Footholds in North America (pages 39-50): Europeans familiarized themselves with N.

American coast with exploratory voyages, fishing expeditions, fur trade, piracy, and smuggling. Spanish base at St. Augustine, FA all other attempts to colonize failed. 17th Century Indians plagued by disease, English/French/Dutch power raised, colonization possible. 1614 Spain, England, France, Netherlands had N. American bases.

New Spains Northern Frontier: Conquistadores subdued the Aztec/Indian states (riches attracted them). Hernando de Soto wanted to find a treasure like in Peru. 1539-1543 Tampa Bay -> Appalachians -> southern Texas, looked for gold. Died without finding any, caused epidemics that killed most Mississippian societies. Juan Ponce de Leon conquered Puerto Rico, 1512-1513 / 1521 looked for slaves/gold in Florida, killed in Indian skirmish. 1527 Expedition 300 explorers separated after angering Apalachee Indians, thought dead until four survivors (Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, Estevanico) went to northern Mexico. Shipwrecked on Texas coast, went west to New Mexico, south to Mexico in 1536. Rumors about Seven Golden Cities of Cibola, expedition launched in 1538, led by Estevanico (killed by Zuni Indians). 1540-1542, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado tried to conquer Zunis pueblo (Grand Canyon -> Kansas -> Mexico), found no gold. Californian/Colorado River expeditions failed. Spains main interest establish strategic bases to keep out intruders. Indians rebelled against religious missions, forced closing of all before 1600. Franciscan missionaries tried again in early 17th century, 16000 Guale/Timucuan Indian converts, epidemics killed half. 1598 Juan de Onate proclaimed upper Rio Grande Valley a royal colony of New Mexico, colony barely survived. Onates successor founded Santa Fe in 1610, colonists exploited Indian labor. 1630 converted 20000 Indians, established 50+ missions in Rio Grande Valley/Hopi villages in Arizona.

France: Initial Failures and Canadian Success: 1534 Jacques Cartier (French) identified St. Lawrence River as one of N. Americas two primary avenues of entry (other = Mississippi). Before planting American colonies, France had half a century of failure. 1541 first attempt to colonize, led by Cartier. Alienated many Indians along St. Lawrence, built settlement on Indian land, cut off support. Many died to Indian attacks and scurvy, colony finally abandoned. Spanish thought the coast down to Florida was unproductive. 1562 French Huguenots had base in South Carolina, 1564 also made settlement in Florida. Spanish destroyed it a year later. Civil war between French Catholics/Huguenots discouraged them.

Late 16th century Economy - European demand for beaver increased, Frenchcontrolled fur trade began. Traders traded axes/knives/cloth/glass beads for pelts. Next century, factories produced cloth/glass for Indian trade. 1598-1604 French fur-trading outposts made in Nova Scotia, first enduring French settlement on Canadian soil founded by Samuel de Champlain at Quebec. French gained allegiance of Indian nations/access to beaver pelts, promised to proect Indian allies from Iroquois.

The Enterprising Dutch 1588 Independence of Dutch-speaking part of Netherlands secured. Hollanders built empire from Brazil to West Africa. 1609 Dutch East India Company interested in N. America, next year Dutch ships sailed up Hudson to trade with Indians. 1614 Dutch built Fort Nassau near Albany, colony of New Netherland. 1625 built fort on an island (Manhattan), 1626 new settlement on the island (New Amsterdam). New Netherlanders lived by fur trade. Hurons/Iroquois (backed by French/Dutch respectively) competed over control of the movement of goods between Europeans/Indians.

Elizabethan England and the Wider World 1558 Elizabeth I became queen, England = minor power, they were coping with charting the direction of their religious reformation/dealing with domestic instability. Elizabethean expansion ship unemployed poor overseas to colonies (raw markets for English cloth/export commodities). Spain disapproved. England worried about Spains involvement in French civil wars, effort to crush Netherlands revolt, popes call for Elizabeths overthrow. English had no incentive to trade legally with Spain, Elizabeth aided Calvinist rebels in France/Netherlands. English position in Ireland deteriorating. Irish resistance easily disappeared into bogs/forests, English inflicted starvation/mass slaughter by destroying villages in winter. Said Irish were savages. English used tactics of Irish against Native Americans. 1570s Englands objectives find northwest passage to Asia/gold, and raid Spanish fleets/ports. Martin Frobisher found fools gold. Privateering raids successful/profitable for Sir Francis Drakes/Hawkins financial backers (ex:/ Elizabeth). 1577-1580 Drake sailed around the world. 1572 Spanish tried to fortify Jesuit mission on Chesapeake Bay, failed (Powhatan Indians rebelled).Sir Humphrey Gilbert got a charter to start a colony in Newfoundland in 1583, drowned on way back. 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh (half-brother) got patent, sent Arthur Barlowe to explore Virginia (south coast). Found Roanoke Island, Raleigh set up colony costliest failure yet.

