Hindawi Publishing Corporation

EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking

Volume 2007, Article ID 34378, 11 pages
doi:10.1155/2007/34378
Research Article
Adaptive Bandwidth Management and Joint Call
Admission Control to Enhance SystemUtilization and
QoS in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks
Olabisi E. Falowo and H. Anthony Chan
Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
Received 30 May 2007; Accepted 18 September 2007
Recommended by Athanasios V. Vasilakos
The coexistence of dierent cellular networks in the same area necessitates joint radio resource management for enhanced QoS
provisioning and ecient radio resource utilization. We propose adaptive bandwidth management and joint call admission con-
trol (JCAC) scheme for heterogeneous cellular networks. The objectives of the proposed adaptive JCAC scheme are to enhance
average system utilization, guarantee QoS requirements of all accepted calls, and reduce new call blocking probability and hando
call dropping probability in heterogeneous wireless networks. We develop a Markov chain model for the adaptive JCAC scheme
and derive new call blocking probability, hando call dropping probability, and average system utilization. Performance of the
proposed adaptive JCAC scheme is compared with that of nonadaptive JCAC scheme in the same heterogeneous wireless network.
Results show an improvement in average system utilization of up to 20%. Results also show that connection-level QoS can be
signicantly improved by using the proposed adaptive JCAC scheme.
Copyright 2007 O. E. Falowo and H. A. Chan. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
1. INTRODUCTION
The coexistence of dierent cellular networks in the same
geographical area necessitates joint radio resource manage-
ment (JRRM) for enhanced QoS provisioning and ecient
radio resource utilization. The concept of JRRM arises in or-
der to eciently manage the common pool of radio resources
that are available in each of the existing radio access tech-
nologies (RATs) [1, 2]. In heterogeneous cellular networks,
the radio resource pool consists of resources that are avail-
able in a set of cells, typically under the control of a radio
network controller or a base station controller.
Not many approaches to JRRM are available in the liter-
ature. The interest has been mainly focused on architectural
aspects of JRRM, and not many specic algorithms have been
provided to investigate JRRM among dierent RATs, even in
simple scenarios [3]. Therefore, this paper focuses on joint
call admission control (JCAC) algorithm which is one of the
JRRM algorithms.
Call admission control (CAC) algorithm is one of the
radio resource management (RRM) algorithms. The tradi-
tional call admission control (CAC) algorithms for homo-
geneous cellular network determine whether or not a user
may be admitted into the network. Many CAC algorithms
have been developed for homogeneous cellular network, and
a review of these CAC algorithms appears in [4, 5]. However,
homogeneous CAC algorithms do not provide a single solu-
tion to address the heterogeneous architectures which char-
acterize next generation wireless network [6]. This limita-
tion of homogeneous CAC algorithms necessitates the devel-
opment of JCAC algorithms for heterogeneous wireless net-
works.
However, unlike homogeneous CAC algorithms, JCAC
algorithms do not only decide whether an incoming call can
be accepted or not. They also decide which of the available
radio access networks is best suited to accommodate the in-
coming call. JCAC algorithms must manage individual ser-
vices and technologies, and ensure that the QoS require-
ments of all admitted calls are satised while at the same time
making the best use of the total resources available in the het-
erogeneous network.
Gelabert et al. [7] study the impact of load balancing
among dierent RATs in heterogeneous cellular networks.
However, hando calls are not considered in the study. The
2 EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
algorithm deals with initial RAT selection only for new calls.
Moreover, no analytical model is presented in the study.
Pillekeit et al. [8] propose a forced load balancing al-
gorithm for heterogeneous UMTS/GSM network with colo-
cated cells. In their approach, all the cells in the heteroge-
neous network are classied into two groups: over-loaded
cells and under-loaded cells. The load balancing algorithm
is triggered when a certain load threshold is exceeded in or-
der to balance the trac load in the heterogeneous network.
However, the algorithm treats both new calls and hando
calls alike. In practice, it is necessary to keep hando call
dropping probability below new call blocking probability.
Moreover, no analytical model is presented in the study.
Romero et al. [9] propose a service-based RAT selection
policy for heterogeneous wireless networks. They illustrate
the selection policy using heterogeneous network compris-
ing GERAN and UTRAN, and a mix of voice and interactive
users (e.g., www browsing). Examples of the service-based
selection policies are dened in the following [9].
(i) VG (voice GERAN) policy: this policy has only the
service class as input and allocates voice users into GERAN
and other services into UTRAN.
(ii) VU (voice UTRAN) policy: this policy acts in the op-
posite direction as VG and allocates voice users to UTRAN
and interactive users to GERAN.
In the previous works mentioned above, no analytical
model has been developed for JCAC algorithms in order
to investigate connection-level QoS parameters in heteroge-
neous cellular networks. Therefore, this paper models and
analyzes a JCAC algorithm in heterogeneous cellular net-
works.
We propose adaptive bandwidth management and JCAC
(AJCAC) scheme to enhance system utilization and connec-
tion-level QoS in heterogeneous cellular networks support-
ing multiple classes of calls such as voice and video. The pro-
posed AJCAC scheme is designed to simultaneously achieve,
the following objectives:
(1) distribute trac load uniformly among available RATs
to improve average system utilization,
(2) guarantee the QoS requirement of all admitted calls,
(3) prioritize hando calls over new calls,
(4) adapt the bandwidth of ongoing calls to improve
connection-level QoS and system utilization.
Uniform distribution of trac load among multiple
RATs in heterogeneous wireless network allows for a better
utilization of the radio resources. QoS requirements of all
admitted calls are guaranteed by allocating to each of the
calls at least the minimum bandwidth needed. Hando calls
are prioritized over new calls by using dierent call rejection
thresholds for new and hando calls, and also by using dif-
ferent bandwidth adaptation mechanism for new and hand-
o calls. To the best of our knowledge, developing a scheme
that achieves the above objectives at the same time in hetero-
geneous wireless network is a novel work.
The contributions of this paper are twofold. Firstly,
we combine adaptive bandwidth management and JCAC
scheme to enhance system utilization and connection-level
QoS in heterogeneous wireless networks. Secondly, we de-
RAT 1
RAT 2
1a
2a
MT
1b
2b
1c
2c
A group of
co-located
cells
Figure 1: Two-RAT heterogeneous cellular networks with colocated
cells.
velop an analytical model for the AJCACscheme, derive aver-
age system utilization, new call blocking probability, hando
call dropping probability, and examine the tradeo between
new call blocking and hando call dropping.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2
presents the system model for heterogeneous wireless net-
works. In Section 3, the components of the AJCAC scheme
are described. Section 4 presents the Markov chain model of
the AJCAC scheme. In Section 5, we investigate the perfor-
mance of the AJCAC scheme through simulations.
