RETAINING WALL DESIGN

SYMBOLS AND DEFINITIONS:H = the height of the wall (from top of the wall to bottom of the footing) B = length of footing Ho = the height of the wall (from top of the wall to top of the footing) hn = the height of nib h = the height of fill on the toe Ltoe = length of toe Lheel = length of heel Tfooting = thickness of footing Ttop = thickness of wall at top Tbottom = thickness of wall at bottom = surcharge = unit weight of the backfill material pa = active earth pressure coefficient pp = passive earth pressure coefficient Pa = active force per unit length of wall at bottom of wall Pp = passive force per unit length of wall at bottom of wall = internal friction angle of the soil sample f = friction coefficient = bearing capacity = unit weight of concrete f = patial safety factor e = eccentricity DATA:Ho 2.50 h 0.00 kp 3.00

B 2.50 hnib 0.00

H 3.00

Ltoe 0.50

Lheel 1.70 f 0.57 fy 500

Tfooting 0.50

Ttop 0.30

Tbottom 0.30 ka 0.33

10.00
cover 0.05

18.00
fcu 30

170.00
fyv 250

30.00

25.00

1) Calculate Lateral Earth Pressure Active Earth Pressure: Part 1 (Surcharge) P1 = kaH = Part 2 P2 = 0.5kaH2 = 2) Calculate Vertical Loads Surcharge Wall Ws = Lheel Ww =0.5(Ttop + Tbottom)Ho 17.00 kN 18.75 kN 10.00 kN 27.00 kN

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Nib Footing Soil cover at toe Soil cover at heel

Wn =(Tbottom * hnib * ) Wf = TfootingB Wt = Ltoe(h-Tfooting) Wh = Lheel(H-Tfooting) Total

0.00 31.25 kN 0.00 kN 76.50 kN 143.50 kN

The maximum possible friction force at bottom of footing F = fNtotal = 3) Check Sliding Total lateral active force(including surcharge) f (earth)= f (sur)= 1.35

72.11 kN

1.5 51.45 kN

f(sur) * P1 + f(earth) * P2 =
Total maximum possible sliding resistant capacity Passive P3 = 0.5kphnib2 = Passive + friction = Sliding safety factor =

0 kN 72.11 kN 1.40 < 1.5 FAILS

4) Check Overturning Take point A as the reference point Resistant moment f (permanent loads) = 0.9 Surcharge Soil cover at heel Wall Nib Soil cover at toe Footing

f (variable load) =

0 0.00 kN.m 113.60 kN.m 10.97 kN.m 0.00 kN.m 0.00 kN.m Total 35.16 kN.m 159.73 kN.m

Ws *(Lheel/2 + Tbottom + Ltoe)*f(vari. Load) Wh *(Lheel/2 + Tbottom + Ltoe)*f(per. Loads) Ww *(Tbottom /2 + Ltoe)*f(per. Load) Wn *(Tbottom /2 + Ltoe)*f(per. Load) Wt *( Ltoe/2)*f(per. Load) Wf*B/2*f(per. Load)

Overturning moment f (earth)= 1.1 P1 * (H/2) * f(sur)+ P2 * (H/3) * f(earth) = Overturning safety factor = 5) Check Bearing Vertical Loads f(sur.)= 0.0 Surcharge Wall Nib Footing Soil cover at toe Ws = f(sur.)**Lheel

f (sur)=

1.5 52.2 kN.m 3.06 > 1.5 OK

f(per.)= 1.0
Ww =f(per.)*0.5*(Ttop+Tbottom)*Ho* Wn =f(per.)*Tbottom*hnib* Wf = f(per.)*Tfooting*B* Wt = f(per.)**Ltoe*(h-Tfooting)

f(per.)= 1.35
0.00 kN 25.31 kN 0.00 kN 42.19 kN 0.00 kN

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Soil cover at heel Total vertical load Ntotal =

Wh = f(per.)**Lheel(H-Tfooting) Total

76.50 kN 144.00 kN 144.00 kN

Total moment about center line of footing: * Clockwise Soil cover @heel Wh *(B/2-Lheel/2 ) 30.60 kN.m 30.60 kN.m

*Counterclockwise f(per.)= 1.35 Wall Nib

f(sur.)=

1.50 Ww *(B/2 - Ltoe - Tbottom/2) Wn *(B/2 - Ltoe - Tbottom/2) Wt *( B/2 - Ltoe/2)

15.19 kN.m 0.00 0.00 kN.m 22.50 kN Total 36.45 kN 74.14 kN.m

Soil cover @ toe Part 1 (Surcharge) P1 = f(sur.)*ka**.5*H2 = Part 2 P2 = f(per.)*0.5*ka**(1/3)*H3 =

Total moment at bottom of footing Mtotal 43.54 kN.m (counterclockwise)

Maximum bearing stress

= Ntotal/A +- Mtotal/S
e = Mtotal/Ntotal = where A=B*1 S = 1.0 * B^2 / 6 Therefore: 1 = and 2 = 0.3 < 0.42 Eccentricity OK 2.5 m2 1.04 m3

