Statistics

Chapter 1
Q16. a. b. c. d. e. f. High school GPA quantitative data (as it is represented by a number between 0-4) Honors, awards qualitative data (as it is not naturally represented by numbers) Applicant s score on SAT or ACT quantitative data Gender of applicant qualitative data Parents income quantitative data Age of applicant quantitative data

Q17. a. Most frequent user qualitative data since the response affects the quality of the sample and cannot be measured in numbers b. What is your age quantitative data since the response is measured by numbers and can be averaged for example to draw conclusions later on c. Tutorial instructions qualitative data. Response cannot be measured in numbers, data is subjective, etc. d. Using a printer qualitative data. Cannot be measured in numbers and is categorized. e. Speed of Windows - qualitative data. Cannot be measured in numbers and is categorized. f. How many people quantitative data. Measured in numbers, can be averaged etc. Q23. a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

Length of max span quantitative data (measured in numbers) Number of vehicle lanes - quantitative data (measured in numbers) Toll bridge - qualitative data. Cannot be measured in numbers and is categorized. Average daily traffic - quantitative data (measured in numbers) Condition of deck - qualitative data. Cannot be measured in numbers and is categorized. Bypass or detour length - quantitative data (measured in numbers) Route type - qualitative data. Cannot be measured in numbers and is categorized.

Chapter 3
Q2. a. This type of diagram is called Venn diagram b. If all sample points have the same probability, they each have P=0.1 (10 points in total, P 1/10).

P(A) = P(4) + P(5) + P(6) = 0.3 P(B) = P(6) + P(7) = 0.2 c. P(A) = P(4) + P(5) + P(6) = 0.05 + 0.05 + 0.15 = 0.25 P(B) = P(6) + P(7) = 0.15 + 0.15 = 0.3 Q6. a. Following is a tree diagram showing the different options for throwing the first die (first line, connected by purple line) and following different options for the second die result (2nd level, connected by light blue line). We can easily learn identify 36 outcomes such as (1,1),(2,4),(5,1) etc. and calculate that any combination has an equal probability of 1/36 there are 6 possible outcomes for the first die s throw and then 6 more possible outcomes when throwing the 2nd die.

1 (1/6)

2 (1/6)

3 (1/6)

4 (1/6)

5 (1/6)

6 (1/6)

1 (1/36)

1 (1/36)

1 (1/36)

1 (1/36)

1 (1/36)

1 (1/36)

2 (1/36)

2 (1/36)

2 (1/36)

2 (1/36)

2 (1/36)

2 (1/36)

3 (1/36)

3 (1/36)

3 (1/36)

3 (1/36)

3 (1/36)

3 (1/36)

4 (1/36)

4 (1/36)

4 (1/36)

4 (1/36)

4 (1/36)

4 (1/36)

5 (1/36)

5 (1/36)

5 (1/36)

5 (1/36)

5 (1/36)

5 (1/36)

6 (1/36)

6 (1/36)

6 (1/36)

6 (1/36)

6 (1/36)

6 (1/36)

b. As mentioned in the table, we have 36 equal outcomes, thus each outcome has a possibility of 1/36. c. I. {3 showing on each die} = 1/36 there is only 1 branch that fulfills that requirement. II. {sum of 2 numbers showing is 7} = {(1,6),(6,1),(2,5),(5,2),(3,4),(4,)} = 6 different branches, thus 6* 1/36 = 1/6 III. {sum of 2 numbers showing is even} = {(1,1),(1,3),(3,1),(1,5),(5,1),(2,2),(2,4),(4,2)(2,6),(6,2),(3,3),(3,5),(5,3),(4,4),(4,6),(6 ,4),(5,5),(6,6)} = 18 branches, thus 18 * 1/36 = 0.5

Q16. b. Since each company sent a different amount of PIN pads, in order to calculate the probability we need to take into account the number of pads each of the companies send. If all the companies were to sell the same amount, then the probability would be evenly distributed, or equal. Here are the probabilities by company. In order to calculate it, first I counted the total number of shipped PIN pads (334,039) and then divided each company s number by it. For example, P(Bitel) = 13,500/334,039=0.04.
Manufacturer Bitel CyberNet Fujian Landi Glintt (ParaRede) Intelligent KwangWoo Omron Pax Tech. ProvencoCadmus SZZT Electronics Toshiba TEC Urmet Total pinpads Number Shipped (units) 13,500 16,200 119,000 5,990 4,562 42,000 20,000 10,072 20,000 67,300 12,415 3,000 334,039 P 0.04 0.05 0.36 0.02 0.01 0.13 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.2 0.04 0.01