2. SYSTEMMODEL ANDASSUMPTIONS
We consider a heterogeneous cellular network which con-
sists of J number of RATs with colocated cells, similar to
[7, 8]. Cellular networks such as GSM, GPRS, UMTS, and
so forth can have the same and fully overlapped coverage,
which is technically feasible, and may also save installation
cost [10]. Figure 1 illustrates a two-RAT heterogeneous cel-
lular network.
In heterogeneous cellular networks, radio resources can
be independently or jointly managed. We consider a situa-
tion where radio resources are jointly managed in the het-
erogeneous network and each cell in RAT- j ( j = 1, . . . , J)
has a total of Bj basic bandwidth units (bbu). The physical
meaning of a unit of radio resources (such as time slots, code
sequence, etc.) is dependent on the specic technological im-
plementation of the radio interface [11]. However, no matter
which multiple access technology (FDMA, TDMA, CDMA,
or OFDM) is used, we could interpret system capacity in
terms of eective or equivalent bandwidth [1214]. There-
fore, whenever we refer to the bandwidth of a call, we mean
the number of bbu that is adequate for guaranteeing the de-
sired QoS for this call, which is similar to the approach used
for homogeneous networks in [1416].
It is assumed that packet-level QoS is stochastically as-
sured by allocating at least the minimum eective band-
width required to guarantee a given maximum probability
on packet drop, delay, and jitter [17].
Our approach is based on decomposing heterogeneous
cellular network into groups of colocated cells. As shown in
Figure 1, cell 1a and cell 2a form a groupof colocated cells.
Similarly, cell 1b and cell 2b form another group of colo-
cated cells, and so on. Based on the following assumption-
commonly made in homogeneous cellular networks, we as-
sume that the types and amount of trac are statistically the
same in all cells of each RATs [14, 15, 18, 19]. Therefore, the
types and amount of trac are statistically the same in all
groups of colocated cells.
O. E. Falowo and H. A. Chan 3
A newly arriving call will be admitted into one of the cells
in the group of colocated cells where the call is located. When
a mobile subscriber using a multimode terminal and having
an ongoing call is moving from one group of colocated cells
to another group of co-located cells, the ongoing call must
be handed over to one of the cells in the new group of colo-
cated cells. For example (Figure 1), an ongoing call can be
handed over from cell 2a to cell 2b or from cell 2a to cell 1b.
Note that the handover consists of both horizontal and verti-
cal handovers.
The correlation between the groups of colocated cells
results from hando connections between the cells of cor-
responding groups. Under this formulation, each group of
co-located cells can be modeled and analyzed individually.
Therefore, we focus our attention on a single group of colo-
cated cells.
The heterogeneous network supports K classes of calls.
Each class is characterized by bandwidth requirement, ar-
rival distribution, and channel holding time. Each class-i
call requires a discrete bandwidth value, b
i,w
, where b
i,w
be-
longs to the set B
i
= {b
i,w
} for i = 1, 2, . . . , K and w =
1, 2, . . . , W
i
. W
i
is the number of dierent bandwidth values
that a class-i call can be allocated. b
i,1
(also denoted as b
i,min
)
and b
i,Wi
(also denoted as b
i,max
) are, respectively, the min-
imum and maximum bandwidth that can be allocated to a
class-i call. Note that b
i,w
< b
i,(w+1)
for i = 1, 2, . . . , K and
w = 1, 2, . . . , (W
i
1).
The requested bandwidth of an incoming class-i call is
denoted by b
i,req
, where b
i,req
B
i
. Let m
i, j
and n
i, j
denote,
respectively, the number of ongoing new class-i calls and
hando class-i calls, in RAT- j with 1 c m
i, j
(for new
calls) and 1 c n
i, j
(for hando calls). Let b
i,assigned c
de-
note the bandwidth assigned to call c of class-i in RAT- j in
the group of colocated cells, where b
i,assigned c
B
i
. A call c
of class-i is degraded if b
i,assigned c
< b
i,req
whereas the call is
upgraded if b
i,assigned c
> b
i,req
.
If a class of calls (i.e., class-i calls) requires a xed number
of bbu (i.e. constant bit-rate service), it becomes a special
case in our model in which b
i,min
= b
i,max
and the set B
i
has
only one element. However, it will not be possible to upgrade
or degrade this class of calls.
Following the general assumption in cellular networks,
new and hando class-i calls arrive in the group of colocated
cells according to Poisson process with rate
n
i
and
h
i
, re-
spectively. The call holding time (CHT) of a class-i call is as-
sumed to follow an exponential distribution with mean 1/
i
[18, 19].
To characterize mobility, the cell residence time (CRT),
that is, the amount of time during which a mobile terminal
stays in a cell (same as the time, it stays in a group of colo-
cated cells) during a single visit, is assumed to follow an ex-
ponential distribution with mean 1/h, where the parameter
h represents the call hando rate. We assume that the CRT is
independent of the service class.
The channel holding time is the minimum of the CHT
and the CRT. Because minimum of two exponentially dis-
tributed random variables is also exponentially distributed
[20], the channel holding time for new class-i calls, and
for hando class-i call, is assumed to be exponentially dis-
tributed with means 1/
n
i
and 1/
h
i
, respectively.
Note that this set of assumptions has been widely used
for homogeneous cellular networks in the literature, and is
found to be generally applicable in the environment where
the number of mobile users is larger than the number of
channels [20].
3. PROPOSEDAJCAC SCHEME
In this section, we describe the proposed AJCAC scheme
which consists of the following three components: joint call
admission controller, threshold-based bandwidth reserva-
tion unit, and bandwidth adaptation (BA) controller. These
components are described in the following.
3.1. The joint call admission controller
The joint call admission controller implements the JCAC
algorithm. The basic function of the JCAC algorithm is to
make call admission decision and uniformly distribute traf-
c load among all the available RATs in the network.
During call setup, a multimode mobile terminal request-
ing a service sends a request to the joint call admission con-
troller which implements the JCAC algorithm. The service
request contains the call type, service class, and bandwidth
requirements. The JCAC procedure is shown in Figure 2,
where x
i, j
and y
i, j
denote, respectively, the residual bbu avail-
able in RAT- j for new and hando class-i calls. Whenever
a call arrives, the JCAC attempts to allocate the maximum
bbu for this call (i.e., set b
i,req
= b
i,max
) provided that the
available bbu in the selected RAT is greater than or equal to
b
i,max
. If the available bbu in the selected RAT is less than
b
i,max
but greater than or equal to b
i,req
, the call will be as-
signed a bandwidth between b
i,req
and b
i,max
. If the available
bbu is less than b
i,req
but greater than or equal to b
i,1
(b
i,min
),
the call will be assigned a bandwidth between b
i,1
and b
i,req
.
If the available bbu in all the RATs is less than b
i,1
, BA al-
gorithm (BAA) will be invoked to reduce the bandwidth of
some ongoing call(s) in the chosen RAT. If the available bbu
is still less than b
i,1
for all available RATs, the call will be re-
jected.
For new class-i calls, let C
n
i, j
denote the total bbu available
in RAT- j,
i, j
the fraction of bbu available in RAT- j over the
summation of bbu available in all RATs, x
i, j
the residual bbu
available in RAT- j, and L
n
i, j
the current load in RAT- j. For
hando class-i calls, the corresponding values are C
h
i, j
,
i, j
,
y
i, j
, and L
h
i, j
. Then

