft-handover Error detection on transport channels Multiplexing of transport channels and de-multiplexing of CCTrCh Rate matching Mapping of CCTrCh on PHY channels Modulation/de-modulation and spreading/de-spreading of PHY channels Frequency and time synchronization Closed-loop power control Power weighting and combining of PHY channels RF processing
Cell Search Cell Search Step 1: Slot synchronization

UE uses SCH primary synchronization code Primary synchronization code is common to all cells The primary synchronization code is the same in every slot slot boundary
Step 2: Frame synchronization and code-group identification

UE uses the SCH secondary synchronization code Correlation with all possible 64 secondary synchronization codes
Step 3: Scrambling code identification

Correlation over the CPICH with all (8) codes of the code-group P-CCPCH can be detected
Random Access o UE randomly selects an access slot and a signature o It transmits a Preamble with Preamble_Initial_Power o If no answer, it chooses a new slot and a new signature; power is increased by Power_Ramp_Step o In case of positive answer, message part is transmitted
Near-Far-Problem
UE 1
UE 2
Before despreading After despreading
Up to around 80 dB attenuation between UE1 and UE2 If UE1 and UE2 transmitted with the same power, UE1 would jam UE2 : so-called near-far effect Solution : power control Need for an efficient power control able to fight against slow AND fast fading!
Power control
In UMTS FDD, all users are sharing the same frequency band W-CDMA requires power control to minimize the level of interference (interference-limited system) Power control is applied on both uplink and downlink Power control minimizes the transmission power to match the quality target for each radio access bearer service
No one should get more power than necessary to reach the required QoS Avoids near-far problem on uplink
Power Control
Need for a fast power control (1)
o The transmit power must vary in time to compensate for the variations of the attenuation over the air interface:
attenuation due to distance, Slow attenuation (shadowing due to obstacles) fast attenuation (fast fading).
Received Power [dBm]
0 Lognormal fading -10 Raleygh fading
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70 10.6 13.2 15.9 18.5 21.1 23.7 26.3 29.0 31.6 34.2 36.8 39.4 42.1 44.7 47.3 49.9 0.1 2.8 5.4 8.0
Distance [m ]
Power Control
Need for a fast power control (2)
o Half a wavelength between 2 fading holes
o Mean time between 2 fading holes at 2 GHz:

90 ms at 3 km/h 5 ms at 50 km/h 2.25 ms at 120 km/h
o In W-CDMA UMTS FDD, the rate of power control is equal to one power control command every 0.666 ms (1500Hz vs. 2Hz in GSM)
Power Control
Example of Fast fading according to speed
Veh. A :
6 paths with 2 main paths

10
Half a wavelength between 2 fading holes (90 ms for 3km/h, 5.4 ms for 50km/h)
Vehicular A 3 km/h
Vehicular A Tap 1 2 3 4 5 6 Relative delay (ns) 0 310 710 1090 1730 2510 Average power (dB) 0 -1 -9 -10 -15 -20
Vehicular A 50 km/h
5
Fast Fading value (dB)
0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
-5
-10
-15
Slot number (every 0,666ms)
Power Control
Power Control behaviour
In UMTS, power control will fight against shadowing and fast fading
25
20
Fast fading samples (dB) Transmit power (dBm)
Transmit power
Received Power at Node-B (dBm)
15
Received power
Power (dBm) Fast fading values (dB)
10
-5
-10
-15
-20 0 1000 2000 3000
10 00
20 00
30 00
S t N m e (0 6 m) lo u b r ,6 6 s
Slot Number (0,666 ms)
Power Control
Open and closed loops
o In UMTS, different power control loops are defined:

open-loop power control closed-loop power control
inner loop outer loop
o The open-loop enables to compute UE transmit power (initial traffic channel power or PRACH preamble power) from system information broadcast by the cell
o The closed-loop enables to compute the transmit power according to the power control commands (TPC) received from the opposite link
Power Control
Open loop
No feedback whether the transmit power setting was ok or not Uplink Node-B sends:
output power needed SIR uplink interference level
Downlink UE sends:
measurement reports
UTRAN calculates output power from:

UE measurement reports Node-B output power needed SIR
UE calculates output power from:

Node-B output power Measured received signal needed SIR uplink interference level
Power Control
Uplink closed loop
TPC commands Node B INNER-LOOP
SIR target (FP) Serving RNC
OUTER-LOOP
UL DPCCH/DPDCH UE Adjusts Tx power based on received TPC commands
Transport blocks + CRCI (FP) NODE B SRNC Adjusts SIR target based on CRCI to reach the target BLER (given by CN at RAB assignment request)
SIR measurement on UL DPCCH Generate TPC commands by comparing the measured SIR to SIR target Decode data blocks and generate CRCI
Power Control
Uplink inner loop
o TPC command generation every 0.666ms (1500 times per second)

If SIRmeas > SIRtarget, TPC command = power down one step If SIRmeas < SIRtarget, TPC command = power up one step
o The step adjustment size is 1dB by default
o SIRtarget is estimated by the outer loop to reach the target BLER specified for each service
The SIR target is typically determined 10-100 times per second
Power Control
Uplink inner loop
o Algorithm 1:
o If SIRest > SIRtarget o If SIRest < SIRtarget TPC command is -1 TPC command is +1
o Upon reception of more than one command: Algorithm 1 is based on soft symbol decision on each command o Algorithm 2: after 5 slots
o if all 5 TPC commands are 1 resulting TPC command is +1 o if all 5 TPC commands are 0 resulting TPC command is 1 o otherwise resulting TPC command is 0
o Upon reception of more than one command:

o For each link, compute TPC_cmd(i) as previously over 5 slots o if 1/N o o otherwise
TPC_cmd(i) > 0.5 if 1/N TPC_cmd(i) < -0.5
resulting TPC command is +1
resulting TPC command is 1 resulting TPC command is 0
Power Control
Uplink outer loop
o The following algorithm is used :

At each received block:
Nblocks = Nblocks + 1 If CRCI = fail If Nblocks Ntb Nerrors = Nerrors +1
If Nerrors > Nerror_up increase SIRtarget by SIR_up If Nerrors < Nerror_down decrease SIRtarget by SIR_down Nblocks = 0, Nerrors = 0 o The parameters of the algorithm can be configured (one value per service) o Thanks to the outer loop, the system will be able to adapt the Eb/No target (for a target BLER) according to the environment moving conditions (multipath, speed for instance)
Power Control
Downlink closed loop
DL DPCCH/DPDCH
Outer loop within UE
Node B
Target BLER
Serving RNC
INNER-LOOP
UE
TPC commands
NODE B Adjusts Tx power based on received TPC commands
SRNC Signals the target BLER to the UE via RRC signaling
SIR measurement on DL DPCCH Generate TPC commands by comparing the measured SIR to the SIR target Decode data blocks and generate CRCI Adjusts SIR target to reach the target BLER
Power Control
Needs for Power Balancing
o For the DL power control, the UE sends the same TPC command to all cells in the active set:
When a new link is added the initial DL transmit power is not aligned with the other cells in the Active Set When some errors occur during UL transmission, different cells in the active set may interpret the command differently
o This will cause a decrease of the soft-handover gain since this gain is the largest when the receive powers from all cells in the active set are equal. o Thus, a mechanism, known as Power balancing, is required o Alcatel-Lucent claims 10-15% gain on capacity with power balancing
Power Control
Power balancing algorithm
DL Power control (NBAP) Serving Node B RNC
Measurement report (RRC)

NODE B
SRNC Regularly computes the DL DPCCH power as for the initial power Regularly sends a DL power control command to all Nodes B in the UE active set (only for UE in SHO) DL reference power
UE
CPICH_Ec/Io is regularly measured by the UE for all cells in the active set and reported to the CRNC via RRC signaling.
Change the DL DPCCH transmit power of each cells in the UE active set when receiving a DL power control command from the CRNC A correction is periodically performed towards the reference power
Goal = align Node Bs transmitter powers involved in a Soft HO with a UE

Soft Handover (SHO)