c. P(Fujian Landi or SZZT Electronics)=P(Fujian Landi)+P(SZZT Electronics)=0.36+0.2=0.56 d. The chances of getting a defected PIN pad is 1000/334,039 = 0.003. Q112. b. Here are all the probabilities:
Commodity Type Agriculture products Chemicals Coal Forest Products Metallic ores and minerals Motor vehicles and equipment Nonmetallic minerals and products Other carloads Total Number of Carloads 41690 38331 124595 21929 34521 22906 37416 14382 335770 Probability 0.12 0.11 0.37 0.07 0.1 0.07 0.11 0.04

c. P(Automobiles) = 0.07 P(Nonagricultural products) = P(all) P(Agriculture products) = 1 0.12 = 0.88 d. P(chemical or coal) = P(chemical) + P(coal) = 0.11+0.37 = 0.48

e. We can t really know since we only have samples of the data (partial data) and not the whole information. To answer that we need to know what is the percentage of the sampled carloads out of the total number of carloads shipped this week. Q35. a. The probability of an 18-34 year old would use instant messaging is given at the table and is 0.43. b. The probability of an 18-34 year old would use at least one feature: P(at least 1 feature) = 1 P(doesn t use any feature) = 1 p(none of the above) = 1 0.16 = 0.84. Q44. a. P(injurious fall) = number of people reported injurious fall out of the sampled people = 46/306 = 0.15 b. P(all 5 features) = number of people reporting they have all 5 features out of total sampled people = 9/306 = 0.03 c. A = {no falls} = {(no falls, have 5 features), (no falls, have at least 1 feature), (no falls, no features)} B = {no features} = {(injurious falls, no features), (no falls, no features)} P(no falls AND no features) = = {((no falls, no features))} = 0.29 Q49. a. b. c. Q54. A: {sum of the numbers showing is odd} B: {sum of the numbers showing is 9, 11 or 12} = {(3,6),(6,3),(4,5),(5,4),(5,6),(6,5),(6,6)} A|B: {(3,6),(6,3),(4,5),(5,4),(5,6),(6,5)} B|A: {(3,6),(6,3),(4,5),(5,4),(5,6),(6,5)} P(A) = 1 P(sum of the numbers showing is even) = 1 1/2 (taken from Q6.c.III) = 0.5 P(B) = 7 * (each pair has P of )= = 0.19 P(A|B) = 6 * = P(B|A) = 6 * = Since P(A|B) != P(A) and P(B|A) != P(B) these events are dependent Q65. a. A: {user didn t have injurious falls} B: {user had all 5 features} P(A|B) =

b. Another way of calculating this, is to refer to the number of users who had none of the features (109) as the total sample of users and calculated the probability of having an injurious call, meaning 20/109 = 0.18 Q121. P(making a sell) = P(selling on the first day) + P(not selling on the first day AND selling on the 2 day) = 0.4 + 0.6*0.65 = 0.79
nd

Q124. a. P(inspector judges the joint to be acceptable) = (101 + 23)/153 = 0.81 P(Committee judges the joint to be acceptable) = (101 + 10)/153 =0.72 b. P(both judge the joint to be acceptable) = 101/153 = 0.66 P(Neither judges the joint to be acceptable) = 19/153 = 0.12 c. P(agree) = P({Committee accept, inspector accept},{committee reject, inspector reject}) = 101/153 + 19/153 = 120/153 = 0.78 P(disagree) = P({Committee accept, inspector reject},{committee reject, inspector accept}) = 10/153 + 23/153 = 33/153 = 0.21 Q126. a. Proportion of rejected bottles: In machine A 1 out of 20, meaning 5% of the bottles are rejected. In machine B, 1 out of 30, meaning 3.3% of the bottles are rejected. Since of the bottles are produced in machine A and in machine B we get: 0.75*0.05 + 0.25*0.033 = 0.0458 as the probability for a bottle to be rejected. b. A: {bottle comes from machine A}, P(A) = 0.75 B: {bottle is accepted}, P(B) = 0.954 : {bottle comes from machine A and bottle is accepted} = 0.75*0.954 = 0.71 P(A|B) = Q130. a. P(winning Go when you play first) = 319/577 = 0.55 b. P(black wins) = # of wins/# of games Black Player Level Opponent Level # of Wins # of games P(win) c a 34 34 1 c b 69 79 0.87 c c 66 118 0.56 b a 40 54 0.74 b b 52 95 0.55 b c 27 79 0.34 a a 15 28 0.54 a b 11 51 0.22 a c 5 39 0.13 c. P(win when black is higher ranked) = P({(c,a),(c,b),(b,a)}) = (34+69+40)/(34/79/54) = 0.85. Meaning, the number of wins when the black player was higher ranked as a

percentage of the number of total games under this constrains. Another way of looking at this is: P(higher ranked game) 0.289428 P(black wins) 0.55286 P(black wins & higher ranked) 0.247834 P(A|B) = P(A int B)/P(B) 0.856287 d. B: {same ranked game}; P(B) = # of games/total games = 0.59 A: {black wins}; P(A) = # of games black wins/total games = 0.55 : {black wins & same ranked game}; =# of games black win in same ranked games/total games = 0.25 B A A intersect B P(A|B) =