i, j
=
C
n
i, j
_
J
j=1
C
n
i, j
i, j,
J
_
j=1

i, j
= 1 i.
(1)
4 EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
Reject class-i call
Yes
n > J
No
n + +
No
bi,min yi j
Yes
Admit class-i
call into the n
th
RAT and
allocate bi,min
Select the n
th
RAT
and apply BAA
n = 1
Yes
bi,req < bi,min
No
bi,req = bi,(req1)
n = 1
Yes
n > J
No
n + +
No
bi,req yi j
Yes
Admit
class-i
call in the
n
th
RAT
and allocate
bi,req
Select the n
th
RAT
Sort RATj for all j in
increasing order of current
load L
h
i j
, and set n = 1
(Hando call) No
Arrival of class-i call
New call?
Yes
Reject class-i call
Yes
n > J
No
n + +
No
bi,min xi j
Yes
Admit
class-i
call into the
n
th
RAT
and allocate
bi,min
Select the n
th
RAT
and apply BAA
n = 1
Yes
bi,req < bi,min
No
bi,req = bi,(req1)
n = 1
Yes
n > J
No
n + +
No
bi,req xi j
Yes
Admit
class-i
call into the
n
th
RAT
and allocate
bi,req
Select the n
th
RAT
Sort RATj for all j in
increasing order of current
load L
n
i j
, and set n = 1
Figure 2: Proposed adaptive load-based JCAC algorithm.

n
i
JCAC

n
i,1

n
i,2

n
i,J
RAT 1
RAT 2
RAT J
Figure 3: Splitting of the arraival process in the group of colocated
cells.
Similarly,

i, j
=
C
h
i, j
_
J
j=1
C
h
i, j
i, j,
J
_
j=1

i, j
= 1 i.
(2)
When a new or hando call arrives into a group of colocated
cells, the JCAC algorithm selects the least loaded RAT avail-
able for the incoming call. The action of selecting a RAT for
each arriving new or hando call in the group of colocated
cells leads to splitting of the arrival process. Figure 3 illus-
trates the splitting of the arrival among J number of RATs in
the group of colocated cells.
As shown in Figure 3, the arrival rate in the group of colo-
cated cells is split among all the available RATs. Each RAT has
a fraction of the arrival rate (
n
i
). Due to the uniform-load-
distribution action of the JCAC algorithm, the mean arrival
rates of class-i calls into each RAT in the group of collocated
cells are as follows:

n
i, j
=
i, j

n
i
i, j,

n
i
=
J
_
j=1

n
i, j
i.
(3)
Similarly

h
i, j
=
i, j

h
i
i, j,

h
i
=
J
_
j=1

h
i, j
i,
(4)
O. E. Falowo and H. A. Chan 5
RAT 1 RAT 2 Access
networks
A
v
a
i
l
a
b
l
e
b
a
n
d
w
i
d
t
h
B
1
= t
21
t
11
t
01
B
2
= t
22
t
12
t
02
Figure 4: Accessible bandwidth for a two-class, two-RAT system.
where
n
i
and
h
i
denote the arrival rates of new class-i calls
and hando class-i calls, respectively, into the group of co-
located cells.
n
i, j
and
h
i, j
denote the arrival rates of new class-
i calls and hando class-i calls, respectively, into RAT- j in the
group of colocated cells.
The arrival rates of a split Poisson process are also Pois-
son [21]. Therefore, given that the mean arrival rate of class-
i calls into the group of colocated cells is Poisson, the mean
arrival rates of the split class-i calls into RAT-1, RAT-2, . . . ,
RAT-J are also Poisson.
3.2. Threshold-based bandwidth reservation unit
In order to maintain lower hando dropping probability, the
bandwidth reservation unit implements a bandwidth reser-
vation policy that uses dierent thresholds for newand hand-
o calls. Figure 4 shows the bandwidth reservation policy for
a two-class, two-RAT system.
The policy reserves bandwidth for aggregate hando
calls, thus gives them priority over new calls. The policy also
prioritizes among dierent classes of hando calls according
to their QoS constraints by assigning a series of bandwidth
thresholds t
1, j
, t
2, j
, . . . , t
k, j
, for hando calls such that
t
0, j
t
1, j
t
i, j
t
(i+1), j
t
k, j
= B
j
j,
(5)
where t
0, j
denotes the total number of bbu available for all
new calls in RAT- j, and t
i, j
denotes the total number of bbu
available for hando class-i calls in RAT- j. B
j
denotes the
total number of bbu available in RAT- j.
3.3. Bandwidth adaptation controller
The bandwidth adaptation controller executes the BAA
which is triggered when a new call arrives or when a call is
completed. Most multimedia applications are adaptive. For
example, voice can be encoded at 16 kbps, 32 kbps, 64 kbps,
and 128 kbps by choosing appropriate encoding mecha-
nisms. Similarly, video applications can be made rate adap-
tive by using, for instance, a layered coding method. In layer
coding method, the lowest layer (i.e., the base layer) con-
tains the critical information for decoding the image se-
quence at its minimum visual quality. Additional layers pro-
vide increasing quality. All these encoded layers may be trans-
mitted when the network is underutilized. However, when
the network resources are being fully utilized, only based
layer(s) which contain critical information may be transmit-
ted.
As an illustration, if one would watch a 30-minute
video clip encoded at 256 kbps and 64 kbps respectively. At
256 kbps, one will see better pictures with better resolution
than at 64 kbps. Therefore, the bandwidth adaptation af-
fects the quality of the real-time applications rather than the
transmission time. However, the minimum requested QoS is
maintained by ensuring that the bbu of the calls are not de-
graded below the required minimum.
In the proposed AJCAC scheme, when the system is un-
derutilized, all arriving new and hando class-i calls are ad-
mitted by the JCAC algorithm with the highest bandwidth
level (i.e., b
i,max
) for the calls. This approach increases band-
width utilization for the heterogeneous wireless network.
However, when the network resources are being fully utilized,
bandwidth adaptation controller is invoked to execute BAA
on arrival of a new or hando call.
The BAA is triggered whenever there is a call arrival
event or a call departure event. The BAA performs two main
procedures: downgrades and upgrades ongoing calls. The
downgrading procedure is activated in the arrival epoch (i.e.,
when a new or hando arrives to an overloaded group of
colocated cells). BAA reduces the bandwidth of some on-
going call(s) randomly selected in the system to free just
enough bbu to accommodate the incoming call. Note that
an adaptive class-i call is never degraded below the mini-
mum bbu necessary to guarantee its minimum QoS require-
ments. The upgrading procedure is activated in the departure
epoch.
In the arrival epoch, the BAA downgrading procedure
can be implemented in two ways. In the rst implementa-
tion, only ongoing new calls can be downgraded to accom-
modate an incoming new call whereas both ongoing new
and hando calls can be downgraded to accommodate an in-
coming hando call. This approach further prioritizes hand-
o calls over new calls, in addition to the prioritization ob-
tained by using dierent rejection thresholds for new and
hando calls. In the second implementation, both new and
hando calls can be downgraded to accommodate an incom-
ing new (or hando) call. In this implementation, prioriti-
zation of hando calls over new calls can only be achieved
by using dierent rejection threshold for new and hando
calls.
In the departure epoch, when a call departs from a RAT
in the group of colocated cells, some of the ongoing call(s)
randomly selected in RAT of the group of colocated cells may
be upgraded by the BAA algorithm.
4. MARKOV CHAINANALYSIS OF THE AJCAC SCHEME
The AJCAC policy described in Section 3 is a multidimen-
sional Markov chain. The state space of the group of co-
located cells can be represented by a (2

