2

3 WTO

(Engine Economic Growth)

of

(Export-led Economic Growth Model)

(Development of Export-oriented Economy)

(Tool for
Poverty Alleviation )

(Revenue)

(Capital

Accumulation)

(Substitution)

(Effective

Utilization

of

5 Resources) (Income Distribution)

(resource

based)

(labour intensive export items)

(capital

intensive)

(knowledge-based

items)

( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ( )

) ( )

( ( ) ( )

( )

(Laissez-faire policy)

10

) )

11

12

( )

(Burmanization)

13 (Inward- looking self-reliant policy)

14

15

16

(major exporter) (marginal exporter)

( )

17

18

19

(Mono crop export pattern)

20 (Multi crop export pattern)

( )

( )

(Export First)

21

(Cutting, Packaging-CMP)

Making,

22

(World Organization-WTO)

Trade

(Association

of

South

East

Asia

Nations-ASEAN)

(Bay of Bengal Intiative for Multisectoral Economic Cooperation -BIMST-

23 EC) Subregion-GMS) (Greater Mekong

24

(Outward-looking Economy)

( )

25

26

(transparent environment)

27

28

29

Transaction

Cost

(Indirect Levies)

Taxes

and

30

( )

(open door policy) (economic reforms)

31

Stock

Company

Joint

Stock

Company

32

(Foreign Capital) (Technology)

( )

( )

33

( )

(Monetary Reform) (Fiscal Reform)

34

(Tax

Reform)

(State Owned Enterprises Refrom)

Controlled Floating System

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

35

(Asias

Money

Crisis)

)
(The World

Trade

Organization-WTO)

WTO

36

(Foreign Trade Law)

Anti-dumping

Intellectual Property Right

(transparency) Administrative Permission Law

37

(Open

38 Door Policy)

(FDI)

(Labor

Intensive

export

oriented

industries)

WTO

39

( )

( )

(Exporter

Led

economic

growth

model)

( )

(Malaysia)

40

(Free

Trade

Zone)

41

(Heavy

Industrialization

Strategy)

(resource

based

Industries)

(Technology

based

Industries)

( )

(Thailand)

(State Industrialization Strategy)

Led

(Export Promotion Policy)

42

(Board

of

Investment)

43

(Devaluation of Baht)

- )

( - )
Thailand, Vietnam and Malaysia 350000 Export & GDP Current (US $) Million
300000 250000 Expor t

200000
150000 100000

50000
0 2001 2010 2001 2010

Thailand Malaysia

Vietnam

2001 2010

(GIRIJA NIMGAONKAR), Export Led Growth in South East Asia, Cambridge University Press, 2009.

44

( ) -

( )
( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

45

( )
( )

( )

( )

( )

46

( )

47

( )

) ( )

Inward

Looking

Policy

48

( ) ( ) ( ) -

( ( ( ) )

- )

(million US$) (million US$)

Source: IMF , International Financial Statistics (1952, 1956, 1960, 1966); World Bank , World Data Series (1995) , base year - 1980) * Ministry of Commerce & CSO, Myanmar (at offical of exchange)

( )

(Change in Commodity Trade Patterns)

49

( )

(Patterns)

50

- )

Structure of Exports 1960-1991

100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1.3% 2% 4.3% 9.8% 0.3% 1.1% 0.3% 8.9% 23.7% 0.1%

1.5% 1.7% 14.5% 24.7%

3%

29.7%
1.3% 36.7%

Reexpor t

82.4%
62.5%

54.6%

4.1% 28.2%

Other s

51

( )

52

(Pattern of Export)

(Natural resource based exports)

- )

- )

53

Str
100%

t r

f
10.9% 0.1%

rt 2
7% 1% 33% 7%

-2
Ot s r

13% 1%
80%

33% 60% 40%

20% 0% 17% 7% 9%

38% 15% 10% 11% 15%

26%

20%

6% 20%

2000-2001 2005-2006 2010-2011

( )

54

55

- )

- )

( )
-

- )

- )

56

/ /

57 (patterns of trade)

(terms of trade)

58

59

(Export-oriented

economic

growth

model)

( )

(macroeconomic

stability)

60

( )
(double digit inflation)

overvalued Exchange Rate

61

(Export

Oriented

Industries)

62

(Export Oriented Industries)

63 (corporate tax)

% %

(macroeconomic

stability)

(Lower fees on land use)

(tax

holidays)

(Special

Economic

Zones)

64 (Free Trade Zone)

(financing)

(Preshipment (Export loans) subsidy)

Loans) guarantee (Export

65

66

(Transit Trade) (re-

67 export)

(specialization)

( )

68

(WTO) WTO

69

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

( )

70

( )

( )

( )

71

72

73

(Export-led

economic

growth

model)

74

75

( )

( )

76

Maung Aung. BIMST-EC Japan Cooperation and Trade Myanmar Perspective, Research Conference, Bangkok 2007. Chong-Yah Lim. South East Asia: A Long Road Ahead, 2001 June. http://library.thinkquest.org/11372/data/f2 -polic.htm http://unctadstat.unctad.org www.aseansec.org www.ciaworldfactbook.com www.heritage.org www.worldbank.org