Chapter 4
Q12. a. X may assume any of the following values: {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} b. The most probable value is the one with the highest probability, and it s 5 with p(5) = 0.4 c.

p(x)
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 2 3 4 5

p(x)

d. p(7) = 0.2 (based on the table) e. p(x>=5) = 0.4+0.2+0.1 = 0.7 f. p(x>2) = 0.2+0.4+0.2+0.1 = 0.9. Another way: p(x>2) = 1 - p(x<=2) = 1 0.1 = 0.9 Q14. a. According to the requirements for the probability distribution of a discrete random variable, this must apply: . This example does not adhere to this rule as b. A random variable x cannot assume a negative number as it is used to count things . As we saw in the examples, each such variable is describes as the number of this cannot be a negative number.

c. According to the requirements for the probability distribution of a discrete random variable, this must apply: for all values of x. This example does not adhere to this rule as d. This example does not adhere to the rule as Q16. a. Here is a table summarizing the steps and results of the req. calculation. Due to excel limitations, is referred to as mean , is StdDev, and as StdDev^2 . x p(x) x*p(x) (mean-x)^2 (mean-x)^2*p(x) 10 0.05 0.5 600.25 30.0125 20 0.2 4 210.25 42.05 30 0.3 9 20.25 6.075 40 0.25 10 30.25 7.5625 50 0.1 5 240.25 24.025 60 0.1 6 650.25 65.025 mean: StdDev^2 StdDev b.
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 p(x)

34.5 174.75 13.21930407

c. The following shows the location of

(mean) and

According to Chebychev s the probability is more then 0.75, according to the Empirical rule which applies here, it s more than 0.95. According to the actuall data we have the probability is around 0.85 (summarizing the probabilities of x between 10 & 60).

Q21. a. Yes. The sum of all probabilities is 1 ( ). Each p(x) >= 0. b. According to the given table, the probability for 16 customers to walk into Wendy s in the next 15 minutes is 0.06. c. d.

Q32. If x is the net winnings, it has 2 possible values: -$1 and $6,999,999. p(x=-$1) = 1-1/23,000,000; p(x=$6,999,999)=1/23,000,000. According to these probabilities, . So on average participating in the Florida lottery will cost you 70 cents. Q35. Let x be the net winnings of the person betting. X can either be -$1 or $6 depending if you win or lose. In order to win, you need to guess correctly 3 games, each guess has the probability of 0.5, meaning p(guessing correctly) = 0.5*0.5*0.5 = 0.125. X p(x) x*p(x) -$1 0.875 -0.875 $5 0.125 0.625 -0.25 So the bookie has 0.75 probability of earning $0.25 per person. Q40. a. b. c. d. e. f. Q41. Using the formulas: n a. b. c. d. e. f. 25 80 100 70 60 1000
 

0.167 0.034 0.081 ~0 0.987 0.206-0.069=0.137

p q mean StdDev^2 0.5 0.5 0.25 6.25 0.2 0.8 0.16 12.8 0.6 0.4 0.24 24 0.9 0.1 0.09 6.3 0.8 0.2 0.16 9.6 0.04 0.96 0.0384 38.4

StdDev 2.5 3.577709 4.898979 2.50998 3.098387 6.196773

Q43. a. x is a binomial variable since it represent the results of a repeated experiment where each time the result can be True or False (using wireless network at home or not using it) and each sample has equal probability of resulting in True or False. b. p = 0.2 as success in this survey means using wireless network

c. Expected value of x: E(x) = = 100*0.2 = 20 100*0.8*0.2=16 4 4 to 36 meaning most chances are 4-36 out of the surveyed people are using wireless network at home. Q47. x is a binomial variable since it is a repeated experiment where each time the result can be True or False (2 values) and each sample has equal probability of resulting in True. b. p=0.8; n=20 (20 tracks)

c. p(x=15) = 0.37-0.196 d. p(x>=15) = 1-0.37=0.63 e. E(x) = = 20*0.8 = 16 16*0.2 = 3.2 1.78 Q219. a. p=0.05; n=25 E(x) =

   The expected value of x is the mean. x cannot be 1.25 since it represent a number of people and people can only be represented by integers. b. p(x>=5) = 0.001 (from the tables) c. If 5 out of the 25 sampled people were whistle-blowers and since the probability of that to happen (assuming 5% probability) is 0.001 I would assume the 5% chance is inaccurate for this specific agency. 5 out of 25 means 20% chances of being a whistleblower... I would assume the probability is higher in this agency according to these results.