J)-dimensional
vector given as
=
_
m
i, j
, n
i, j
: i = 1, . . . , k, j = 1, . . . , J
_
. (6)
6 EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
The nonnegative integer m
i, j
denotes the number of on-
going new class-i calls in RAT- j, and the nonnegative integer
n
i, j
denotes the number of ongoing hando class-i calls in
RAT- j. Let S denote the state space of all admissible states of
the group of colocated cells as it evolves over time. An ad-
missible state s is a combination of the numbers of users in
each class that can be supported simultaneously in the group
of colocated cells while maintaining adequate QoS and meet-
ing resource constraints. The state S of all admissible states is
given as
S =
_
=
_
m
i, j
, n
i, j
: i = 1, . . . , k, j = 1, . . . , J
_
:
k
_
i=1
mi, j
_
c=1
b
i,assigned
c
t
n
0, j
j
_
ni, j
_
c=1
b
i,assigned
c
t
h
i, j
i, j
_
k
_
i=1
mi, j
_
c=1
b
i,assigned
c
+
k
_
i=1
ni, j
_
c=1
b
i,assigned
c
B
j
j
_
.
(7)
The constraints simply state that the sum of the band-
width units of all admitted class-i calls cannot be more than
the total bandwidth units available for that class of calls.
Given that the system is in the current state, s, for the AJ-
CAC scheme, the state transition could be triggered by any
of the following events.
(1) Admission of a new class-i call into RAT- j with the
successor state s
+1
1
and transition rate q(s, s
+1
1
). It follows that
q
_
s, s
+1
1
_
=
n
i, j
, s, s
+1
1
S. (8)
(2) Admission of a hando class-i call into RAT- j with the
successor state s
+1
2
and transition rate q(s, s
+1
2
). It follows that
q
_
s, s
+1
2
_
=
h
i, j
, s, s
+1
2
S. (9)
(3) Departure of a new class-i call from RAT- j with the
successor state s
1
1
and transition rate q(s, s
1
1
). It follows that
q
_
s, s
1
1
_
= m
i, j

n
i
, s, s
1
1
S. (10)
(4) Departure of a hando class-i call from RAT- j with
the successor state s
1
2
and transition rate q(s, s
1
2
). It follows
that
q(s, s
1
2
) = n
i, j

h
i
, s, s
1
2
S, (11)
where s, s
+1
1
, s
1
1
, s
+1
2
, and s
1
2
are the following matrices:
s =

m
11
m
1j
m
1J
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
m
i1
m
i j
m
iJ
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
m
K1
m
K j
m
KJ
n
11
n
1j
n
1J
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
n
i1
n
i j
n
iJ
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
n
K1
n
K j
n
KJ

,
s
1
1
=

m
11
m
1j
m
1J
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
m
i1
m
i j
1 m
iJ
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
m
K1
m
K j
m
KJ
n
11
n
1j
n
1J
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
n
i1
n
i j
n
iJ
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
n
K1
n
K j
n
KJ

,
s
1
2
=

m
11
m
1j
m
1J
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
m
i1
m
i j
m
iJ
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
m
K1
m
K j
m
KJ
n
11
n
1j
n
1J
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
n
i1
n
i j
1 n
iJ
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
n
K1
n
K j
n
KJ

.
(12)
The decision epochs are the arrival or departure of a new
or hando call. Joint call admission decisions are taken in
the arrival epoch. Every time a new or hando class-i call
arrives in the group of colocated cells, the JCAC algorithm
decides whether or not to admit the call, and in which RAT
to admit it. Note that call admission decision is made only at
the arrival of a call, and no call admission decision is made
in the group of colocated cells when a call departs. When the
system is in state s, an accept in RAT- j/reject decision must
be made for each type of possible arrival, that is, an arrival of
a new class-i call, or the arrival of a hando class-i call in the
group of colocated cells. The following are the possible JCAC
decisions in the arrival epoch.
(1) Reject the class-i call (new or hando) in the group
of collocated cells, in which case the state s does not evolve.
(2) Admit the class-i call into RAT- j without adapting
the bandwidth of ongoing call(s) in the RAT, in which case
the state s evolves.
O. E. Falowo and H. A. Chan 7
(3) Admit the class-i call into RAT- j after adapting the
bandwidth of ongoing call(s) in the RAT, in which case state
s evolves.
Thus, the call admission action space A can be expressed
as follows:
A =
_
a =
_
a
n
1
, . . . , a
n
k
, a
h
1
, . . . , a
h
k
_
:
a
n
i
, a
h
i

_
0, 1, . . . , j,
_
j + 1
_
, . . . , J
_
,
i = 1, . . . , k
_
,
(13)
where a
n
i
denotes the action taken on arrival of a new class-i
call within the group of colocated cells, and a
h
i
denotes the
action taken on arrival of a hando class-i call from an adja-
cent group of colocated cells. a
n
i
(or a
h
i
) = 0 means reject the
new class-i (or hando class-i) call. a
n
i
(or a
h
i
) = +1 means ac-
cept the new class-i (or hando class-i) call into RAT-1 with-
out adapting the bandwidth of existing call(s). a
n
i
(or a
h
i
) =
1 means accept the new class-i (or hando class-i) call into
RAT-1 after adapting (degrading) the bandwidth of existing
call(s). a
n
i
(or a
h
i
) = +j means accept the newclass-i (or hand-
o class-i) call into RAT- j without adapting the bandwidth
of existing call. a
n
i
(or a
h
i
) = j means accept the new class-i
(or hando class-i) call into RAT- j after adapting (degrad-
ing) the bandwidth of existing call(s).
In the departure epoch, the bandwidth adaptation unit
makes the decision to adapt (upgrade) or not to adapt the
bandwidth of ongoing call(s). Thus, the call departure action
space W can be expressed as follows:
W =
_
w =
_
0, 1
__
, (14)
where w = 0 means do not adapt the bandwidth of the ongo-
ing call(s) and w = 1 means adapt the bandwidth of ongoing
call(s).
Based on its Markovian property, the proposed AJCAC
scheme can be model as a (2

