RFID BASED SMART OFFICE

FYP-07-019

ARSHIAN AHMED ABDUS SAMAD QURAISHI ZEESHAN SATTAR ZAYEEM BIN ALAM

K040057 K040044 K040066 K040102

INTERNAL ADVISOR DR. ZUBAIR A. SHAIKH EXTERNAL ADVISOR ENGR. ABU ZAFAR ABBASI

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES - FAST JUNE 2008

RFID BASED SMART OFFICE

BY

ARSHIAN AHMED ABDUS SAMAD QURAISHI ZEESHAN SATTAR ZAYEEM BIN ALAM

K040057 K040044 K040066 K040102

Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Science in Telecommunication Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOM AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF COMPUTER AND EMERGING SCIENCES - FAST JUNE 2008

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, we are very grateful to Almighty Allah Who gave us opportunity, strength, determination and wisdom to achieve our goal. Without His support this could not have been possible.

We would like to acknowledge and extend our heartfelt gratitude to our internal advisor Dr. Zubair A. Shaikh for his vital encouragement and support. We would also like to thank Mr. Aqeel-ur-Rehman, who not only served as our supervisor but also encouraged and challenged us throughout our project. He patiently guided us through the process, never accepting less than our best efforts.

We are also greatly indebted to our external advisor Mr. Abu Zafar Abbasi for his valuable suggestions and advices. He always was being there for us despite of his busy schedule. His comments and suggestion provided the valuable information necessary to complete the project.

Besides our advisors, we would like to thank our friend Mr. Syed Arsalan Pervaiz (from computer science dept) for his valuable support in our project software. Last, but not the least, we thank our parents for giving us life in the first place, for educating us with aspects from both arts and sciences, for unconditional support and encouragement to pursue our interests and for all the things they have done for us.

Arshian Ahmed Abdus Samad Quraishi Zeeshan Sattar Zayeem Bin Alam JUNE 2008

K040057 K040044 K040066 K040102

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ABSTRACT ii iii vi vii ix

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 Introduction Objective RFID history Background 1.4.1 1.4.2 RFID Tags RFID Reader 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 7

Working of RFID Frequencies of RFID Future of RFID Applications Literature review

CHAPTER 2: SYSTEM DETAILS 2.1 2.2 Project design Methodology 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.3 2.4 RFID reader Transmission Database server Control circuitry 10 10 10 11 11 11 13 16

System flow diagrams Network block diagram

iii

CHAPTER 3: SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGIES 3.1 Selection of technologies 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 Microcontrollers Wireless standards 18 18 21 25

Selection of software tool

CHAPTER 4: SYSTEM HARDWARE: READER NODE 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 RFID Reader working Microcontroller working ZigBee working Port switching circuit Dummy node 27 29 31 32 33

CHAPTER 5: SYSTEM HARDWARE: CONTROL CIRCUITRY 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Introduction Components Working Why microcontroller? Control circuit schematic Control circuitry with NVRAM 5.6.1 Modification in users profile 5.7 Control circuit with NVRAM schematic 34 34 34 37 39 40 40 42

CHAPTER 6: SOFTWARE DESIGN

6.1 6.2 Software introduction SAS Main features 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.2.3 6.3 6.4 Working of software Standard mode Administrator mode 43 43 44 44 45 52 52

System requirements for SAS Serial port terminal

iv

CHAPTER 7: COST ANALYSIS CHAPTER 8: FUTURE AND CONCLUSION

55 56

REFERENCES APPENDICES A.1 A.2 A.3 Datasheets Assembly code (Reader node) Assembly code (Control circuitry with NVRAM)

58

61 78 84

LIST OF TABLES Page 3.1 5.1 5.2 7.1 Pin configuration Microcontroller and microprocessor comparison Microcontroller and PLC comparison Cost analysis 24 37 38 55

vi

LIST OF FIGURES Page 2.1 2.2 2.3(a) 2.3(b) 2.4 2.5 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4(a) 4.4(b) 4.5 5.1 5.2 5.3(a) 5.3(b) 5.4 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5(a) 6.5(b) 6.5(c) 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 Project block diagram Control circuit block diagram Reader flow diagram Reader flow diagram Control circuit flow diagram Network block diagram AT89c51 ATMEGA8 ZigBee pin configuration Reader node schematic RFID backscatter Tagging 74LS244 connections 74LS244 truth table Dummy node schematic Optocoupler Relay schematic diagram Control circuit schematic (Receiver part) Control circuit schematic (Automation part) Control circuit with NVRAM schematic Snapshot of standard mode Snapshot of file menu Snapshot of administrator mode Snapshot of add profile window Snapshot of operations menu Before adding a new profile After adding a new profile Snapshot of admin mode Snapshot of modify window Snapshot of modify window (after modification) Snapshot of admin mode Snapshot of delete window 10 12 13 14 15 16 19 20 24 27 28 30 32 32 33 35 36 39 40 42 44 45 45 46 46 47 47 48 49 49 50 50

vii

6.11(a) 6.11(b) 6.12 6.13

Before deleting user profile After deleting user Profile Snapshot of serial port terminal Snapshot of text file records of serial port terminal

51 52 53 54

viii

RFID BASED SMART OFFICE

ABSTRACT

RFID BASED SMART OFFICE is designed to collect and manage staff attendance records from RFID devices installed in an enterprise environment. Based on the verification of staff identification at the entrances, the system could generate sophisticated staff attendance data for analysis purposes. It is also designed to automate their offices.

Office automation is based on personalized profiles. Profiles can be edited on the run time without making any changes in the hardware. The database software is smart enough to mark the attendance if and only if the card holder spent a minimum time required for attendance in office.

The RFID (radio-frequency identification) system consists of an RFID tag, a reader, and a user-interface computer. Passive RFID tags are used for animal tagging, asset tracking, access control applications, etc. When the tag is energized by the RF field, it transmits back the contents of its memory by modulating the incoming RF field. The reader detects and demodulates the signal and identifies the tag.

For wireless data transmission and networking between sensor nodes, the project uses ZigBee modules. Every node after transmitting waits for an acknowledgment from the server to make data transfer reliable. The ZigBee and ZigBee-PRO OEM RF Modules are engineered to meet IEEE 802.15.4 standards and support the unique needs of low-cost, low-power wireless sensor networks. The modules require minimal power and provide reliable delivery of data between devices. The modules operate within the ISM 2.4 GHz frequency band.

ix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1

INTRODUCTION

The two major problems faced by organizations are time consuming manual attendance and wastage of electrical power. Our project is going to solve these problems by using RFID technology. For wireless data transmission and networking between sensor nodes, the project uses ZigBee modules. The project is designed for 256 rooms and it can store upto 512 card IDs but it is easily scalable upto 65000 card IDs but for that it requires external memory.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. So the RFID is a wireless identification. Normally the RFID system comprises of two main parts: RFID Reader and RFID Tag.