Principles
RNC
Connection is shifted softly from one cell to another cell on the same carrier All Node Bs, which are involved in soft/softer handover belong to the Active Set (AS) of the communication The decision to change the AS will mainly rely on the measured PCPICH level of the cell Max AS size is limited by parameter settings All Node Bs from the AS process the signal from the UE
Node-B 2
A softer handover is a soft handover between different sectors of the same Node B The UE receives the same signal from different cells and therefore from different paths diversity gain
Received Pilot Signal Macrodiversity
3 dB Node-B 1
Soft Handover (SHO)

Macrodiversity gain
Soft HO
In UL selection of the best signal on a frame basis at RNC level selection diversity In DL Maximum Ratio combining due to RAKE receiver at UE For UL & DL good decorrelation due to different locations of Node Bs many multipaths
RNC
Softer HO
In UL Maximum. Ratio Combining at Node B In DL Maximum Ration combining due to RAKE receiver at UE For UL & DL less decorrelation due to same location of sectors less multipaths
RNC
Soft Handover (SHO)

Events vs. Periodic Reporting
o The UE is told by the UTRAN, which events shall trigger a measurement report less reports than every 480 ms in GSM o The report is evaluated by the HO algorithm o For Release 99 only intra frequency events are defined:
1A - a PCPICH enters the reporting range 1B - a PCPICH leaves the reporting range 1C - a nonactive PCPICH becomes better than an active primary CPICH 1D - change of best cell (Primary) 1E - a PCPICH becomes better than an absolute threshold 1F - a PCPICH becomes worse than an absolute threshold
Soft Handover (SHO)

Algorithm example
Measurement CPICH 1
T
Only cell 2 in AS As_Th + As_Th_Hyst
Only cell 1 in AS
AS_Th As_Th_Hyst As_Rep_Hyst
CPICH 2
CPICH 3 Time Event 1A Add Cell 2 Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Event 1B Event 1C Replace Cell 1 Remove Cell 3 with Cell 3
Soft Handover (SHO)

UL closed loop Power Control and SHO
o In SHO, more than one TPC commands are sent to the UE o The UE must combine all received TPC commands and get a single TPC value. If at least one of the Node-Bs in the active set is sending a power down command, the UE will reduce its output power.
TPC = Down
TPC = Up
TPC = Down
Soft Handover (SHO)

DL closed loop Power Control and SHO
Received TPC = Sent TPC ?
TPC
o As each Node-B processes the UE TPC command independently power drifting is possible
o One Node-B performs power up while another one performs power down o This would degrade the SHO performance and should be avoided with slower power control: o UE sends 3 times the same TPC and Node-B combines all the 3 to improve accuracy
Inter-Frequency handover
Hard handover
o RNC can trigger blind hard hand-over or Compress Mode HHO o The terminal must make measurements on other frequencies while still having the connection running on the current frequency:
Dual receiver simple handover operation, but expensive receiver
Compressed mode (or slotted mode) simple receiver, but complicated handover operation UTRA cell GSM cell
o The information is compressed time periodically (a few ms), in order to perform measurements on the other frequencies
Compressed frame Downlink
10ms frame
Idle period
Hard handover
o Blind hand-over: requires overlapping of the source cell by the target cell
o Compressed mode: o Transmission and/or reception is stopped during few ms o UE can do measurements on another frequency o Frames are compressed to create transmission gaps
Hard handover
o 3GPP has defined three methods for compressed mode:

o Higher layer scheduling: through reduction of the data rate o Spreading factor reduction: PHY data rate is increased o Puncturing: symbol rate reduction at PHY layer
o Measurements types:
o GSM Initial BSIC identification o GSM BSIC reconfirmation o GSM carrier RSSI o WCDMA carrier RSSI
Call Admission Control

Principle
CAC (Call Admission Control)

Rejects all calls requesting UTRAN resources above the existing hw/sw limits Applies to all types of traffic (CS & PS)
iRM CAC part of larger set of iRM algorithms (intelligent resources management)
Performs PS RABs downsize at admission according to the load level of different resources monitored (RF Power, Codes, CEM, Iub) and also RL quality. Applies only on R99 PS traffic.
Other features acting during Call admission in case of lack of UTRAN resources:
HSPA2DCH Fallback: HSPA call can be reconfigured to DCH if no HSPA resources. iMCTA CAC allows to redirect a call on another Frequency or RAT if no resources available on the current primary cell
Call Admission Control