J)-dimensional Markov
chain. Let
newi, j
and
hani, j
denote the load generated by new
class-i calls and hando class-i calls, respectively, in RAT- j.
Then,

newi, j
=

n
i, j

n
i
i, j,

hani, j
=

h
i, j

h
i
i, j.
(15)
From the steady-state solution of the Markov model, per-
formance measures of interest can be determined by sum-
ming up appropriate state probabilities. Let P(s) denotes the
steady-state probability that the system is in state s (s S).
From the detailed balance equation, P(s) is obtained as
P(s) =
1
G
k

i=1
J

j=1
_

newi, j
_
mi, j
m
i, j
!
_

hani, j
_
ni, j
n
i, j
!
s S, (16)
where G is a normalization constant given by
G =
_
sS
k

i=1
J

j=1
_

newi, j
_
mi, j
m
i, j
!
_

hani, j
_
ni, j
n
i, j
!
. (17)
4.1. Newcall blocking probability
A new class-i call is blocked in the group of colocated cells if
none of the available RATs has enough bbu to accommodate
the new call with the minimum bandwidth requirement after
degrading the ongoing new calls. Let S
bi
S denote the set
of states in which a new class-i call is blocked in the group of
colocated cells. It follows that
S
bi
=
_
s S :
_
b
i,min
+
k
_
i
m
i, j
b
i,min
> t
n
0, j
b
i,min
+
k
_
i=1
m
i, j
b
i,min
+
k
_
i=1
ni, j
_
c=1
b
i,assignedc
> B
j
_
j
_
.
(18)
Thus the new call blocking probability (NCBP), P
bi
, for a
class-i call in the group of colocated cells is given by
P
bi
=
_
sSb
i
P(s). (19)
4.2. Handoff call dropping probability
A hando class-i call is dropped in the group of colocated
cells if none of the available RATs has enough bbu to accom-
modate the hando call with the minimum bandwidth re-
quirement after degrading the ongoing newcalls and hando
calls. Let S
di
S denotes the set of states in which a hando
class-i call is dropped in the group of colocated cells. It fol-
lows that
S
di
=
_
s S :
_
_
1 + n
i, j
_
b
i,min
> t
h
i, j
b
i,min
+
k
_
i=1
_
m
i, j
+ n
i, j
_
b
i,min
> B
j
_
j
_
.
(20)
Thus the hando call dropping probability (HCDP) for a
class-i call, P
di
, in the group of colocated cells is given by
P
di
=
_
sSd
i
P(s). (21)
4.3. Average systemutilization
The average utilization of the heterogeneous wireless net-
work can be obtained by summing up for all the admissible
state s (s S), the product of the system utilization in a par-
ticular state s (s S), and the probability P(s) of the system
being in that state. The average utilization U of the heteroge-
neous cellular network can be derived as follows:
U =
_
sS
P(s)
J
_
j=1
k
_
i=1

mi, j
_
c=1
b
i,assigned
c
+
ni, j
_
c=1
b
i,assigned
c

. (22)
5. SIMULATIONRESULTS
In this section, we evaluate the performance of the proposed
AJCAC scheme with respect to new call blocking probability,
8 EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
Table 1: Simulation parameters.
Parameters Class-1 call Class-2 call
Class-i call bbu set {2, 3, 4} {3, 5, 7}
Requested bbu (b
i,req
) 3 5

n
i
[1,8] [1,8]

i
0.5 0.5
Other parameters
B
1
B
2
t
0,1
t
0,2
t
1,1
t
1,2
t
2,1
t
2,2
h
30 60 15 30 30 60 30 60 0.5
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Call arrival rate
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
N
e
w
c
a
l
l
b
l
o
c
k
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Pb1 of AJCAC
Pb2 of AJCAC
Pb1 of NAJCAC
Pb2 of NAJCAC
Figure 5: Eect of varying the call arrival rate on the newcall block-
ing probability.
hando call dropping probability, and average systemutiliza-
tion. The results of the proposed AJCAC scheme are com-
pared with that of the NAJCAC scheme. The system param-
eters used are shown in Table 1.
The arrival rate of hando class-i calls in the group of
colocated cells is assumed to be proportional to the arrival
rate of new class-i calls by
h
i
= (h/
i
)
n
i
where h is the hand-
o rate.
For comparison, we also model a JCAC algorithm with-
out adaptive bandwidth allocation in heterogeneous cellular
network and derive NCBP and HCDP for the nonadaptive
JCAC scheme.
Figures 5 and 6 show the performance of the AJCAC
scheme compared with that of NAJCAC. As shown in
Figure 5, the NCBP of each class of calls increases with the
call arrival rate. The NCBP, Pb1 is always less than the NCBP,
Pb2 because class-2 calls require more bbu than class-1 calls.
Thus class-2 calls may be blocked due to insucient bbu to
accommodate it whereas class-1 calls may still be accepted
into the network. However, for both classes of calls, the
NCBP for the AJCAC scheme is always less than the corre-
sponding NCBP for the NAJCAC scheme. Note that lower
NCBP of the AJCAC scheme implies that its connection-
level QoS is better than that of the NAJCAC scheme. The
reason why the NCBP of the AJCAC scheme is less than
the NAJCAC scheme is as follows. When the total bbu al-
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
Call arrival rate
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
H
a
n
d
o