RFID Reader is an integrated or passive network which is used to interrogate information from RFID tag (contains antennas to enable them to receive and respond to radiofrequency queries from an RFID transceiver). The RFID Reader may consist of antenna, filters, modulator, demodulator, coupler and a micro processor.

1.2

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the project is to design a system that have a small coverage area and can be use for authentication or identification purposes. RFID based Smart Office is a system that uses RFID technology to maintain the attendance at real-time that can be monitored on Database server (PC). In addition the system also supports the room automation (automatic control of doors and lights).

Chapter 1
1.3 RFID HISTORY

Introduction

In 1946 Leon Theremin invented an espionage tool for the Soviet Union which retransmitted incident radio waves with audio information. Sound waves vibrated a diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the reflected radio frequency. Even though this device was a passive covert listening device, not an identification tag, it has been attributed as a predecessor to RFID technology. The technology used in RFID has been around since the early 1920s according to one source (although the same source states that RFID systems have been around just since the late 1960s).

Mario Cardullo's in 1973 was the first true ancestor of modern RFID; a passive radio transponder with memory. The initial device was passive, powered by the interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port Authority and other potential users and consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission medium. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates, surveillance) and medical (identification, patient history) [13].

Chapter 1
1.4 BACKGROUND

Introduction

RFID has established itself in a wide range of markets including livestock identification and automated vehicle identification (AVI) systems because of its ability to track moving objects [1].

1.4.1

RFID TAGS

Tags also sometimes are called transponders. RFID tags can come in many forms and sizes. Some can be as small as a grain of rice. Data is stored in the IC and transmitted through the antenna to a reader. The two commonly used RFID Transponders [2] are Active (that do contain an internal battery power source that powers the tags chip) and Passive (that do not have an internal power source, but are externally powered typical from the reader) RFID Transponders.

1.4.2

RFID READER

A reader (now more typically referred to as an RFID interrogator) is basically a radio frequency (RF) transmitter and receiver, controlled by a microprocessor or digital signal processor. The reader, using an attached antenna, captures data from tags, then passes the data to a computer for processing. The reader decodes the data encoded in the tag(s) integrated circuit (silicon chip) and the data is passed to the host computer for processing.

1.5

WORKING OF RFID

Information is sent to and read from RFID tags by a reader using radio waves. In passive systems, which are the most common, an RFID reader transmits an energy field that wakes up the tag and provides the power for the tag to respond to the reader. Data collected from tags is then passed through communication interfaces (cable or wireless) to host computer systems in the same manner that data scanned from bar code labels is captured and passed to computer systems for interpretation, storage, and action.

Chapter 1
1.6 FREQUENCIES OF RFID

Introduction

RFID deployments tend to use unlicensed frequencies for their obvious cost benefits. There are four commonly used frequencies: Low frequency (LF) 125/134.2 KHz. High frequency (HF) 13.56 MHz. Ultra high frequency (UHF) (including 869 and 915 MHz). Microwave (at 2450 MHz, a band familiar to ISPs). A tag's read range performance is usually considered the primary gauge of its suitability for a particular application. It is important to remember that not all applications require maximum range. Tags in the LF-HF band have a range of 1 to 18 inches, while passive UHF tags can reach up to 20 feet, and microwave tags can reach 1 to 6 feet. The ranges greatly depend upon the surface on which the tag is mounted.

1.7

FUTURE OF RFID

RFID is said by many in the industry to be the frontrunner technology for automatic identification and data collection. The biggest, as of yet unproven, benefit would ultimately be in the consumer goods supply chain where an RFID tag attached to a consumer product could be tracked from manufacturing to the retail store right to the consumer's home.

Chapter 1
1.8 APPLICATIONS

Introduction

RFID itself isnt new, but the technology is currently experiencing a revival because of Wal-Marts announcement in June 2003 that it was requiring its top 100 vendors to be RFID compliant. In World War II, for example, rudimentary RFID was used to distinguish between friendly and enemy aircraft. Today, RFID technology is used in everything from inventory control to product authentication; toll tags to speed passes at the gas pumps; runners in marathons to assets in the supply chain [3]. Following are the potential uses of RFID. REPLACING BARCODES

RFID tags are often a replacement for UPC (Universal Product Code) or EAN (European Article Number) barcodes, having a number of important advantages over the older barcode technology. They may not ever completely replace barcodes, due in part to their higher cost and in other part to the advantage of more than one independent data source on the same object. The new EPC (Electronic Product Code), along with several other schemes, is widely available at reasonable cost.

The storage of data associated with tracking items will require many terabytes on all levels. Filtering and categorizing RFID data is needed in order to create useful information. It is likely that goods will be tracked preferably by the pallet using RFID tags and at package level with Universal Product Code (UPC) or EAN from unique barcodes.

The unique identity in any case is a mandatory requirement for RFID tags, despite special choice of the numbering scheme. RFID tag data capacity is big enough that any tag will have a unique code, while current bar codes are limited to a single type code for all instances of a particular product. The uniqueness of RFID tags means that a product may be individually tracked as it moves from location to location, finally ending up in the consumer's hands. This may help companies to combat theft and

Chapter 1

Introduction

other forms of product loss. Moreover, the tracing back of products is an important feature that gets well supported with RFID tags containing not just a unique identity of the tag but also the serial number of the object. This may help companies to cope with quality deficiencies and resulting recall campaigns, but also contributes to concern over post-sale tracking and profiling of consumers.

It has also been proposed to use RFID for POS (point for sale) store checkout to replace the cashier with an automatic system which needs no barcode scanning. However, this is not likely to be possible without a significant reduction in the cost of current tags and changes in the operational process around POS. There is some research taking place, however, this is some years from reaching fruition.

An FDA nominated task force came to the conclusion after studying the various technologies currently commercially available, which could meet the pedigree requirements. Amongst all technologies studied including bar coding, RFID seemed to be the most promising and the committee felt that the pedigree requirement could be met by easily leveraging something that is readily available [8].

IDENTIFICATION OF PATIENTS AND HOSPITAL STAFF

In July 2004, the Food and Drug Administration issued a ruling that essentially begins a final review process that will determine whether hospitals can use RFID systems to identify patients and/or permit relevant hospital staff to access medical records. Since then, a number of U.S. hospitals have begun implanting patients with RFID tags and using RFID systems, more generally, for workflow and inventory management [14]. There is some evidence, as well, that nurses and other hospital staff may be subjected to increased surveillance of their activities or to labor intensification as a result of the implementation of RFID systems in hospitals [15].

Chapter 1
1.9 LITERATURE REVIEW

Introduction

During the research, we have encountered various type of automatic attendance system depending on different technologies like barcode and biometric. Details of such systems are follows:

ATTENDANCE RECORDING SYSTEM MANUFACTURED BY FORTUNA IMPEX PVT. LTD.

This system is using Bar Code technology for attendance recording. It combines a proximity bar code reader, touch pad for inputting a PIN, and fingerprint reader, to give businesses a fool proof method for preventing unauthorized personnel from entering restricted areas. This system is using serial signals generated by bar code, PIN, and fingerprint readings that are easily transmitted to one centrally located computer, which can be used to control the entire system. The problem arises if a large number of card readers are combined to form a more complex entry system. One option is to design a system that uses several PCs, with one PC located near each device. However, the cost of purchasing so many PCs can be prohibitive [4].

