Comparison of Citation Styles: A Guide for POLS Classes

How is Chicago style different from APA and MLA?

In the discipline of Political Science, most authors use a citation style based on the Chicago Manual of Style. This may be new to students who learned how to cite using APA and MLA. This guide is intended to show examples that demonstrate how the Chicago style differs from APA and MLA. The various forms of Chicago Manual of Style are covered here. They include: Chicago author-date style. Uses a combination of a parenthetical citation within a paper and a reference list. Chicago footnote/endnote style. Uses complete citations in footnotes or endnotes only, or uses short notes combined with a bibliography. APSA American Political Science Association style. It is a modified form of Chicago author-date style. As you look over these citations, the primary differences you will see are: how authors names are spelled out and their order, where the date of publication is placed, capitalization of words in the titles, punctuation between different parts of the citation, and how web-based material is treated. Keep these differences in mind while citing in a research paper.

Book Citations
APA: Reference List Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of the book: Subtitle of the book. City of Publication: Publisher. Decker, S. H. & Van Winkle, B. (1996). Life in the gang: Family, friends, and violence. New York: Cambridge University Press. MLA: Works Cited Lastname, Firstname M. Title of the Book: Subtitle of the Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year. Decker, Scott H. and Barrick Van Winkle. Life in the Gang: Family, Friends, and Violence. New York: Cambridge UP, 1996. Chicago Footnote/Endnote/Bibliography Full Footnote/Endnote #. Firstname M. Lastname and Firstname M. Lastname, Title of the Book: Subtitle of the Book (City of Publication: Publisher, Year), page of reference. 1. Scott H. Decker and Barrick Van Winkle, Life in the Gang: Family, Friends, and Violence (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 20. Bibliography Citation Lastname, Firstname M., and Firstname M. Lastname. Title of the Book: Subtitle of the Book. City of Publication: Publisher, Year. Decker, Scott H., and Barrick Van Winkle. Life in the Gang: Family, Friends, and Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Preferred Citations in Political Science

Chicago Author-Date: Reference List Most often used in criminal justice and public administration courses. Lastname, Firstname M., and Firstname M. Lastname. Year. Title of the book: Subtitle of the book. City of Publication: Publisher. Decker, Scott H., and Barrick Van Winkle. 1996. Life in the gang: Family, friends, and violence. New York: Cambridge University Press. APSA: Reference List Most often used in general political science courses. Lastname, Firstname M., and Firstname M. Lastname. Year. Title of the Book: Subtitle of the Book. City of Publication: Publisher. Decker, Scott H., and Barrick Van Winkle. 1996. Life in the Gang: Family, Friends, and Violence. New York: Cambridge University Press.

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Journal Citations For journal articles in print, on microfilm, or in PDF format

APA: Reference List Lastname, F. M. & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of the article: Subtitle of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume: page-page. Herrmann, R. K. & Keller, J. W. (2004). Beliefs, values, and strategic choice: U.S. leaders decisions to engage, contain, and use force in an era of globalization. Journal of Politics, 66: 557-580. MLA: Works Cited Lastname, Firstname M. and Firstname Lastname. Title of the Article: Subtitle of the Article. Title of the Journal volume.issue (Mon. Year): page-page. Brzoska, Michael. From Dumb to Smart? Recent Reforms of U.N. Sanctions. Global Governance 9.4 (Oct.-Dec. 2003): 519535. Chicago Footnote/Endnote/Bibliography Full Footnote/Endnote #. Firstname M. Lastname and Firstname M. Lastname, Title of the Article: Subtitle of the Article, Title of the Journal volume, no. # (Year): page-page, URL of the databases main page. 20. Richard K. Herrmann and Jonathan W. Keller, Beliefs, Values, and Strategic Choice: U.S. Leaders Decisions to Engage, Contain and Use Force in an Era of Globalization, Journal of Politics 66, no. 2 (2004): 557-580. Bibliography Citation Lastname, Firstname M. Title of the Article: Subtitle of Article. Title of the Journal volume, no. # (year): pagepage. Herrmann, Richard K., and Jonathan W. Keller. Beliefs, Values, and Strategic Choice: U.S. Leaders Decisions to Engage, Contain and Use Force in an Era of Globalization. Journal of Politics 66, no. 2 (2004): 557-580.

Preferred Citations in Political Science

Chicago Author-Date: Reference List Most often used in criminal justice and public administration courses. Lastname, Firstname M., and Firstname M. Lastname. Year. Title of the article: Subtitle of the article. Title of the Journal volume (Month): page-page. Herrmann, Richard K., and Johnathan W. Keller. 2004. Beliefs, values, and strategic choice: U.S. leaders decisions to engage, contain, and use force in an era of globalization. Journal of Politics 66 (May): 557-80. APSA: Reference List Most often used in general political science courses. Lastname, Firstname M., and Firstname M. Lastname. Year. Title of the Article: Subtitle of the Article. Title of the Journal volume (Month, Season, or Number): pagepage. Herrmann, Richard K., and Jonathan W. Keller. 2004. Beliefs, Values, and Strategic Choice: U.S. Leaders Decisions to Engage, Contain, and Use Force in an Era of Globalization. Journal of Politics 66 (May): 557-80.

