Communication System II

Chapter 3

Samrat Subedi Kantipur Engineering College

samratsubedi@kec.edu.np
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Digital Data Communication System

Communication System are Designed to Transmit Information. The Purpose of Communication System is to transmit the output of Source to Destination.
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Two Fundamental Questions Of Communication Theory are:

What is the rate at which given source is emitting information.

Information Theory

What is the maximum rate of information transmitted over a noisy channel

Channel Capacity theorem
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Information Theory
A message is a sequence of Symbol intended to reduce Uncertainty of Receiver. If a sequence of symbol does not change the Uncertainty Level of the receiver, the message does not contain any information.
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Consider the following Cases

1. Tomorrow the Sun rises in the East. 2. United States invades Cuba. 3. Cuba invades United States

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 From the Viewpoint of common sense

The first headline hardly contain Any information The Second contain large amount of information The third Convey the largest

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Therefore
The Information content of any message signal is closely related to
The past knowledge of Occurrence of event

and
Level of uncertainty it contains with respect to the recipients of the message

Thus in general

The amount of information received from knowledge of Occurrence of an event is related to the probability or the likelihood of Occurrence of the Event.
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Measurement
Let m1,m2,m3mq be out of a possible message emitted by a source with probabilities p1,p2,pq Such that p1+p2++pq=1 If I(mk) is the information Content of Kth message Then,
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. I(mk) > I(mj) for pk <pj I(mk) 0 for pk 1 I(mk) 1 for pk 0 I(mk) 0 for 0 pk 1 I(mkand mj) = I(mk)+ I(mj)
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 To Satisfy above Condition We can Relate I(mk) and pk I(mk) = log (1/pk)

Unit of I(mk) depends on base assigned to log

Base e nat Base 10 Hartley or decit Base 2 bit
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Entropy
The average information content of a sequence of symbol Consider a memory less source( i.e. probability of
Occurrence of symbol does not depend upon previous and future Occurrence of Symbol

) emitting m possible Symbols

s1,s2,s3sm with probabilities p1,p2,pm

respectively. For a long message Sequence Containing N Symbols, rate of Occurrence of si Symbol is
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P(si) = piN
And the information Content

I(si) = piNlog2(1/pi) Then Itot =

piNlog2(1/pi)
i =1

We know entropy(H) is average information content Itot i.e. Iavg =

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H=

piNlog2(1/pi) bits/Symbol
i =1

If Symbol rate(message rate) is Rsym then information rate is Rinfo = H X R sym

Bits/sec bits/ symbol symbol/sec

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Baseband Digital Communication System It refers to a system in which tx and Rx of digital Signal over a band limited channel without carrier modulation. Since baseband Signal have sizable power at low frequency, they are suitable for transmission over a pair of cable, coaxial cable, optical fiber etc. Before Transmission some transformation in data waveform is needed.
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 Baseband data communication system using PAM have following Blocks

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 The output of pulse generator is x(t) = bk Pg(t- KTb) k =- Where Pg(t) is a basic Pulse whose amplitude bK depends upon the input data Sequence

bk = +b if Kth bit is 1 bk = -b if Kth bit is 0

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 The signal from pulse generator is then passed through Tx filter, Rx filter, The channel with noise added at channel. So the output of Receiver filter is x(t) = Kc bk Pg(t- KTb-d) no(t) K = Where,

Kc is cumulative response of Tx filter, Channel and Rx. Filter such that

Bk = Kc bK ; Pr(t) = Kc Pg(t) ; d is time delay @Samrat Subedi 16

 For Simplicity , Let us take no(t) = 0 and d =0 Therefore x(t) = Kc

y(t) is then passed through decision making device. If y(t) is above threshold output is 1 else 0.
k =
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Pg(t- KTb)

 At Decision Making Instant Bk Pr(mTb- KTb) y(t=mTb) = k = Pr(mTb- KTb) = Bm + k =

k m

The first Term is mth decoded bit and the second term represents the residue while decoding mth bit due to all other transmitted bit called ISI
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Design Criteria
ISI arises due to dispersion of pulse shape by the filter and channel. The major task of System Designer is to optimally design transmitting and receiving filter and the shape of basic pulse to minimize ISI. Parameter Known to Designer
Input Bit Stream Channel Characteristics Statistical Characteristics of Noise
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 Selection Of Optimum
HT(f) Hc(f) Pg(t)

Criteria
Maximize data rate Optimize Bandwidth Minimum Error Rate Minimum Transmission Power Maximize SNR Simple Circuit Design
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Inter Symbol Interference (ISI)

Spreading of pulse beyond its interval Tb will cause it to interfere with neighboring Pulse. This is called ISI We need to Transmit a pulse every Time at interval of Tb. We are considering a time limited pulse and such pulse are not band limited. Parts of their spectra are suppressed by band limited channel. This cause pulse distortion and Consequently ISI
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 Band Limited pulse can not be time limited. Pulse amplitude can be detected correctly despite pulse spreading if there is no ISI at the decision making Instant This can be accomplished by properly shaped band limited Pulse
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ISI Removing Methods 1. Nyquist Method

i. ii. Ideal Solution (Zero ISI) Raised Cosine Spectrum Method

1. Correlative Coding (Partial Response Signaling)

i. ii. Duobinary Signalling Modified Duobinary Signalling
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Nyquist Pulse Shaping Criteria/ Nyquist Condition for Zero ISI