Chapter 1

Introduction

EMPLOYEE ATTENDANCE SYSTEM MANUFACTURED BY SELVAM SYSTEMS PVT. LTD.

This system is using RFID for attendance monitoring. This System assigns a unique card number for each employee. An employee places the RFID card within 5cm distance from the RFID Reader. The RFID Reader writes down the time, date and type of departure/arrival. The type of arrival/departure is indicated on the LCD display. The display also indicates the current time. The Interface software which is available with this system is responsible for attendance record processing and it produces attendance reports in the customer preferred format. Attendance processing (Interface) software can also be integrated with the payroll software for salary calculation and employee tracking. Manual entry is also possible [5].

Chapter 1

Introduction

AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION

Automated fingerprint verification is a closely-related technique used in applications such as attendance and access control systems. On a technical level, verification systems verify a claimed identity (a user might claim to be Shameer by presenting his PIN or ID card and verify his identity using his fingerprint), whereas identification systems determine identity based solely on fingerprints.

The U.S. Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System holds all fingerprint sets collected in the country, and is managed by the FBI. Many states also have their own AFIS system. AFIS systems have capabilities such as latent searching, electronic image storage, and electronic exchange of fingerprints and responses.

Many other entities, including Canada, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Israel, Pakistan, Turkey, Algeria, Italy, Chile, Venezuela, Australia, the International Criminal Police Organization, and many states, provinces, and local administrative regions have their own systems, which are used for a variety of purposes, including criminal identification, applicant background checks, receipt of benefits, and receipt of credentials (such as passports) [6], [7].

Chapter 2
CHAPTER 2 SYSTEM DETAILS

System Details

2.1

PROJECT DESIGN

Figure 2.1: Project Block Diagram

2.2

METHODOLOGY

The design cycle consists of following steps as shown in the figure 2.1.

2.2.1

RFID READER

Reader consisting of RFID module and microcontroller will be designed Once the employee carrying the tag is in the vicinity of the reader, Tag will be detected

The microcontroller will verify valid tag number by comparing it with predefined tag numbers already stored in the microcontroller ROM

10

Chapter 2

System Details

If the tag is valid it is stored on the microcontrollers RAM for further processing (10 bytes tag mapped to 2 bytes)

2 bytes are then broadcasted

2.2.2

TRANSMISSION

Transmission from RFID reader to the control circuitry and database server is wireless (using ZigBee modules)

For serial communication RS232 standard is used

2.2.3

DATABASE SERVER

The mapped tag is received by the database server (PC) Application does some data analysis against that tag Data analysis includes marking of attendance and updating the record of that particular tag holder

2.2.4

CONTROL CIRCUITRY

At the same time mapped tag is also received by the control circuitry Control circuitry automates office equipments (light, fan etc.) against the valid tag number based on the defined profile of tag holder

Block diagram of control circuit is shown in Figure 2.2

11

Chapter 2

System Details

Figure 2.2: Control Circuit Block Diagram

12

Chapter 2
2.3 SYSTEM FLOW DIAGRAMS

System Details

Start

3-way handshaking b/w RFID module and MCU

A
Reader activated, ready to detect tags

Tag shown

RFID module transfers 10 byte tag to MCU (serially)

Is Received Tag = One of the Tag stored in ROM?

Y Map 10 bytes to 2 bytes for transmission

D
Append Node ID with 2 bytes

Figure 2.3(a): Reader flow diagram

13

Chapter 2

System Details

Broadcast using ZigBee

Delay

Is Acknowledgement received?

Indicate Ack

N Is Retransmit Count > 3?

D
Figure 2.3(b): Reader flow diagram

14

Chapter 2

System Details

Start

E
ZigBee receives broadcast

Are Received 3 bytes = One of the 3 bytes stored in ROM? Y

Complement corresponding ports a/c to the matched profile

Figure 2.4: Control Circuit Flow Diagram

15

Chapter 2
2.4 NETWORK BLOCK DIAGRAM

System Details

Figure 2.5: Network Block Diagram

SCENARIO Reader will detect the RFID card and forward that ID to microcontroller Microcontroller will authenticate the ID and generate a specific number (3 byte code) against that ID This specific number is then forwarded to the ZigBee transceiver via serial link from where it is broadcast to receiving nodes One of the receiving node is the database server where attendance record is managed

16

Chapter 2

System Details

At the same time control circuit node receives the broadcast and automates the office equipments based on that specific profile. The profiles can be modified from the server as they are stored in NVRAM

In order to simulate the multi node environment, there is a dummy node that simulates the working of the RFID reader

A separate control circuitry (labeled as room 2) is attached with it. This is a hard wired link

17

Chapter 3
CHAPTER 3

Selection of Technologies

SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGIES

3.1

SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGIES

The two main choices regarding technologies that have been made were of Microcontroller and Wireless Transmission Standards. Selection of these technologies was based on the following factors: Application Cost Availability Compatibility Future enhancement

The details of different models of Microcontroller and available wireless standards follows, it also provides the reasons for choosing the appropriate technology.

3.1.1

MICROCONTROLLERS AT89C51 ATMEGA 8

AT89C51 89C51 is the member of 8051 family. AT89C51 is a low power, high performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4Kbytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). This device is compatible with the industry standard 8051 instruction set and pin outs. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be quickly

18

Chapter 3

Selection of Technologies

reprogrammed using a nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining an industry standard 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the 8951 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications. The 8951 provides the following features [9], [20]: 4 Kbytes of Flash 128 bytes of RAM 32 I/O lines Two16-bit timer/counters Five vector, two-level interrupt architecture Full duplex serial port ~ on chip oscillator and clock circuitry

Figure 3.1: AT89c51

ATMEGA 8 The ATmega8 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega8 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, allowing the system designer to

19

Chapter 3

Selection of Technologies

optimize power consumption versus processing speed. The ATMEGA 8 provides the following features [10]: 8 Kbytes of Flash 1024 bytes of RAM 23 I/O lines Two 8-bit timer/counters and one 16 bit timer/counter Full duplex serial port ~ on chip oscillator and clock circuitry

Figure 3.2: ATMEGA8 WHY AT89C51?

COMPUTING NEEDS o ATMEGA8 has many built in features in it like analog to digital converter, Crystal etc. But in this project we dont need those extra features o We are using 64 bits capacity ID cards in this project. Therefore 4Kbytes flash memory of AT89c51 can easily store 40-50 such IDs

20

Chapter 3
COST o

Selection of Technologies

AT89c51 is much cheaper than AVR microcontrollers (ATMEGA8)

MICROCONTROLLER PROGRAMMER o AT89c51 programmers are easily available in the local market where as AVR (ATMEGA8) programmers are not available in the market

RESOURCES AVAILABILITY o AT89c51 resources are easily available in different books and on internet also

3.1.2

WIRELESS STANDARDS

Wireless Transmission is required between the RFID reader and the database server (PC), where attendance will be managed.

