Reading Journal Cheat Sheet

Parts of Speech Nouns are words used as names, so a noun names something: people, animals,places, objects, substances, qualities, actions, and measures. Example: Jane, dog, airport, stapler, dirt, courage, reading, centimeters Pronouns are substitutes for names; they take the place of a noun or name. Example: he, she, it, them, mine, yours, these, those. Verbs make statements about nouns; they express actions, conditions, or states of being. Example: Oleafea was very happy. The soldiers charged the enemy. Adjectives are words that modify a noun or pronoun; they describe nouns or pronouns. Example: talented writers, beautiful dancer, ugly lapdog Adverbs are words that modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb.Adverbs usually answer the questions where, when, how, in what manner, or to what extent or degree. Example: You must do this now. Tom speaks elegantly. Jay lives far. Prepositions are words that show a relationship that exists between certain words in a sentence; they connect a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence. Example: The troll lived under the bridge. We went over the hill. He bought groceries from the store. Conjunctions are words that connect or link other words or a group of words. Example: Jamie and Ethan, one or two, slowly but steadily. Example: Ouch! I hate coffee! Character traits Determined, spoiled, restless, secretive, encouraging, brilliant, easygoing, loyal ,mature Themes Responsibility, courage, cooperation, compassion, honesty, friendship, perseverance, acceptance Figurative Language Onomatopoeia The use of a word to describe or imitate a natural sound or the sound made by an object or an action. Example: snap, crackle, pop. Personification - A figure of speech in which human characteristics are given to an animal or an object. Example: My teddy bear gave me a hug. Simile - A simile uses the words like or as to compare one object or idea with another to suggest they are alike. Example: She is busy as a bee. Metaphor - The metaphor makes a direct comparison between two unlike things. A simile would say you are like something; a metaphor is more positive - it says you are something. Example: Her eyes are stars shining in the sky. Idiom - An idiom is an expression that has a meaning apart from the meanings of its individual words. Its not meant to be take literally. Example: Its raining cats and dogs. Hyperbole - An exaggeration that is so dramatic that no one would believe the statement is true. Tall tales are hyperboles. Example: Im so hungry I could eat a horse. Multiple meaning words Words that are spelled the same, but have several different meanings.

Interjections are exclamatory words; they express strong feelings or sudden emotion.