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Journal Citations For articles from one of the librarys subscription databases
APA: Reference List Lastname, F. M. & Lastname, F. M. (Year). Title of the article: Subtitle of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume: page-page. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Database Name database. Herrmann, R. K. & Keller, J. W. (2004). Beliefs, values, and strategic choice: U.S. leaders decisions to engage, contain, and use force in an era of globalization. Journal of Politics, 66: 557-580. Retrieved April 25, 2007, from JSTOR database. MLA: Works Cited Lastname, Firstname M. and Firstname Lastname. Title of the Article: Subtitle of the Article. Title of the Journal volume.issue (Mon. Year): page-page. Database Name. Company selling database. Library Name. City, State. Access Date Month, Year. <basic URL of database>. Brzoska, Michael. From Dumb to Smart? Recent Reforms of U.N. Sanctions. Global Governance 9.4 (Oct.-Dec. 2003): 519-535. Academic Search. EBSCO. Meriam Library. Chico, CA. 25 April, 2007. <http://web.ebscohost.com>. Chicago Footnote/Endnote/Bibliography Style Full Footnote/Endnote #. Firstname M. Lastname and Firstname M. Lastname, Title of the Article: Subtitle of the Article, Title of the Journal volume, no. # (Year): page-page. URL of the databases main page. 20. Richard K. Herrmann and Jonathan W. Keller, Beliefs, Values, and Strategic Choice: U.S. Leaders Decisions to Engage, Contain and Use Force in an Era of Globalization, Journal of Politics 66, no. 2 (2004): 557-580. http://web.ebscohost.com. Bibliography Citation Lastname, Firstname M. Title of the Article: Subtitle of Article. Title of the Journal volume, no. # (year): page-page. URL of the databases main page. Herrmann, Richard K., and Jonathan W. Keller. Beliefs, Values, and Strategic Choice: U.S. Leaders Decisions to Engage, Contain and Use Force in an Era of Globalization. Journal of Politics 66, no. 2 (2004): 557-580. http://web.ebscohost.com.

Preferred Citations in Political Science

Chicago Author-Date: Reference List Most often used in criminal justice and public administration courses. Lastname, Firstname M., and Firstname M. Lastname. Year. Title of the article: Subtitle of the article. Title of the Journal volume (Month): page-page. URL of the databases main page. Herrmann, Richard K., and Johnathan W. Keller. 2004. Beliefs, values, and strategic choice: U.S. leaders decisions to engage, contain, and use force in an era of globalization. Journal of Politics 66 (May): 557-80. http://web.ebscohost.com. APSA: Reference List Most often used in general political science courses. No specific guidelines are provided. Example below is recommend for the best, easiest to locate citation. Lastname, Firstname M., and Firstname M. Lastname. Year. Title of the Article: Subtitle of the Article. Title of the Journal volume (Month, Season, or Number): pagepage. Database name (access month date, year). Brzoska, Michael. 2003. From Dumb to Smart? Recent Reforms of U.N. Sanctions. Global Governance 9 (October-December): 519-535. Academic Search Premier (September 27, 2005).

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Internet Citations
APA: Reference List Lastname, F. M., & Lastname, F. M. (Date of Publication). Title of the webpage document. Retrieved Month Date, Year, from full webpage URL. Burtless, G. (2004). The labor force status of mothers who are most likely to receive welfare: Changes following reform. Retrieved April 26, 2007, from http://www.brookings.edu/views/oped/burtless/20040330.htm MLA: Works Cited Lastname, Firstname M. Title of the Webpage. Title of the Entire Website. Date Mon. Year accessed <full webpage URL>. Burtless, Gary. The Labor Force Status of Mothers Who are Most Likely to Receive Welfare: Changes Following Reform. The Brookings Institution. 26 Apr. 2007 <http://www.brookings.edu/views/oped/burtless/20040330.htm>. Chicago Footnote/Endnote/Bibliography Style See citation note under Chicago Author-Date. Full Footnote/Endnote #. Firstname M. Lastname, Title of Webpage, Title of Entire Website, Name of Website Sponsor, Year (if avail.), full URL of webpage. 5. Gary Burtless, The Labor Force Status of Mothers Who Are Most Likely to Receive Welfare: Changes Following Reform, The Brookings Institution, http://www.brookings.edu/views/oped/burtless/20040330.htm. Bibliography Citation Lastname, Firstname M. Title of Webpage. Title of Entire Website. Name of Website Sponsor. full URL of webpage. Burtless, Gary. The Labor Force Status of Mothers Who Are Most Likely to Recieve Welfare: Changes Following Reform. The Brookings Institution. http://www.brookings.edu/ views/op-ed/burtless/20040330.htm.

Preferred Citations in Political Science

Chicago Author-Date: Reference List Most often used in criminal justice and public administration courses. In all Chicago styles, informally published web pages do not reference a publication date. Formally published items do. Cite a publication date for web pages such as online news articles, online government documents, and online books. Homepages of companies or about us pages of organizations are examples of web pages that do not require a date in the citation. If in doubt, attempt to locate a date of publication and include it in the citation. Lastname, Firstname M. Year (if avail.). Title of the webpage: Subtitle of the webpage. Title of the entire website. Name of website sponsor. Full URL of the webpage. Formally published web page Burtless, Gary. 2004. The labor force status of mothers who are most likely to receive welfare: Changes following reform. The Brookings Institution. http://www.brookings.edu/views/oped/burtless/20040330.htm. Informally published web page Reproductive health and rights in Ethiopia. Planned Parenthood Federation of America. http://www.plannedparenthood.org/aboutus/international-work/reproductive-healthand-rights-in-ethiopia.htm. APSA: Reference List Most often used in general political science courses. Lastname, Firstname M. Year. Title of the Webpage. Title of the Website/Name of Site Sponsor. Full URL of the webpage (access month date, year). Burtless, Gary. 2004. The Labor Force Status of Mothers Who Are Most Likely to Receive Welfare: Changes Following Reform. The Brookings Institution. http://www.brookings.edu/views/oped/burtless/20040330.htm (April 10, 2005).

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