99.40 kN/m2 15.80 kN/m2 99.40 kN/m2 15.80 kN/m2 82.68 kN/m2 72.65 kN/m2

< >

170.00 0

kN/m2 kN/m2 OK

1 = 2 = 3 = 4 =

BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE: 1) WALL:-

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Shear force P = f*0.5*ka**Ho2+f**ka*Ho = Bending moment M=f*0.5*ka**Ho2*(Tfooting/2+Ho/3)+f**ka*Ho*(Tfooting/2+Ho/2) M=

37.81 kN

46.17 kN.m

2) BASE:Heel:Shear force P = f*Wf + f*Wh - f*2*Lheel - f*0.5*(4-2 )*Lheel = P= Bending moment 30.00 kN

M = f*Wf*(Lheel/2+Tbottom/2) + f*Wh*(Lheel/2+Tbottom/2) - f*2*Lheel*(Lheel/2+Tbottom/2) - *0.5*(4-2 )*Lheel*(Lheel/3+Tbottom/2) = f M= 43.69 kN.m

Toe:Shear force P = -f*Wf-f*Wt+f*3*Ltoe+f*0.5*(1-3 )*Ltoe= P= Bending moment 37.08 kN

M = -f*Wf*(Ltoe/2+Tbottom/2) - f*Wh*(Ltoe/2+Tbottom/2) + f*3*Ltoe*(Ltoe/2+Tbottom/2) + *0.5*(1-3 )*Ltoe*(2*Ltoe/3+Tbottom/2) = f M= DESIGN OF WALL:BENDING MOMENT REINFORCEMENT :Clause 3.4.4.4 Table 3.14 MWALL 46.17 Spacing 200.0 Clause bar 12 Prov. As 565 effec.d 244 K 0.026 z 231.800 As 419.34 Min. As 366.0 Reqd. As 419.3 16.53 kN.m

SHEAR FORCE REINFORCEMENT :1/3 Vd min As 100As/bvd vc 3.5.5.2 v (400/d)1/4 (fcu/25) 3.5.5.3 37.81 0.155 419.34 0.172 1.132 1.06 0.423 Table 3.16 No shear reinforcement is required. 0.5vc vc+ 0.4 0.8*sqrt(fcu) Asv/sv Asv/sv v 0.211 legs 0 0.155 bar 12 0.823 Asv sv 4.38 Asv/sv 0.00 0.000 Links 0.000 Nominal Links

113.11 250.00

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Clause 3.4.6.3

DEFLECTION: Basic span/effective depth ratio = MWALL fs Table 3.9 M/bd Table 3.10 46.17 0.78 333.3 CRACKING: Clause 3d spacing 3.12.11.2.7 732 200.0 Crack OK DESIGN OF HEEL:Clause

12 M.F 1.26 Allow. span/d ratio 15.174 Actual span/d ratio 10.25 Deflection OK

BENDING MOMENT REINFORCEMENT :MHEEL bar 3.4.4.4 effec.d K Table 3.14 43.69 16 442 0.007 Spacing 200.0 Clause 3.5.5.2 3.5.5.3 Table 3.16 Prov. As 1005

z 419.900

As 239.21

Min. As Reqd. As 663.0 663.0

SHEAR FORCE REINFORCEMENT:Vd min As 100As/bvd v 30.00 0.5vc 0.178 legs 0 0.068 v 0.068 bar 12

1/3 vc (400/d)1/4 (fcu/25) 663.00 0.150 1.000 1.06 0.357 No shear reinforcement is required. vc+ 0.4 0.8*sqrt(fcu) Asv/sv Asv/sv 0.757 4.38 0.000 0.000 Links Nominal Links Asv sv Asv/sv 113.11 250.00 0.00

Clause 3.4.6.3

Basic span/effective depth ratio = MHEEL fs Table 3.9 M/bd Table 3.10 43.69 0.22 333.33 CRACKING: Clause 3d spacing 3.12.11.2.7 1326 200.0 Crack OK DESIGN OF TOE:Clause 3.4.4.4 Table 3.14

12 M.F 1.62 Allow. span/d ratio 19.386 Actual span/d ratio 5.66 Deflection OK

BENDING MOMENT REINFORCEMENT :MTOE bar effec.d K 16.53 Spacing 200.0 12 Prov. As 565 444 0.003

z 421.800

As 90.09

Min. As 666.0

Reqd. As 666.0

Clause

SHEAR FORCE REINFORCEMENT:1/3 Vd min As 100As/bvd vc 3.5.5.2 v (400/d)1/4 (fcu/25) 3.5.5.3 37.08 0.084 666.00 0.150 1.000 1.06 0.357 Table 3.16 No shear reinforcement is required. 0.5vc vc+ 0.4 0.8*sqrt(fcu) Asv/sv Asv/sv v 0.178 0.084 0.757 4.38 0.000 Links 0.000 Nominal Links

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legs 0 Clause 3.4.6.3

bar 12

Asv

sv

Asv/sv 0.00 12

113.11 250.00

Basic span/effective depth ratio = MTOE fs Table 3.9 M/bd Table 3.10 16.53 0.08 333.33 CRACKING: Clause 3d spacing 3.12.11.2.7 1332 200.0 Crack OK

M.F 1.77

Allow. span/d ratio 21.202

Actual span/d ratio 5.63 Deflection OK

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