There are various wireless technologies available, each having its own advantages and disadvantages. We surveyed various Wireless Communication standards. We also probed in various alternatives present from the different vendors. Our requirement was to choose a low power wireless standard with permissible range; following is the brief summary of them.

WI-FI Wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) is a wireless networking protocol developed by the IEEE 802.11 working group. Wi-Fi technology uses a spectrum in the 2.4 GHz range, which is the public radio frequency ISM band, to exchange the data at the broadband speed. Main features of Wi-Fi include:

21

Chapter 3

Selection of Technologies

Wi-Fi users can connect to the network sensor and to the internet when in the proximity of an Access Point (AP)

Supports Mesh Networking Peer to Peer Connectivity

Wi-Fi devices consume relatively high power as compared to other wireless networks. Besides power consumption they have limited range of up to 45 meters (indoors) to 90 meters (outdoors). Wi-Fi cannot do collision detection [16].

WIBREE Wibree is the most recent interoperable wireless communication technology introduced by Nokia that is a competitor of IEEE 802.14.4 in terms of low power consumption and low cost. Like other wireless standards it utilizes 2.4 GHz Radio Spectrum and transmits data over a very short range of 10 meter. Therefore, Wibree cannot go head to head with the ZigBee in applications where more range is required [17].

Applications and main features are: Share files between PC and PDA Transmitting a signal from remote control to television It transmit data up to 1Mbps

BLUETOOTH Bluetooth is an IEEE 802.15.1 standard that enables a short wireless connection to communicate between two devices when they are in close proximity to each other and dont require high bandwidth.

22

Chapter 3
Characteristic And Main features are:

Selection of Technologies

A Bluetooth PAN is composed of up to 8 active devices in a master-slave relation ship

The Bluetooth protocol divides the bandwidth into 79 channels Each channel has a centre frequency of 1 MHz A Bluetooth enable wireless device is capable making phone calls, synchronizing data with desktop computers, sending and receiving faxes, and printing documents [11].

WHY ZIGBEE? We selected ZigBee because of its low power consumption, low cost and moderate range 30 m to 1.6 Km. This range is suitable for our application where we want to wirelessly transmit data from RFID reader to the Database Server, where attendance is being managed. Another most important reason for using ZigBee module is that these modules come with serial interface therefore it will be easier for us to use these modules.

These low-Rate WPAN standards have exceedingly secured wireless transmission over a very distant range. In the 2.4 GHz band there are 16 ZigBee channels, with each channel requiring 5 MHz of bandwidth [18], [19].

Pin description of ZigBee module is illustrated in table 3.1

23

Chapter 3
Table 3.1: ZigBee Pin description

Selection of Technologies

Figure 3.3: ZigBee pin configuration

24

Chapter 3
3.2 SELECTION OF SOFTWARE TOOL

Selection of Technologies

The Selection of software tool was made by comparing the different programming languages and came up to a conclusion of using C# for the database server.

Currently Microsoft is offering four languages out of the box: C#, VB.Net, Managed C++ and Jscript for application development on .Net platform and many more to come from various independent vendors. So the obvious question is which language is best suited for .Net? Here is a brief discussion on the above topic.

JSCRIPT Nobody in the current market is talking about Jscript (found in the quick start only) and most programmer strongly believe JScript to end up with a very small user base. Its not advisable to go with Jscript, despite it being cool.

MANAGED C++ C++, even in its new managed form, definitely lags behind other languages such as VB.NET and C# for their cleaner syntax and ease of use. There's no doubt, though, that experienced C++ practitioners will continue to admire and use its power, templates, multiple code inheritance and deterministic finalization.

C# C# is the new language with the power of C++ and the slickness of Visual Basic. It cleans up many of the syntactic peculiarities of C++ without diluting much of its flavor (thereby enabling C++ developers to transition to it with little difficulty). And its

superiority over VB6 in facilitating powerful object oriented implementations is without question. C# with clean object oriented syntax and large class library (in conjunction with

25

Chapter 3

Selection of Technologies

.NET and the base class libraries) could be the most productive mainstream language and it is an ECMA (European Computer Manufacturers Association.) standard language that offers the potential of being available across many platforms. For the serious

developer wanting Microsoft's most productive and mainstream .NET language, C# is the clear choice.

VB.NET VB Developers over the years have been asking for more power (inheritance and polymorphism). Now VB.Net provides all that and its now a fully-fledged object oriented language. To the question 'Whether to choose VB.Net or C#' - The answer has been 'Use the one with which you are comfortable with'.

It's said that VB.Net is there only to please those millions of VB6 Developers and nothing else. But as I said before, VB.NET is an object oriented language and VB6 is not. So the problem is that if you're not thinking object oriented, you're probably not going to enjoy the VB.NET (from VB6) transitioning experience coz this is more than just a syntax shift. There is one more problem, some expert claims that you have to write 33% more Lines of Code in VB.Net than C# (Nothing Official).

If you're looking for the safest bet, hitch a ride with C#. Sure VB.NET is now just as powerful and C++ remains even more so, but for the reasons we've described of productivity, clarity and a broad community, you won't regret it therefore we choose C# for our application [12].

26

Chapter 4
CHAPTER 4

System Hardware: Reader Node

SYSTEM HARDWARE: READER NODE

Reader node can be divided into four main components as shown in figure 4.1 RFID module Microcontroller (AT89c51) ZigBee module Port switching circuit

Figure 4.1: Reader node Schematic

4.1

RFID READER WORKING An RFID module typically contains a transmitter and receiver, a control unit and a coupling element (antenna).

27

Chapter 4

System Hardware: Reader Node

The reader has three main functions: energizing, demodulating and decoding. Information is sent to and read from RFID tags by a reader using radio waves.

Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. The minute electrical current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal (125 KHZ) provides just enough power for the CMOS integrated circuit in the tag to power up and transmit a response.

Most passive tags signal by backscattering (Backscatter is the reflection of waves, particles, or signals back to the direction they came from) the carrier wave from the reader, as shown in figure 4.2

Figure 4.2: RFID backscatter

Passive tags have practical read distances ranging from about 10 cm (4 in.) Data collected from tags (10 bytes) is then passed through communication interfaces (cable or wireless) to host computer systems in the same manner that data scanned from bar code labels is captured and passed to computer systems for interpretation, storage, and action.