c
a
l
l
d
r
o
p
p
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Pd1 of AJCAC
Pd2 of AJCAC
Pd1 of NAJCAC
Pd2 of NAJCAC
Figure 6: Eect of varying the call arrival rate on the hando call
dropping probability.
located to new calls is being fully utilized, incoming new
calls are rejected by the NAJCAC scheme whereas the AJ-
CAC scheme adapts (degrades) the bandwidth of some of
the ongoing adaptive calls to free just enough bbu to accom-
modate the incoming new calls. Consequently, the NCBP
of the AJCAC is less than that of the NAJCAC. However,
an adaptive class-i call is never degraded below the mini-
mum bbu necessary to guarantee its minimum QoS require-
ments.
Figure 6 shows a similar trend for the HCDP for each
class of calls, which increases with the call arrival rate. The
HCDP, Pd1 is always less than that the HCDP, Pd2, because
class-2 calls require more bbu than class-1 calls. However,
for both classes of calls, the HCDP for the AJCAC scheme
is always less than the corresponding HCDP for the NAJCAC
scheme. The reason why the HCDP of the AJCAC scheme is
less than the NAJCAC scheme is as follows. When the system
is being fully utilized, incoming hando calls are rejected by
the NAJCAC scheme whereas the AJCAC scheme adapts (de-
grades) the bandwidth of some of the ongoing adaptive calls
to free just enough bbu to accommodate the incoming hand-
o calls. Consequently, the HCDP of the AJCAC is less than
that of the NAJCAC.
Figures 7 and 8 compare NCBP and HCDP of the AJCAC
for class-1 and class-2 call, respectively. One of the objectives
of the AJCAC scheme is to prioritized hando calls over new
calls. Figure 7 shows that the HCDP, Pd1 of the AJCAC is
always less than the Pb1. Similarly, it can be seen in Figure 8
that the HCDP, Pd2 is always less that the NCBP, Pb2. This
shows that hando calls are prioritized over new calls. This
prioritization of the hando calls over new calls is achieved
by making the hando call rejection thresholds higher than
the new call rejection thresholds.
Figures 9 and 10 show the eect of varying the new call
rejection threshold, T
0
on the NCBP and HCDP of the AJ-
CAC and NAJCAC schemes for class-1 calls and class-2 calls,
respectively. The additional system parameters used are as
follows: T
01
= T
0
, T
02
= 2T
0
, T
0
= [0, 30],
n
1
=
n
2
= 8. As
O. E. Falowo and H. A. Chan 9
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Call arrival rate
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
C
a
l
l
b
l
o
c
k
i
n
g
/
d
r
o
p
p
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Pb1 of AJCAC
Pd1 of AJCAC
Figure 7: Eect of varying the call arrival rate on the new call
blocking probability and hando call dropping probability of class-
1 calls.
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Call arrival rate
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
C
a
l
l
b
l
o
c
k
i
n
g
/
d
r
o
p
p
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Pb2 of AJCAC
Pd2 of AJCAC
Figure 8: Eect of varying the call arrival rate on the new call
blocking probability and hando call dropping probability of class-
2 calls.
shown in Figure 9, at low threshold values, the NCPB, Pb1
for the two JCAC schemes is high whereas the HCDP, Pd1 is
low. As the threshold value, T
0
increases, Pb1 decreases be-
cause new calls are given more access to the available band-
width. On the other hand, the hando dropping probability,
Pd1 increases as a result of the higher degree of sharing be-
tween the new and the hando calls. However, Pb1 and Pd1
of the AJCAC are always less than the corresponding Pb1 and
Pd1 of the NAJCAC.
Figure 10 shows a similar trend for class-2 calls. At low
threshold values, the NCPB, Pb2 for the two JCAC schemes
is high whereas the HCDP, Pd2 is low. As the threshold value,
T
0
increases, Pb2 decreases whereas hando dropping prob-
ability, Pd2 increases. However, Pb2 and Pd2 of the AJCAC
are always less than the corresponding Pb2 and Pd2 of the
NAJCAC.
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
New call rejection threshold, T
0
1E 04
1E 03
1E 02
1E 01
1E + 00
C
a
l
l
b
l
o
c
k
i
n
g
/
d
r
o
p
p
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Pb1 of NAJCAC
Pd1 of NAJCAC
Pb1 of AJCAC
Pd1 of AJCAC
Figure 9: Eect of varying the new call rejection threshold, T
0
on
the new call blocking probability and hando call dropping proba-
bility of class-1 calls.
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
New call rejection threshold, T
0
1E 04
1E 03
1E 02
1E 01
1E + 00
C
a
l
l
b
l
o
c
k
i
n
g
/
d
r
o
p
p
i
n
g
p
r
o
b
a
b
i
l
i
t
y
Pb2 of NAJCAC
Pd2 of NAJCAC
Pb2 of AJCAC
Pd2 of AJCAC
Figure 10: Eect of varying the new call rejection threshold, T
0
on
the new call blocking probability and hando call dropping proba-
bility of class-2 calls.
Figure 11 shows the normalized average system utiliza-
tion for heterogeneous wireless network. The normalized av-
erage system utilization of the AJCAC is higher that the nor-
malized average system utilization for the NAJCAC. The rea-
son for improvement in system utilization of the AJCAC
scheme over NAJCAC scheme is as follows. When the sys-
tem load is low, the AJCAC allocates maximum bbu to all
admitted calls, thereby improves the average system utiliza-
tion whereas the NAJCAC allocates just the requested bbu
to all admitted calls in the same class regardless of whether
the trac load is low or high. However, when the system is
operating at the full capacity, the AJCAC algorithm degrades
the bbu of some ongoing calls and frees just enough bbu to
accommodate incoming new calls. Figure 11 shows that the
AJCAC scheme improves the system utilization by up to 20%
of the NAJCAC scheme.
10 EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking
11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Call arrival rate
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
N
o
r
m
a
l
i
z
e
d
a
v
e
r
a
g
e
u
t
i
l
i
z
a
t
i
o
n
NAJCAC
AJCAC
Figure 11: Impact of varying the call arrival rate on the normalized
average system utilization.
6. CONCLUSIONS
We propose adaptive bandwidth management and JCAC
scheme to enhance system utilization and connection-level
QoS in heterogeneous cellular networks. The adaptive JCAC
scheme improves average system utilization by adapting the
bandwidth of calls based on current trac condition and by
uniformly distribute trac load among the available RATs.
The adaptive JCAC scheme guarantees the QoS requirements
of all accepted call and reduces both new call blocking prob-
ability and hando call dropping probability in the heteroge-
neous wireless networks. It prioritizes hando calls over new
calls by using dierent call rejection thresholds for new and
hando calls. We develop a Markov chain model which en-
ables us to derive new call blocking probability, hando call
dropping probability, and average system utilization for the
adaptive JCAC scheme. Performance of the adaptive JCAC
scheme is compared with that of nonadaptive JCAC scheme
in the same heterogeneous cellular network. Results show
that new call blocking probability and hando call dropping
probability can be signicantly reduced by using the adap-
tive JCAC scheme. Moreover, the adaptive JCAC scheme im-
proves the system utilization by up to 20% of the nonadap-
tive JCAC scheme.
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:: Open Access ::