1588 England won over Armada (huge invasion fleet sent into English Channel by Spains Philip II). Preserved English independence, showed capability to withstand large forces with a small militia. England/France/Netherlands formed alliance to take out Spain, French backed out. 1589/1601 Richard Hakluyt published collections of explorers accounts (The Principle Navigations, Voyages, and Discoveries of the English Nation) to promote public interest in New World. Joint-stock companies business corporations that amass capital through sales of stock to the public raised funds for American settlement.

The Beginnings of English Colonization: Virginia 1600s James I signed truce with Spain in 1604. Spanish alarmed by Dutch naval victories, considered England lesser danger, renounced claims to VA and let England colonize. April 10, 1606 charter authorized overlapping land grants in VA to the Virginia Company of Plymouth (south from Maine to Potomac River), Virginia Company of London (north from Cape Fear to Hudson River). Virginia Company of London chose site on James River in May 1607 (Jamestown). Pyrite sparked fools gold rush, Roanoke failed to plant crops. 38/105 immigrants survived the winter. John Smith 28 years old, yeoman origin, experienced fighting Spaniards, Turks. Ensured food/housing for winter, made rules for maintaining sanitation/hygiene. Brought order through military discipline. 1608-1609 only 12 out of 200 died. Best diplomat, maintained satisfactory relations with Powhatan Confederacy. Powhatan leader of Powhatan Confederacy, arranged reconciliation ceremony where daughter Pocahontas saved Smiths life in a mock execution. Smith returned to England in 1609 (injured in gunpowder explosion), discipline dissolved, didnt plant corn -> starved. 1610-1614 Anglo-Powhatan War, Virginia won. John Rolfe married Pocahontas after the war, began planting salable variety of tobacco. 1619 product commanded high prices, exported a lot. VA Company poured supplies/settlers into colony. Gave 50-acre grants (headrights) if you paid for your own/a laborers passage. In return for passage, servants worked 4-7 years. Abandoned military rule, provided assembly to be elected by planters. Establishment of assembly marked beginnings of representative gov. 1622 three major problems local officials embezzled treasury funds, overcharged for supplies, used company laborers to work on their tobacco fields. Company went into debt. Exceptionally high death rate 9malnutrition, salt poisoning, typhus, dysentery). Relations with Powhatans worsened after Pocahontas died in 1617/Powhatan died in 1618. Nemattenew (shaman) urged Powhatans to resist English to death, attack killed 347 colonists. Governor Francis Wyatt reorganized settlers, took offensive during second AngloPowhatan War (1622-1632). Used tactics developed in war with Irish, drove

Indians from home in winter. 1625 English won the war. Virginia Company bankrupted, James I removed charter (VA = royal colony). The Origins of New England: Plymouth Plantation 1614 John Smith named New England. Wanted to conquer Indians and build an English colony Indians hit by epidemic and 90% died (1616-1618) 1620 VA Company of London gave patent to London merchants headed by Thomas Weston 102 people went over in the Mayflower. Promised to send lumber/furs/fish back for seven years, after which they would own the land. Separatist Puristans withdrawn from Church of England, fled to Netherlands to practice religion freely. November 1620 Mayflower landed at Plymouth Bay. Mayflower Compact constituted themselves as civil body politic/civil gov. under James Is sovereignty, established colony of Plymouth Plantation. Half died over the winter, remainder survived due to 2 English-speaking Indians (Squanto Patuxet Indian taken to Spain as a slave, his tribe died to the epidemic, and Samoset Abenaki from Maine with experience trading w/ English). Taught settlers how to grow corn. Alliance w/ Wampanoag Indians united two weak parties. Pilgrims first harvest = root for Thanksgiving. Plymouths relations with Indians worsened (VA massacre of 1622 organized militia under Miles Standish). Relations with Native Americans -> Plymouth = economically self-sufficient. Cheated by English sponsors. 1627 Plymouth divided fur/wampum trade in New England w/ Dutch. Importance of Pilgrims inspired American vision of sturdy, self-reliant God-fearing folk that governed themselves freely. Foreshadowed methods that European-Americans would use to gain mastery over Indians. Pilgrims = vanguard of massive voluntary migration of Puritans to New England in 1630s.

A Place in Time Roanoke illustrated that large-scale, well-finaced colonizing efforts could fail (English unprepared for American environment). Colonists didnt bring enough provisions for first winter, disdained growing own food. Colonizing attempts would have to be self-financed. Conflict with Spanish hung over all European attempts to colonize America.