28

Chapter 4

System Hardware: Reader Node

4.2

MICROCONTROLLER WORKING HAND SHAKING o o On power-up reader sends an activation string to the microcontroller After receiving the activation string microcontroller sends an encoded string to the reader which is provided by the vendor. The string is of 16 bytes o o The encoded string is re364 acknwlge

Reader responds with an acknowledgement string 24 bytes long, indicating the microcontroller that it is ready to read

ID EXTRACTION o Whenever RFID card is in the vicinity (4 in.) of a reader it will extract the ID (refer 4.1 for details) and serially transfer (10 byte) it to the microcontroller o Microcontroller will save it in its RAM and wait for 3 seconds. This waiting time avert the microcontroller from reading the same ID twice o Microcontroller than starts comparing (byte by byte) the received ID with the IDs stored in its ROM

TAGGING o After ID authentication microcontroller will map 10 byte card ID on a 2 byte tag# so that it can efficiently utilize the transmission time o Transmission time at 9600 baud rate of 10 bytes: T= (1/9600)*80=8.33 msec

29

Chapter 4
2 bytes:

System Hardware: Reader Node

T= (1/9600)*16=1.6 msec

So it means we are saving more than 80% of the transmission time by using tagging technique o In multi node environment transmission time is directly related with the system performance. More the transmission time higher will be the probability of data collision and vice versa o o Like RFID cards, tag numbers are also unique In microcontrollers ROM these IDs are saved in a 12 byte fashion as illustrated in fig 4.3

Figure 4.3: Tagging o

After ID verification microcontroller extract its tag# for transmission

TRANSMISSION o Before forwarding tag# to the ZigBee module microcontroller append one byte of node ID before tag# o o This node ID is used to pinpoint the card location Microcontroller than serially transmits 3 byte of data (containing 1 byte of node ID and 2 bytes of tag#) and wait for the acknowledgement from the server o The waiting time of every node is unique because waiting time is dependent upon its node ID. This is done to avoid data collision between nodes

30

Chapter 4
o

System Hardware: Reader Node

If microcontroller doesnt receive acknowledgement from the server it will retransmit the node ID and tag# and again wait for the acknowledgement. The re-transmit limit of every node is 3 o Whenever we push a button on dummy node it transmit a fixed fake node ID and tag#

4.3

ZIGBEE WORKING For wireless transmission microcontroller is serially connected with ZigBee module Microcontroller will forward node ID and tag# to the ZigBee transceiver via serial link between microcontroller and transceiver module

By default, ZigBee RF Modules operate in Transparent Mode. When operating in this mode, the modules act as a serial line replacement - all UART data received through the DI pin (pin 3) is queued up for RF transmission. When RF data is received, the data is sent out the DO pin (pin 2)

Data is buffered in the DI buffer If the module cannot immediately transmit (for instance, if it is receiving RF data), the serial data is stored in the DI Buffer

The data is packetized and sent at any Packetization timeout or when 100 bytes (maximum packet size) are received

ZigBee transceiver will broadcast that number to all the receivers (ZigBee transceivers) operating within its region

31

Chapter 4
4.4 PORT SWITCHING CIRCUIT

System Hardware: Reader Node

The microcontroller AT89c51 has one serial port (i.e. one Tx and one Rx pin), but the line driver (max232) used between microcontroller and DB9 connecter can support two serial ports

To avoid tapping (interfacing ZigBee and RFID module through same port), 3-state buffer (74ls244) is used

74ls244 has two enable pins (pin 1 and 19), each pin can control the four inputoutput pair associated with it, as shown in figure 4.4(a)

Figure 4.4(a): 74ls244 connections

Figure 4.4(b): 74ls244 truth table

When these pins are high, the output is in high impedance state. Pin 1 is reserved for RFID module and pin 19 for ZigBee module.

When the output is intended for particular device corresponding pin is set low (enable pins are active low as shown in figure 4.4(b)) through the assembly program burned in microcontroller

32

Chapter 4
4.5 DUMMY NODE

System Hardware: Reader Node

To simulate multinode environment we are using dummy node Dummy node is also operating in the same fashion as reader node Dummy node is not interfaced with the RFID reader, instead it has push buttons as shown in figure 4.5

Each push button generates a Tag # which simulates as if real Tag was shown

Figure 4.5: Dummy node schematic

33

Chapter 5

System Hardware: Control Circuitry

CHAPTER 5 SYSTEM HARDWARE: CONTROL CIRCUITRY

5.1

INTRODUCTION

Control circuitry is one of the vital part of the project. The control circuitry is basically used for the room automation, the room automation can be personalized or kept as default.

5.2

COMPONENTS 1) ZigBee 2) MAX 232 3) Microcontroller 4) Buffer 5) Optocoupler 6) NPN Transistor 7) Relay

5.3

WORKING ZigBee receives the 3byte data (Node + Card ID) ZigBee transceiver sends the data to the microcontroller via MAX 232 IC (line driver)used for protocol translation from RS 232 to TTL and vice versa The translated data is read by the microcontroller via a serial link

The microcontroller compares the card and node ID with the ID stored in its memory

34

Chapter 5

System Hardware: Control Circuitry

Every ID stored in the microcontrollers memory has a specific room to be automated against it

The room itself has it own profile The default profile is to switch every AC load controlled by the microcontroller In other case the profile can be personalized according to the user ID The microcontroller is connected to the relays via a switching circuitry Switching circuitry consists of 3 components Buffer, Optocoupler and Relay Buffer is used to amplify the output current of the microcontroller The optocoupler is used to isolate the vital components (ZigBee and Microcontroller) from the reverse current

Optocoupler is a device that uses a short optical transmission path to transfer a signal between elements of a circuit, typically a transmitter and a receiver, while keeping them electrically isolated, as illustrated in Figure 5.1

Figure 5.1: Optocoupler

The output current is proportional to the amount of incident light supplied by the emitter

35

Chapter 5

System Hardware: Control Circuitry

As the current across the phototransistor increases it goes to the NPN transistor which is used as an amplifier to drive the relay

A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit

When the current flows through the relay coil, the resulting magnetic field attracts an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact, as illustrated in Figure 5.2

Figure 5.2 Relay schematic diagram

The moving armature makes a connection with a fixed contact resulting in the switching of power line on to the AC load

36

Chapter 5
5.4 WHY MICROCONTROLLER?

System Hardware: Control Circuitry

Table 5.1: Microcontroller and Microprocessor comparison MICROCONTROLLER Microcontrollers incorporate program memory, ram memory and input/output resources internal to the chip. Microchip's pic series and Atmel's AVR series are examples of microcontrollers MICROPROCESSOR Microprocessors generally require external components to implement program memory, ram memory and Input/output. Intel's 80186, 80188, and 80386 are examples of microprocessors

Microcontrollers are usually designed to perform a small set of specific functions, for example as in the case of a Digital Signal Processor which performs a small set of signal processing functions

Microprocessors tend to be designed to perform a wider set of general purpose functions

Microcontrollers are widely used in modern cars where they will each perform a dedicated task, i.e. a microcontroller to regulate the brakes on all four wheels, or a microcontroller to regulate the car air conditioning

Microprocessor in a PC which performs a wide range of tasks related to the general requirements of a PC, i.e. performing the necessary calculations for a very wide set of software applications, performing I/O for the main subsystems, peripheral control etc