EURASIP Journal on
Wireless Communications and Networking
h t t p : / / w w w . h i n d a w i . c o m / j o u r n a l s / w c n /
Special Issue on
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Call for Papers
Wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE) technology comes
into sight as a state-of-the-art solution to contemporary vehicular
communications, which is anticipated to be widely applied in the near
future to radically improve the transportation environment in aspects
of safety, intelligent management, and data exchange services. WAVE
systems will fundamentally smooth the progress of intelligent trans-
portation systems (ITSs) by providing them with high-performance
physical platforms. WAVE systems will build upon the IEEE 802.11p
standard, which is still active and expected to be ratied in April,
2009. Meanwhile, the VHF/UHF (700MHz) band vehicular commu-
nication systems are attracting increasingly attention recently.
The fast varying and harsh vehicular environment brings about sev-
eral fresh research topics on the study of WAVE systems and future
vehicular communication systems, which include physical layer chal-
lenges associated with mobile channels, capacity evaluation, novel
network conguration, eective media access control (MAC) proto-
cols, and robust routing and congestion control schemes.
The objective of this special section is to gather and circulate recent
progresses in this fast developing area of WAVE and future vehicular
communication systems spanning from theoretical analysis to testbed
setup, and fromphysical/MAClayers enabling technology to network
protocol. These research and implementation activities will be con-
siderably helpful to the design of WAVE and future vehicular commu-
nications systems by removing major technical barriers and present-
ing theoretical guidance. This special issue will cover, but not limited
to, the following main topics:
700MHz/5.8GHz vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)/vehicle-to-infra-
structure (V2I) single-input single-output (SISO)/MIMO
channel measurement and modeling, channel spatial and tem-
poral characteristics exploration
Doppler shift study, evaluation and estimate, time and fre-
quency synchronizations, channel estimate and prediction
Utilization of MIMO, space-time coding, smart antenna, adap-
tive modulation and coding
Performance study and capacity analysis of V2V and V2I com-
munications operating over both 5.8GHz and 700Mz
Software radio, cognitive radio, and dynamic spectrum access
technologies applied to WAVE and future vehicular communi-
cation systems
Mesh network and other novel network congurations for ve-
hicular networks
Ecient MAC protocols development
Routing algorithms and congestion control schemes for both
real-time trac warning message broadcasting and high-speed
data exchange
Cross-layer design and optimization
Testbed or prototype activities
Authors should follow the EURASIP Journal on Wireless Com-
munications and Networking manuscript format described at the
journal site http://www.hindawi.com/journals/wcn/. Prospective au-
thors should submit an electronic copy of their complete manuscript
through the EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and
Networkings Manuscript Tracking System at http://mts.hindawi
.com/, according to the following timetable.
Manuscript Due April 1, 2008
First Round of Reviews July 1, 2008
Publication Date October 1, 2008
Guest Editors
Weidong Xiang, University of Michigan, Dearborn, USA;
xwd@umich.edu
Javier Gozalvez, University Miguel Hern andez, Spain;
j.gozalvez@umh.es
Zhisheng Niu, Tsinghua University, China;
niuzhs@tsinghua.edu.cn
Onur Altintas, Toyota InfoTechnology Center, Co. Ltd, Tokyo,
Japan; onur@jp.toyota-itc.com
EylemEkici, Ohio State University, USA; ekici@ece.osu.edu
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
410 Park Avenue, 15th Floor, #287 pmb, New York, NY 10022, USA INDAWI
Steering Committee:
Prof. Z Ghassemlooy (Northumbria Univ., UK)
Chairman
Prof. A C Boucouvalas (Univ. of Peloponnese, Greece)
Symp. Secr.
Prof. R A Carrasco (Newcastle Univ. UK)
Dr. Erich Leitgeb (Graz Univ. Austria) Local Organiser
Local Organising Committee:
Dr. Erich Leitgeb (Local Organising Committee Chair)
Prof. O. Koudelka (Professor)
Dr U. Birnbacher
J. Ritsch and P. Reichel (OVE)
Dr J. Wolkerstorfer
P. Schrotter
National/International Technical Committee:
Dr M Ali (Oxford Brookes Univ. UK)
Prof. E Babulak (American Univ. Girne, North Cyprus)
Prof. P Ball (Oxford Brookes Univ. UK)
Dr D Benhaddou (University of Houston, USA)
Prof. J L Bihan (Ecole Nation. d'Ingen. de Brest, France)
Dr K E Brown (Heriot-Watt Univ. UK)
Prof. R A Carrasco (Newcastle Univ. UK)
Dr J B Carruthers (Boston University, USA)
Prof. F Castanie (INPT, France)
Dr H Castel (Inst. Natio. D. Tlcommun., France)
Dr L Chao (Nanyang Tech. Univ. Singapore)
Prof. R J Clarke (Heriot-Watt Univ. UK)
Dr M Connelly (Univ. of Limerick, Ireland)
Prof. A Constantinides (Imperial College, UK)
Prof. D Dietrich, (Vienna Univ. of Tech., Austria) IEEE
Austria Section Chair
Dr D Dimitrov (Tech. Univ. of Sofia, Bulgaria)
Dr S Dlay (Newcastle Univ. UK)
Prof. Fu, Shan (Shanghai Jiaotong Univ., China)
Dr. M Gebhart, (NXP, Gratkorn Austria)
Dr M Giurgiu (Univ. of Cluj-Napoca, Romania)
Dr. M Glabowski, (Poznan Univ. of Tech., Poland)
Prof. Ch Grimm, (Vienna Univ. of Tech., Austria)
Dr A. Inoue (NTT, Japan)
Prof. L Izzo (Univ. of Napoli, Italy)
Prof. G Kandus (IJS Ljubljana, Slovenia)
Prof. K Kawashima (Tokyo Univ. TUAT, Japan)
Prof. C Knutson (Brigham Young Univ., USA)
Prof. G Kubin, (Graz Univ. of Tech., Austria
Prof. K Liu (Reading Univ. UK)
Dr M D Logothetis (Univ. of Patras, Greece)
Prof. E Lutz, (DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany)
Prof. M Matijasevic (FER Zagreb, Croatia)
Prof. B Mikac (FER Zagreb, Croatia)
Dr. W P Ng (Northumbria University, UK)
Dr T Ohtsuki (Tokyo Univ. of Sci., Japan)
Prof. F Ozek (Ankara Univ., Turkey)
Prof. R Penty (Cambridge Univ. UK)
Prof. W Pribyl, (Graz Univ. of Tech. Austria)
Prof. J A Robinson (Univ. of York, UK)
Dr D Roviras (INPT, France)
Prof. M Rupp, (Vienna Univ. of Tech., Austria)
Dr. S. Sheikh Muhammad (Univ. of Eng. & Tech.,
Pakistan)
Dr S Shioda (Chiba Univ. Japan)
Dr J Sodha (Univ. of West Indies, Barbados, W. Indies)
Dr I Soto (Santiago Univ. Chile)
Dr U Speidel (Univ. of Auckland, Newzeland)
Prof. M Stasiak (Poznan Univ. Poland)
Dr L Stergioulas (Brunel Uni. UK)
Prof. M Theologou (Nation. Tech. Univ. Athens, Greece)
Prof. R. Vijaya (Indian Inst. of Tech., Bombay, India)
Dr I Viniotis (N.Caroline State Univ.USA)
Dr V Vitsas (TEI of Thessaloniki, Greece)
Prof. R Wei, (Graz Univ. of Tech., Austria)
Dr P. Xiao (Queens Univ. UK)
Prof. M N Zervas (Southampton Univ. UK)
Following the success of the last event, and after 10 years, the CSNDSP steering
committee decided to hold the next event at the Graz University, Austria. Graz was
the 2003 cultural capital of Europe. CSNDSP, a biannual conference, started in
UK ten years ago and in 2006 it was hold for the first time outside UK in
Patras/Greece. CSNDSP has now been recognised as a forum for the exchange
of ideas among engineers, scientists and young researchers from all over the
world on advances in communication systems, communications networks, digital
