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Data provided:
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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - Spring Semester 2007-2008





FUNDAMENTAL BIOMECHANICS 1 hour






Multiple choice questions:

Please answer all questions. There could be more than one correct
answer for each question. To obtain maximum marks, you should choose all
the correct answers or write none if none is the correct answer. The exam
paper must be returned with your answer sheets. Each question carries
5 marks (total marks = 100).


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1) Bio-fluid mechanics is a subject which covers:
A) Newtonian flows
B) non-Newtonian flows
C) laminar flows
D) turbulent flows
E) strong fluid-structure interactions

2) The square root of the transient inertial force over shear
force is often called the:
A) Froude number
B) Womersley number
C) Strouhal number
D) Reynolds number
E) Euler number

3) The mechanical characteristics of the circulatory system are:
A) that represents steady blood flow
B) that is a highly branched network of elastic tubes
C) that the vessel walls tend to deform strongly and
passively
D) that the viscosity of the blood inside is a constant

4) Murray's Law can be derived:
A) by defining a cost function which includes the energy used
by the blood vessel during metabolism
B) from the hypothesis that the shear strain rate of moving
blood on the inner walls of vessels is constant throughout
the vascular system
C) by defining a cost function which includes the work
necessary for pumping blood through the vessel
D) from the hypothesis that the shear force of moving blood
on the inner walls of vessels is constant throughout the
vascular system

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RC t RC
t
RC t
e p d e Q
C
e t p
/
0
/
0
/
) (
1
) (

+ =
}
t t
t

5) Human veins normally contain about what proportion of the
total volume of blood in the systemic vascular system:
A) 90%
B) 80%
C) 70%
D) 60%
E) 50%


6) In the Windkessel model, the following equation holds:
where Q is the inflow from the left ventricle, p is the pressure
inside the chamber, R is the resistance, and C is the
compliance. This equation can be solved to give:

A)
B)
RC t RC
t
RC t
e p d e Q
C
e t p
/
0
/
0
/
) (
1
) (

+ =
}
t t
t

C)
RC t RC
t
e p d e Q
C
t p
/
0
/
0
) (
1
) (

+ =
}
t t
t

D)
0
/
0
/
) (
1
) ( p d e Q
C
e t p
RC
t
RC t
+ =
}
t t
t

where p
0
is the pressure at t=0


7) Compared with arteries, the most important feature of the
systemic veins is:
A) their negative transmural pressure
B) their self-excited oscillation
C) their buckled cross-section
D) their compliance
R
p
dt
dp
C Q + =
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8) The typical Reynolds number range of blood flow in the
body could vary from 1 in small arterioles to approximately
4000 in the aorta. It means that compared to arterioles:
A) inertial forces and viscous forces are equally important
in the aorta
B) inertial forces are more important than viscous forces
in the aorta
C) inertial forces are less important than viscous forces in
the aorta
D) inertial forces are dominant in small arterioles


9) Under certain assumptions, we can derive an analytical
(Womersley) solution for flow in elastic tubes. The following
is one of the assumptions:
A) the fluid is non-viscous
B) the wall deformation is significant
C) the system is non-linear
D) the velocity profile is uniform
E) the wave length is long compared to the tube
deformation


10) There are several physically observed sources contributing
to drag of flying birds. These may include:
A) downwash
B) free surface waves
C) detachment of the boundary layer from the bird body
D) skin friction


11) As people get older, the structure of their arteries may
change. The most important change is:
A) the softening of arterial walls
B) the stiffening of arterial walls
C) the increased lumen sizes
D) the thinning of arterial walls
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12) It is found that a 1% change in radius of a vessel will cause
a 4% change in blood flow rate, provided that:
A) the pressure drop along the vessel is constant
B) the length of the vessel is constant
C) the viscosity of the blood is constant
D) the vessel behaves like a straight and rigid circular cylindrical
tube


13) Drag acting on a bird body is composed of pressure drag due to a
normal force or pressure on the body surface, caused by:
A) the viscous flow at very low speed
B) flow separation
C) induced drag
D) accompanying shock waves


14) If the work done by air on a birds wing is:
( ) f h L W
-
=
0 0

where
0
L is the amplitude of the oscillating lift,
-
0
h is the amplitude of
downward velocity, and is the phase difference between the lift and the
downward velocity. The flutter of the wing will be sustained if:
A)
2 2
t

t
< <
B) ( ) 0 > f
C) ( ) 0 < f
D) ( ) 0 = f
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15) A simply supported column subject to an end thrust can lose its
stability. The critical load when the column first buckles is given by:
A)
3
3
R
EI

B) ( ) 1 ,
2
2 2
= n
L
EI n t

C)
( )
3 2
3
1 4 R
Eh
v

D)
}
}
|
.
|

\
|
L
L
dx
dx
dw
dx
dx
w d
EI
0
2
0
2
2

where R is the radius of the column, E is the Youngs modulus, v is
the Poissons ratio, L is the length of the column, w is the
displacement, and I is the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional
area.

16) Under dynamic conditions, three cases may occur in a
segment of a collapsible tube:

(i) 0 > Ap at entry, 0 > Ap at exit;
(ii) 0 > Ap at entry, 0 < Ap at exit;
(iii) 0 < Ap at entry, 0 < Ap at exit;

where p A is the transmural pressure ( )
e i
p p = . Self excited
oscillations may occur in:

A) Case i,
B) Case ii,
C) Case iii,
D) Any of the cases i, ii and iii
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17) Assuming the frictional loss is negligible and that the tube
cross-sectional area depends solely on the transmural pressure, the
occurrence of flow limitation in collapsible tubes may be explained as a
result of the following:
A) the velocity of the flow is greater than the phase velocity of
propagation of small perturbations
B) the pressure drop is not large enough
C) the upstream transmural pressure becomes negative
D) the flow is turbulent.

18) Which of the following diagrams is known as the Starling
Resistor?:











Figure Q18: A, B, C and D
A)




B)




C)




D)




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19) The figure below shows that the best performers in terms of cost of
transport are:
A) cyclists followed by airplanes, fish, swimmers and birds
B) fish followed by flyers, runners, walkers and manmade
vehicles
C) airplanes followed by birds, walkers, runners and man-made
vehicles
D) cyclists followed by fish, swimmers, airplanes, walkers and
runners
Figure Q19
20) Downwash of wing is caused by:
A) the Kutta condition
B) the compressibility effects
C) the finite span of a wing
D) the skin friction

END OF QUESTION PAPER