We have; = Bm + For Zero ISI,

k = k m

P (mT - KT )
r b b

Pr [(m- K)Tb] = 1 =0
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k=m k=m
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i.e. Pr (nTb) = 1 =0 In General P(t) =1 =0 t=0 t = nTb n=0 n =0

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A Pulse Satisfying above Criteria causes Zero ISI at Signaling Instant

Sampling Instants ISI occurs but, NO ISI is present at the sampling instants

Tb

2Tb
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 Transmission of Rb bits/Sec require a minimum bandwidth of Rb/2 Hz. The Pulse satisfying Nyquist criteria and has B/W of Rb/2 Hz is
Sin(2Bot ) p(t) = sinc (2B0t) = (2Bot )

Where, B0 = 1 = Rb is absolute minimum B/W required 2Tb 2 for zero ISI

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 Although Nyquist Pulse Shaping shapes for p(t)

achieves economy in B/W, it suffers from two major problem. To generate a sync function Signal must be passed through a Filter having flat response from -B0 to +B0 and zero elsewhere. This response are physically Unrealizable.
P(f)

1/2B0
f

B0 p(t) decreases too slowly at the -B0 Rate of 1/t. If the nominal data rate of Rb bits/sec required for this scheme deviates a little, the pulse amplitude will not vanish at other pulse centre. The Cumulative interference at any pulse centre from all the remaining pulse will @Samrat Subedi be very high. 28
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Raised Cosine Approximation

The overall Frequency response P(f) decreases towards zero gradually rather then abrupt. In particular p(f) consist of flat portion and roll off portion that has the form of raised cosine function as

1/2B0 P(f)= 1+ cos (f- f1) 2B0-2f1 0

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for 0 f f1 for f1 f 2B0-f1 for f> 2B0-f1

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Here, f1 and B0 are related as , is roll off factor = 1 f1/B0 For = 0;

f1 = B0 is absolute minimum bandwidth required for zero ISI (Nyquist B/W)

For

=1 and taking Inverse Fourier Transform

P(t) = Sinc( 4B0t) 1- 16B 2t2

0

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2B0P(f)

=0 = 0.25 = 0.50 = 0.75 = 1.00

1 3/2 2 f/B0

p(t)
1

-Tb
0
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Tb

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P(t) 1

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Characteristics of p(f)
For = 0, it is ideal case For = 0.5 & 1 p(f) cut off gradually and hence it is physically implementable Value of p(f) at f/B0 =1 will be half of its maximum value for any P(f) is real i.e. non negative

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Characteristics of p(t)
At t= Tb/2, p(t) has half amplitude for =1 additional zero crossing at +3Tb/2, +5Tb/2 in addition to Tb, 2Tb,. These are used for generating timing signal for Synchronization.

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Transmission Bandwidth Consideration B/WPAM = B0 (B0= 1/2Tb) Ideal Case For Raised Cosine We have = 1 f1/B0 B= 2B0- f1 = 2B0 B0(1- ) For =1 B/W = 2B0 In general B/WPAM =B0(1+ @Samrat Rb/2(1+ ) ) = Subedi 35

Take an Example of T1 System

24 independent voice input based on 8 bit PCM Word Tb= 0.647 sec and Rb= 1.544 Mbps Ideal solution B0= 1/2Tb = 772 KHz Raised Cosine B= 1/Tb = 1.544 MHz

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 Correlative-Level Coding
For Rb data Rate, the absolute min B/W as per Nyquist Criteria is Rb/2 and with raised Cosine minimum bandwidth is Rb. By adding ISI to the transmitted signal in a controlled manner, it is possible to achieve a signaling rate equal to the Nyquist rate of 2W symbols/sec in a channel of bandwidth W Hz. Correlative-level coding may be regarded as a practical method of achieving the theoretical maximum signaling rate of 2 W symbols/sec in a bandwidth of W Hz
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Data Rate

Bandwidth

ISI Zero Zero Controlled ISI

Condition Ideal Raised Cosine ( =1 )

Rb Rb Rb

B0(Rb/2) 2B0(Rb) B0(Rb/2)

Correlative Coding

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 DUOBINARY CODING
Duobinary signaling implies doubling the transmission

capacity in a straight binary system. This particular form of correlative-level coding is also called class I partial response. Consider a binary input sequence {bk} applied to a pulseamplitude modulator to produce a two-level sequence {ak} :
+A if symbol bk is 1 ak = { -A if symbol bk is 0 When this sequence is applied to a duobinary encoder, it is converted into a three-level@Samrat Subedi output, namely, -2A, 0, and +2A. 39