signal processing and other related areas and to provide a focus for future
research and developments. The organising committee invites you to submit
original high quality papers addressing research topics of interest for presentation
at the conference and inclusion in the symposium proceedings.
Papers are solicited from, but not limited to the following topics:
Adaptive signal processing
ATM systems and networks
Chip design for Communications
Communication theory
Coding and error control
Communication protocols
Communications for disaster
management
Crosslayer design
DSP algorithms and applications
E-commerce and e-learning
applications
Intelligent systems/networks
Internet communications
High performance networks
Mobile communications,
networks, mobile computing for e-
commerce
Mobility management
Modulation and synchronisation
Modelling and simulation
techniques
Multimedia communications and
broadband services
Microwave Communications
New techniques in RF-design and
modelling
Network management &
operation
Optical communications
Optical MEMS for lightwave
networks
RF/Optical wireless
communications
Photonic Network
Quality of service, reliability and
performance modelling
Radio, satellite and space
communications
RFID & near field
communications
Satellite & space communications
Speech technology
Signal processing for storage
Teletraffic models and traffic
engineering
VLSI for communications and
DSP
Wireless LANs and ad hoc
networks
3G/4G network evolution
Any other related topics
Papers may be presented in the form of Oral presentation and/or Poster
Contributions by MPhil/PhD research students are particularly encouraged.
Submission Dates:
Electronic submission by e-mail to: csndsp08@tugraz.at
All papers will be refereed and published in the symposium
proceeding. Selected papers will be published in: The Mediterranean
Journals of Computers and Networks and Electronics and
Communications, and possibly IET proceedings.
A number of travel grants and registration fee waivers will be
offered to the delegates.
Fees: 360.00 EURO, (Group Delegates of 3 persons: 760.00 Euro)
Includes: A copy of the Symposium Proceedings, Lunches, and Symposium
Dinner on the 24
th
July.
CSNDSP08 General Information
Contact: Dr. Erich Leitgeb - Local Organising Committee Chair
- Institute of Broadband Communications, Graz University of Technology, A-
8010 Graz, Inffeldg. 12, Tel.: ++43-316-873-7442, Fax.: ++43-316-463697.
Email: erich.leitgeb@tugraz.at, Web-site: http://www.inw.tugraz.at/ibk
6
th
International Symposium on
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, NETWORKS AND DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING (CSNDSP08)
23-25 July 2008, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
www.csndsp.com
Hosted by: Institute of Broadband Communications, Department of Communications and Wave Propagation
Sponsored by:
The Mediterranean Journals:
- Computer & Networks
- Electronics & Communications
IEEE Communications
Chapter - UK/RI
First Call for Papers
Full Paper due: 27
th
Jan. 2008
Notification of acceptance by: 1
st
April 2008
Camera ready paper due: 5
th
May 2008
CALL FOR PAPERS
3DTV CONFERENCE 2008
THE TRUE VISION
CAPTURE, TRANSMISSION AND DISPLAY OF VIDEO
28-30 MAY 2008, HOTEL DEDEMAN, STANBUL, TURKEY
General Co-Chairs:
Uur Gdkbay, Bilkent University, TR
A. Aydn Alatan,
Middle East Technical University, TR
Advisory Board:
Jrn Ostermann,
Leibniz University of Hannover, DE
Aljoscha Smolic,
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft, DE
A. Murat Tekalp, Ko University, TR
Levent Onural, Bilkent University, TR
John Watson, University of Aberdeen, UK
Thomas Sikora,
Technische Universitaet Berlin, DE
Finance Chair:
Tark Reyhan, Bilkent University, TR
Publication Chair:
Tolga K. apn, Bilkent University, TR
Publicity Chairs:
Georgios Triantafyllidis,
Centre for Research & Technology, GR
Gzde Bozda Akar,
Middle East Technical University, TR
Industry Liaison:
Ismo Rakkolainen, FogScreen, FI
Matt Cowan, RealD, USA
American Liaison:
Kostas Danilidis,
University of Pennsylvania, USA
Far East Liaison:
Kiyoharu Aizawa, University of Tokyo, JP
Special Sessions and
Tutorials Chairs:
Philip Benzie, University of Aberdeen, UK
Atanas Gotchev,
Tampere University of Technology, FI
Webmasters:
Engin Tretken,
Middle East Technical University, TR
Aye Kkylmaz,
Bilkent University, TR
Following the conference of 2007, the second 3DTV Conference will be held in Istanbul, Turkey
in May, 2008. The aim of 3DTV-Con is to bring researchers from different locations together
and provide an opportunity for them to share research results, discuss the current problems
and exchange ideas.
The conference involves a wide range of research fields such as capturing 3D scenery, 3D image
processing, data transmission and 3D displays. You are cordially invited to attend 3DTV-Con
2008 and submit papers reporting your work related to the conference themes listed below.
Conference Topics
3D Capture and Processing:
- 3D time-varying scene capture technology
- Multi-camera recording
- 3D photography algorithms
- Dense stereo and 3D reconstruction
- Synchronization and calibration of camera arrays
- 3D view registration
- Multi-view geometry and calibration
- Holographic camera techniques
- 3D motion analysis and tracking
- Surface modeling for 3D scenes
- Multi-view image and 3D data processing
- Integral imaging techniques
3D Visualization:
- 3D mesh representation
- Texture and point representation
- Object-based representation and segmentation
- Volume representation
- 3D motion animation
- Stereoscopic display techniques
- Holographic display technology
- Reduced parallax systems
- Underlying optics and VLSI technology
- Projection and display technology for 3D videos
- Integral imaging techniques
- Human factors
3D Transmission:
- Systems, architecture and transmission in 3D
- 3D streaming
- Error-related issues and handling of 3D video
- Hologram compression
- Multi-view video coding
- 3D mesh compression
- Multiple description coding for 3D
- Signal processing for diffraction and holographic
3DTV
3D Applications:
- 3D imaging in virtual heritage and virtual archaeology
- 3D teleimmersion and remote collaboration
- Augmented reality and virtual environments
- 3D television, cinema, games and entertainment
- Underlying Technologies for 3DTV
- Medical and biomedical applications
- 3D content-based retrieval and recognition
- 3D watermarking
Paper Submission
Contributors are invited to submit full papers electronically using the online submission
interface, following the instructions at http://www.3dtv-con.org. Papers should be in Adobe
PDF format, written in English, with no more than four pages including figures, with a font
size of 11. Conference proceedings will be published online by IEEE Xplore.
Important Dates
Special sessions and tutorials proposals deadline: 14 December 2007
Regular paper submission deadline: 11 January 2008
Notification of paper acceptance: 29 February 2008
Camera-ready paper submission deadline: 21 March 2008
Conference: 28-30 May 2008
Sponsors
3DTV Network
of Excellence
Middle East
Technical
University
Bilkent
University
Institute of Electrical
and Electronics
Engineers
European
Association for
Signal and
Image Processing
MPEG Industry
Forum