37

Chapter 5

System Hardware: Control Circuitry

Table 5.2: Microcontroller and PLC comparison MICROCONTROLLER Micro-controller is smaller and well suited for embedded situations Micro controller has a very different programming language, assembly, basic, etc. PLC is programmed in "Ladder Logic" which appears very similar to industrial schematics. MCU) are complete computer systems on a chip. They combine an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), memory, timer/counters, serial port, input/output (I/O) ports and a clock oscillator. PLC is the control hubs for automated systems NAD processes. They contain multiple inputs and outputs that use transistors and other circuitry to simulate switches and relays to control equipment. They're also programmable via standard computer interfaces and proprietary languages and network options. PLC PLC is used in an industrial environment

The main reasons for using microcontroller over programmed logic controllers and microprocessor are as follows: Cheapest among the three components

38

Chapter 5
Used for embedded situations

System Hardware: Control Circuitry

References and resources are easily available

5.5

CONTROL CIRCUIT SCHEMATIC

Figure 5.3(a): Control circuit schematic (Receiver part)

39

Chapter 5

System Hardware: Control Circuitry

Figure 5.3(b): Control circuit schematic (Automation part)

5.6

CONTROL CIRCUITRY WITH NVRAM To give this project flexibility we are using NVRAM with the control circuitry. Due to time constraint we are unable to implement this idea with our reader node NVRAM give us the opportunity to modify users profile on the run time without making any changes in the hardware NVRAM is a combination of RAM and ROM. Non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM) is the general name used to describe any type of random access memory which does not lose its information when power is turned off

5.6.1

MODIFICATION IN USERS PROFILE Administrator can modify users profile by a separate program on the server. He can select any profile for modification. To modify the selected profile our program

40

Chapter 5

System Hardware: Control Circuitry

will send a unique string of six bytes. Each node will receive this string and perform modification according to the string code. First byte will inform the nodes that administrator wants to modify the profile Second byte will contain the node ID. If administrator wants to modify the profile on all nodes than it will contain code number 99H Fourth and fifth byte is of card ID and sixth byte contains the profile number as illustrated in figure To keep other nodes synchronized with the server the modification program transmit these 6 bytes into two 3 byte chunks Node ID 99H 00H Card ID (2 Bytes) Profile #

41

Chapter 5
5.7

System Hardware: Control Circuitry

CONTROL CIRCUIT WITH NVRAM SCHEMATIC

Figure 5.4: Control circuit with NVRAM schematic

42

Chapter 6
CHAPTER 6 SOFTWARE DESIGN

Software Design

6.1

SOFTWARE INTRODUCTION

The Smart Attendance System is an application for this projects database server. This application maintains the attendance record against unique IDs assigned to RFID card holders and also provides facility to add/edit the user profile specified in control circuit RAM.

6.2

SAS MAIN FEATURES SAS (Smart Attendance System) will continuously read data which is provided by the RFID reader. It maintains the attendance in database made on Microsoft Access. It maintains profiles against unique Ids. The profile has various fields o o o o Name Email Address Phone Number Room Number

It maintains the daily record of attendance It provides option of search profiles by name, ID and email It also provides the option to see the attendance record according to calendar It also makes a graph of each card holders check in and checkout timings This application has also many checks and balances which makes it more secure. For example o It prevents a card holder to check in at two places simultaneously.

43

Chapter 6
o

Software Design
It marks attendance if and only if a card holder spent a minimum time required for attendance. Like if minimum requirement for a attendance to be marked is 3 hours it means a card holder must spent 3 hours in office otherwise his/her attendance will not be marked by the system.

6.2.1

WORKING OF SOFTWARE

The SAS has two modes of operation Standard Mode Admin Mode

6.2.2

STANDARD MODE

In standard mode daily record of attendance appears. Each log has the information about node ID, card ID, entrance time, exit time, time spent and date of that log.

Figure 6.1: Snapshot of standard mode

44

Chapter 6

Software Design

After running this application the first thing is to open comport from its file menu.

Figure 6.2: Snapshot of file menu It can also provide us option to save the daily attendance in a separate text file through its save log option in a file menu as we can see in the figure 6.2.

6.2.3

ADMINISTRATOR MODE

Administrator mode is a password protected mode it provides us option to add new profiles. It also provides us options to delete and modify saved profiles.

Figure 6.3: Snapshot of Administrator Mode

45

Chapter 6
(a) HOW TO ADD A PROFILE?

Software Design

The SAS provides us very simple and easy way to add new profiles. There are two ways to add new profile By click on ADD button in quick operations pane as shown in figure 6.4 By the help of operations menu as shown in figure 6.5(a),(b) and (c)

Figure 6.4: Snapshot of Add profile window

Figure 6.5(a): Snapshot of operations menu

46

Chapter 6

Software Design

Figure 6.5(b): Before Adding a new profile

Figure 6.5(c): After Adding a new profile

47

Chapter 6
(b) HOW TO MODIFY A PROFILE?

Software Design

The SAS provides us very simple and easy way to modify previously stored profiles. There are two ways to modify previously stored profile By click on MODIFY button in quick operations pane By the help of operations menu

At first, select the profile by clicking on it and then press modify button as shown in figure 6.6.

Figure 6.6: Snapshot of Admin mode

48

Chapter 6

Software Design

Figure 6.7: Snapshot of modify window

As we can see in the figure 6.7, here we have options to modify any detail of selected profile. For example If we change the name Arshian to Arshian Ahmed, we just need to change the name field in modify window as shown in figure 6.8.

Figure 6.8: Snapshot of modify window (after modification) After pressing the button named Modify we can observe the change in profile name in admin window as shown in figure 6.9.

49

Chapter 6

Software Design

Figure 6.9: Snapshot of Admin mode (c) HOW TO DELETE A PROFILE?

The SAS provides us very simple and easy way to delete previously stored profiles. There are two ways to delete a profile By click on Delete button in quick operations pane By the help of operations menu

Figure 6.10: Snapshot of Delete window

50

Chapter 6

Software Design

If we press the button named DELETE in the delete record window as shown in figure 6.10, we observe the removal of that record which we have deleted.

Figure 6.11a: Before deleting user profile

51

Chapter 6

Software Design

Figure 6.11b: After deleting user Profile

6.3

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR SAS

To run Smart Attendance System following are the basic requirements Windows XP/VISTA (XP with service pack 2) .Net Frame work 3.5 128 Mb of RAM (minimum) 1 GHZ Processor (minimum)

6.4

SERIAL PORT TERMINAL

To frequently test RFID reader and projects hardware we have made another program with a name of Serial Port Terminal as shown in figure 6.12. This program is solely made for testing purpose.

52

Chapter 6

Software Design

Figure 6.12: Snapshot of Serial Port Terminal

It can read data automatically we dont have to press any button for reading data from serial buffer

It has a facility to set particular com port, baud rate, parity, data bits and also stop bits

We can send and receive and data in text as well as Hex format Before start our communication we have to open serial port by pressing open port button

It dump node Id and card Id separately in a text file along with the system time as shown in figure 6.13.