High traffic load behaviour
UE requests an UTRAN resource (Power, Codes, CEM, Iub) and is not getting it because the resource is not available => resource Blocking Blocking can impact different phases of the call:
Call Phase Call Admission Call Reconfiguration Blocking Cause Lack of resources at call setup Lack of resources to perform iRM transitions (RB Adaptation Upsize, iRM Sched Upgrade) No resources available for additional RL Effect Call admission failure Call is not reconfigured (impact on user throughput) Additional RL not added in the Active Set (risk of call drop)
Mobility
Blocking during Call Admission phase as it is considered the most impacting for call integrity (direct impact on call success). The only solutions against blocking:
Additional hw resources Resources management features activation (iRM, HSDPA fallback, iMCTA CAC)
Resources management features (iRM) usage is highly recommended in order to avoid useless hw upgrade
RAB Allocation Procedure

Successful PS RAB Allocation
UE BTS RNC CN
PS call initial connection (RRC phase)

RAB Assignment Request
iRM CAC
RNC mechanisms RNC CAC
Radio Link Reconfiguration Prepare
BTS mechanism
BTS CAC
Radio Link Reconfiguration Ready UP / DL Synchronization UP / UL Synchronization Radio Link Reconfiguration Commit Radio Bearer Setup
Radio Bearer Setup Complete RAB Assignment Response (Success)
BTS and RNC CAC mechanisms are involved in different call establishment phases. iRM CAC is a specific RNC mechanism
RAB Allocation Procedure

Successful PS RAB Allocation
Main UTRAN Resources that can trigger CAC action (call admission blocking):
BTS Channel Elements Resource managed by BTS CAC Blocking of this resource RB rejection or RL Setup/Reconfiguration failures Iub ATM Resource managed by RNC CAC Blocking of this resource RB rejection RF power Resource managed by RNC CAC Blocking of this resource RB rejection UL load (RTWP) Resource managed by BTS CAC Blocking of this resource RB rejection or RL Setup/Reconfiguration failures OVSF Codes Resource managed by RNC CAC Blocking of this resource RB rejection RNC CPU Resource managed by the RNC Blocking of this resource Overload mechanism => RB rejection
www.alcatel-lucent.com

03nov - AM1 - UMTS Introduction & Basic Algo

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Исходное описание:

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

03nov - AM1 - UMTS Introduction & Basic Algo

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Introduction to UMTS

Mohamed Arshad MoAD RNE SSEAI

2 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

ITU: International Telecommunications Union

IMT-2000 spectrum band identified in 1992 (Confrence Mondiale des Radiocommunications)

3 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Indoor low mobility

Urban reduced mobility

Rural outdoor high mobility

4 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Satellite Zone 4: Global

Basic Terminal PDA Terminal Audio/Visual Terminal

Integration with the Fixed Network

5 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

3G Frequency Band World-Wide

1880 MHz 1850 MHz WLL

1885 MHz 1918 MHz

Japan Korea (w/o PHS) North America

PHS 1895 MHz

6 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

7 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

8 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

UTRA - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

1900 1920 TDD UL/D L

1980 2010 2025 MSS TDD UL UL/DL

W-CDMA FDD mode for the paired band

TD-CDMA TDD mode for the unpaired band

Multiple Access Techniques

10 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

UTRA FDD - Characteristics

11 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

UMTS Radio Access Network

Radio Access Network

12 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

USIM-UMTS Subscriber Identity Module

13 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

UMTS radio access network

RNC-Radio Network Controller

RNS-Radio Network Subsystem

UMTS R adio Access Network

UMTS radio access network interfaces

UMTS R adio Access Network

15 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Core network - circuit switched

Iu-CS MSC/VLR HLR SGSN Iu-PS CN GGSN GMSC

MSC-Mobile Services switching Center

VLR-Visitor Location Register

16 | UMTS Introduction | Nov 2008

All Rights Reserved Alcatel-Lucent 2008

Core network - packet switched