 We may express the duobinary coder output ck as the sum of the present input pulse ak and its previous value ak-1, as shown by

ck = ak + ak-1

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+2A

If ak & ak-1 are both 1

If ak & ak-1 are different If ak & ak-1 are both 0

Ck =

0
-2A

And We have
HI(f) = HNyquist(f) . HDB(f)
For Tb seconds delay element having frequency response exp(-j2fTb), the frequency response of the delay-line is 1 + exp(-j2fTb)
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 Hence, the overall frequency response of this filter

connected in cascade with an ideal Nyquist channel is

HI(f) = HNyquist(f) [l + exp(-j2fTb)] = HNyquist(f) [exp(jfTb) + exp(-jfTb)] exp(-jfTb) = 2HNyquist(f) cos(fTb) exp(-jfTb)

For an ideal Nyquist channel of bandwidth W = 1/2Tb, we have 1 HNyquist(f) = 0 elsewhere

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|f| < 1/2Tb (= B0)

The overall frequency response of the duobinary signaling scheme has the form of a half-cycle cosine function, as 2cos(fTb) exp(-jfTb) HI(f) = 0 otherwise |f| < 1/2Tb (=B0)

AND

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Frequency response of the duobinary conversion filter. (a) Magnitude response. (b) Phase response.
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 If ck is received without error and if the previous estimate ak-1 corresponds to a correct decision, then the current estimate ak will be correct too. A major drawback of this detection procedure is that once errors are made, they tend to propagate through the output because a decision on the current ak depends on the correctness of the decision made on the previous ak-1. @Samrat Subedi 45

 A means to avoid the error-propagation is to use precoding before the duobinary coding

The precoding operation performed on the binary data sequence {bk} converts it into another binary sequence {dk} defined by

dk = bk dk-1 Ck = dk + dk-1

+A dk = { -A

If it is 1 If it is 0
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dK

If kth input bit bk=0 Then dk=dk-1 So if bk =0 Ck = +2A or -2A if bk =1 bk is complement of bk-1 ck=0

0 ck =

if data symbol bk is 1
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+ 2A if data symbol bk is 0

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Take an Example
Input bit Sequence {bk} 0 1 (let) +A 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1

dk
Representation of dk Output of DB Encoder{ck=dk+dk-1} Decoded Bit

+A

+A

-A 0 1

-A -2A 0

+A +A 0 1 +2 A 0

+2A +2A 0
Put dk-1 =0 and do again

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MODIFIED DUOBINARY SIGNALING If we observe the frequency response of duobinary signalling, we see that it has non zero frequency response at t=0 This is not Suitable for circuitary with no DC path. Hence we use Modified DB.

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The overall frequency response of the delay-line filter connected with an ideal Nyquist channel, as in Figure 4.16, is given by
HIV(f) = HNyquist(f) [l - exp(-j4fTb)] = 2j HNyquist(f) sin(2fTb) exp(-j2fTb) 2jsin(2fTb) exp(-j2fTb), HIV(f) = { 0, elsewhere |f| < 1/2Tb

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Baseband M-ary Signalling

In a baseband M-ary PAM system, the pulse-amplitude modulator produces one of M possible amplitude levels with M > 2.

A signal alphabet in M-ary PAM system contains M equally likely and statistically independent symbols, with symbol duration T seconds. The signaling rate 1/T is expressed in symbols per second, or bauds. This form of pulse modulation is illustrated in Figure 4.20a for the case of quaternary (M = 4) system and the binary data sequence 0010110111.
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 Signaling Rate and B/W Requirement: Let Rs(Symbol per sec or Baud) be the Symbol rate emitted by the source If M symbols are emitted that are equiprobable and spastically independent
Entropy (H) =

p log (1/p )
i =1
i 2 i

Since M are equiprobable pi = 1/M Therefore H = log2M

And Information Rate(Rinfo) =Rs x H Rslog2M bps Absolute B/W requiredSubediRs/2 --------<1> 55 is @Samrat

For Binary M=2 SO

Rinfo = Rb = Rslog22= Rs bps B/W = Rs/2 ---------<2>

From Equation 1 & 2 we see B/W requirement for Mary and binary system is same
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Eye Diagram/ Eye Pattern When the Sequence is transmitted over a baseband binary data transmission system, the signal obtained at the output Yr(t) is a continuous time signal
1 0 1 1 0 1 Resultant Channel Output Waveform

Tb

2Tb

3Tb

4Tb

5Tb

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 If the received Signal is cut in each interval Tb and place over one another, the diagram obtained is known as eye Diagram as it looks like an eye.

Channel Input Pulse width Tb Data 1

Channel Output Pulse width Tb

Tb
Data 0

Tb

Tb

Tb

Tb

Tb

Tb

Tb

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 If the received Signal is cut in each interval Tb and place over one another, the diagram obtained is known as eye Diagram as it looks like an eye.

This pattern can also be obtained on CRO if Yr(t) is applied to vertical input and a saw tooth signal with duration T=Tb @Samrat Subedi 59 at horizontal input

Information Of Eye Diagram

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