53

Chapter 6

Software Design

Figure 6.13: Snapshot of text file records of SerialPort terminal

54

Chapter 7
CHAPTER 7 COST ANALYSIS Table 7.1: Cost analysis

Cost Analysis

SYSTEM PARTS READER NODE RFID reader module Microcontroller ZigBee module Miscellaneous 9500 70

COST (Rs.)

Provided by University 800

DUMMY NODE Microcontroller ZigBee module Miscellaneous CONTROL CIRCUITRY Microcontroller Relays Zigbee module Miscellaneous NVRAM 70 200 Provided by University 600 350 70 Provided by University 600

SERIAL CABLES Few serial cables 200

MICROCONTROLLER BURNER Burner for microcontroller 900

TOTAL

Rs.13360/-

* Miscellaneous includes resistors, capacitor, switches, max232 etc, plus the project casing for presentation purpose.

55

Chapter 8
CHAPTER 8

Conclusion and Future Work

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK

8.1

CONCLUSION

The objective of this project that is RFID based Smart Office was to design a system based on RFID technology that will not only change the hectic manual attendance procedure but also automate users office. The final design of the project accomplished the idea of multinode environment which is responsible for automatic attendance and office automation according to the personalized profile of the RFID card holder. The design also deals with the issues (reliable data transfer) of multinode environment. To make sure reliable data transfer between server and reader node the project adopts CSMA/CD algorithm. This project facilitates the users in numerous ways like time saving in attendance procedure, security, employees attendance management and many more.

8.2

FUTURE WORKS

With the coming availability of low cost, short range radios along with advances in wireless networking, it is expected that wireless ad hoc sensor networks will become commonly deployed. This project can be improvised by using external memory because the project design has a capability of handling 65000 card IDs which is large enough for any organization but the limitation lies in the microcontroller storage capacity. This limitation can be overcome by the use of NVRAM with the reader node which will not only make the design scalable but also flexible. NVRAM not only provide us extra memory but also enable us to add cards IDs on the run time.

56

Chapter 8

Conclusion and Future Work

Furthermore, this project can be extended by making nodes IP enabled so that it can be accessed virtually from any where. There is also some space to improve the project code.

57

REFERENCES

INTERNET [1] KORTEX PSI Point Of Sale & Industry http://www.korteks.com/Applications/Applications_TOC.htm 2nd September, 2007) (Accessed on

[2]

VIRADIX: The smart choice for E-commerce consulting http://www.viradix.com/terminology.html (Accessed on 2nd September, 2007)

[3]

Texas A&M Engineering http://engineer.tamu.edu/research/magazine/2006/robots/ September, 2007) (Accessed on 2nd

[4]

Moxa Success Story Attendance Recording System http://www.moxa.com/solutions/success_stories_Attendance_Recording_System.htm (Accessed on 5th September, 2007)

[5]

Selvam Systems Pvt Ltd-Computer, Computer software Project http://www.alibaba.com/member/203023.html (Accessed on 5th September, 2007)

[6]

Federal Bureau of Investigation http://www.fbi.gov/hq/cjisd/iafis.htm (Accessed on 16th April, 2007)

[7]

Information Security: Covering Todays Security Topics http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci812929,00.html (Accessed on 16th April, 2007)

[8]

RFID-FDA-Regulations http://www.bin95.com/RFID-FDA-Regulations.htm (Accessed on 16th April, 2007) Atmel Corporation, www.atmel.com/products/8051/ (Accessed on 4th October, 2007)

[9]

58

[10]

AVR freaks http://www.avrfreaks.net/index.php?module=Freaks%20Devices&func= displayDev&objectid=52 (Accessed on 4th October, 2007)

[11]

The Official Bluetooth Technology Info Site, http://www.bluetooth.com (Accessed on 8th October, 2007)

[12]

Overview - Why C# ?, http://www.csharphelp.com/archives/archive73.html (Accessed on 2nd October, 2007)

PAPERS [13] Dr. Jeremy Landt Shrouds of Time: The history of RFID, White Paper, AIM Inc, October 2001, pp. 3-7. http://www.transcore.com/pdf/AIM%20shrouds_of_time.pdf (Accessed on 16th April, 2007) [14] Fisher, Jill A. Indoor Positioning and Digital Management: Emerging

Surveillance Regimes in Hospitals. In T. Monahan (Ed), Surveillance and Security: Technological Politics and Power in Everyday Life, 2006, pp. 7788. http://www.jillfisher.net/papers/rfid.pdf (Accessed on 16th April, 2007)

[15]

Fisher, Jill A. and Monahan, Torin. Tracking the Social Dimensions of RFID Systems in Hospitals.International Journal of Medical Informatics, April 2007, pp.176-183. http://torinmonahan.com/papers/Fisher_Monahan_RFID_IJMI.pdf (Accessed on 16th April, 2007)

[16]

Paul S. Henry, Is Wi-Fi in Your Future? , AT&T Labs Research, 2002, pp.1-19 http://www.comsoc.org/confs/ieee-infocom/2002/non-image_files/ Infocom2002%20Keynote-short.pdf (Accessed on 8th October, 2007)

[17]

Nick Hunn, An introduction to Wibree, White Paper, Ezurio Ltd, 2002, pp. 2-7. http://www.ezurio.com/files/00616.pdf (Accessed on 8th October, 2007)

[18]

Sinem Coleri Ergen, ZigBee/IEEE 802.15.4 Summary, Research Paper, University of Berkeley, September 2004, pp.1-3 http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~suman/courses/838/papers/zigbee.pdf (Accessed on 6th October, 2007)

59

[19]

J. Munk-Stander, M. Skovgaara, T. Neilsen, Implementing a ZigBee Protocol Stack and Light Sensor in TinyOS, Bachelor's Thesis, Department of Computer Science, University of Copenhagen, June 2005, pp. 5-24 http://www.diku.dk/~bonnet/ba.zigbee.pdf (Accessed on 8th October, 2007)

BOOKS [20] Mohammad Ali Mazidi, The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Using Assembly and C, Second Edition, p 28

60

APPENDICES A.1 DATA SHEETS

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

A.2

ASSEMBLY CODE: READER NODE

;************************************************************************************************** ;************************************** SETTING TIMER *************************************** ORG 0H MOV TMOD,#20H MOV TH1,#-3 MOV SCON,#50H SETB TR1 MOV P2,#0H MOV P1,#0H

;SETTING BAUD RATE 9600BPS

;************************************************************************************************* CLR P2.3 SETB P2.4 ;TO ACTIVATE READER PORT ;TO DISABLE ZIGBEE PORT

;***************************************** HANSHAKING ************************************* MAIN: MOV R1,#08 REC: JNB RI,REC MOV A,SBUF CLR RI DJNZ R1,REC SETB P2.0 MOV R5,#36 MOV R4,#255 MOV R3,#255 DJNZ R3,A3 DJNZ R4,A2 DJNZ R5,A1 ;5 SEC DELAY ;MCU RECIEVES THE MODULE ;POWERED ON STRING

A1: A2: A3:

MOV DPTR,#CODED_STRING MOV R6,#16 MCU_SEND: CLR A MOVC A,@A+DPTR MOV SBUF,A JNB TI,$ CLR TI INC DPTR DJNZ R6,MCU_SEND SETB P2.1

;MCU SEND THE ENCODED STRING ;STRING TO MODULE

78

HERE: MOV R2,#24 REC2: JNB RI,REC2 MOV A,SBUF CLR RI DJNZ R2,REC2 SETB P2.2

;MCU RECIEVES THE ACK STRING ;FROM READER

FIRST_TIME: JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 43H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 44H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 45H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 46H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 47H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 48H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 49H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 40H,A CLR RI

;FUNCTION TO READ FIRST TAG

79

JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 41H,A CLR RI JNB RI,$ MOV A,SBUF MOV 42H,A CLR RI SETB P1.0 MOV R7,#22H

;CHECK FOR FIRST TAG TO BE READ

;************************************************************************************************* ;*********************************** READ FUNCTION *************************************** TAG_RECIEVE_CMP_MAP_TRANS: CJNE R7,#23H,DELAY CLR P2.3 SETB P2.4 MOV R0,#40H CLR RI TAG: MOV R2,#10 TREC: JNB RI,TREC MOV A,SBUF MOV @R0,A INC R0 CLR RI DJNZ R2,TREC CPL P1.0 DELAY: MOV R7,#23H MOV R5,#22 A4: MOV R4,#255 A5: MOV R3,#255 A6: DJNZ R3,A6 DJNZ R4,A5 DJNZ R5,A4 CLR RI MOV DPTR,#TAG1 ;TO ACTIVATE READER PORT ;TO DISABLE ZIGBEE PORT ;MAIN FUNCTION

;SAVING THE TAG INTO RAM STARTING ;AT LOCATION 40H--49H

;3 SEC DELAY

80

;******************************** COMPARE AND MAP ************************************

COMPARE: MOV R2,#10 MOV R0,#40H MOV R1,#0CH

CMP1: CLR A MOVC A,@A+DPTR MOV B,@R0 CJNE A,B,MOV_DPTR INC DPTR INC R0 DEC R1 DJNZ R2,CMP1 CLR A MOVC A,@A+DPTR MOV R6,A INC DPTR CLR A MOVC A,@A+DPTR MOV R7,A INC DPTR

;COMPARING THE READ TAG WITH ;THE ONE STORED IN ROM ;GENERAL AND SCABLE FUNC ;ALSO DOES MAPPING TO 2 BYTES

MOV A,#16 MOV B,#10 MUL AB

;TO GENERATE RANDOM ;RETRANSMIT TIME FOR ;EACH NODE

LABEL0:

MOV R2,#0 ;TO DISABLE READER PORT ;TO ACTIVATE ZIGBEE PORT

SETB P2.3 CLR P2.4

LABEL1: CJNE R2,#3,NODE_SEND ;RETRANSMIT CHECK MOV R7,#23H LJMP TAG_RECIEVE_CMP_MAP_TRANS

81

;*************************************** NODE SEND ***************************************** NODE_SEND: MOV SBUF,#10H JNB TI,$ CLR TI MOV SBUF,R6 JNB TI,$ CLR TI MOV SBUF,R7 JNB TI,$ CLR TI INC R2 MOV R5,#180 MOV R4,A DJNZ R4,C2 DJNZ R5,C1 JNB RI,LABEL1 MOV A,SBUF CJNE A,#10H,LABEL1 SETB P1.1 DELAY_1SEC: MOV R5,#8 D4: MOV R4,#255 D5: MOV R3,#255 D6: DJNZ R3,D6 DJNZ R4,D5 DJNZ R5,D4 CLR P1.1 MOV R7,#23H LJMP TAG_RECIEVE_CMP_MAP_TRANS MOV_DPTR: INC DPTR DJNZ R1,MOV_DPTR CLR A MOVC A,@A+DPTR CJNE A,#0FFH,CONT ;INCCREMENT IF NOT COMPARE ;SENDING THE MAPPED TAG NO

C1: C2:

;1 SEC DELAY

MOV R7,#23H LJMP TAG_RECIEVE_CMP_MAP_TRANS CONT: LJMP COMPARE

82

;********************************** STORED TAGS IN ROM********************************** ORG 300H ;STORING TAG NO. IN ROM TAG1: DB "06000707AD" ;ORIGNAL TAG MYTAG1: DB 00H,01H ;MAPPED TAG NO. TAG2: DB "0600072E1B" MYTAG2: DB 00H,02H TAG3: DB "060007195B" MYTAG3: DB 00H,03H END_SEQ: DB 0FFH,0FFH,0FFH,0FFH ORG 400H CODED_STRING: DB 72H,65H,33H,36H,34H,02H,07H,02H,61H,63H,6BH,6EH,77H,6CH,67H,65H

END

83

A.3

ASSEMBLY CODE:CONTROL CIRCUIT WITH NVRAM

************************************************************************ ****************** CONTROL CCT CODE WITH NVRAM ******************* ************************* SETTING THE BAUD RATE ********************* ORG 0H MOV TMOD,#20H MOV TH1,#-3 MOV SCON,#50H SETB TR1 MOV P2,#0H MOV P1,#0H ***************************** MAIN *********************************** MAIN: CLR P3.4 MOV R0, #40H MOV R2, #3 L1: JNB RI, L1 MOV A,SBUF MOV @R0,A INC R0 DJNZ R2,L1 MOV R0, #40H MOV A,@R0 CJNE A,#10H,L2 SJMP TO_AUTOMATE CJNE A,#0AAH, MAIN SJMP MODIFY_PROFILE

L2:

; IF AA WAS SEND THEN MOVE TO ; TO MODIFY FUNC

************************ MODIFY FUNCTION **************************** MODIFY_PROFILE: MOV R0,#40H MOV R2,#3 STAY1: JNB RI,STAY1 MOV A,SBUF MOV @R0,A 84

INC R0 DJNZ R2,STAY1 MOV R0,#40H MOV A,@R0 MOV R6,A INC R0 MOV A,@R0 MOV R7,A INC R0 MOV A,@R0 MOV R3,A MOV DPTR,#0000H LABEL: MOVX A,@DPTR MOV B,R6 CJNE A,B,C1 INC DPTR MOVX A,@DPTR MOV B,R7 CJNE A,B,C2 INC DPTR MOV A,R3 MOVX @DPTR,A MOV DPTR,#0000H MOV R2,#10 S2: MOVX A,@DPTR MOV SBUF,A JNB TI,$ CLR TI INC DPTR DJNZ R2,S2 LJMP MAIN INC DPTR INC DPTR INC DPTR MOVX A,@DPTR CJNE A,#0FFH,H2 LJMP MAIN SJMP LABEL ;SKIP TO NEXT PROFILE LOCATION

;OVERWRITE THE MEM LOCATION ;WITH THE NEW BYTE

C1:

H2: C2:

INC DPTR 85

INC DPTR MOVX A,@DPTR CJNE A,#0FFH,H2 LJMP MAIN END

86