An Integrated Relay for Differential Protection of Transmission Lines

Y. L. Ren, Z. Q. Bo, J. H. He, and A. Klimek

provided a new opportunity to improve the existing and develop new protection techniques based on power frequency measurements. Research shows that information obtained from multiple power plants and components can be used to derive new protection principles and schemes [3-14], which could have significant advantages over the existing protection techniques based on individual plant or component. In this respect, it has been found that the new transient based protection techniques not only inherit the capability to protect individual plant, but can also be used to produce novel schemes for the integrated protection of a power network when supported by modern communication technology. Recently, a novel integrated protection scheme based on fault transient detection is proposed [15]. In the scheme, a centralized protection relay is installed at a substation and interfaced to every line, through the CTs. The fault generated transient signals are captured by the relay, the polarities and levels of the signals are then compared, from which the direction of the fault can be derived. The directional decision is then forwarded to relevant substation relays and the integrated network protection and automation unit, the faulted line section can be isolated by local protection or network protection. This paper presents a completed integrated protection scheme. In the scheme, an integrated current differential relay, interfaced to the CTs on all of the output lines connected to the substation busbar and connected to neighboring substations at the remote ends of the lines, is responsible for the protection of all the transmission lines associated with the substation. The current differential algorithm with multiple settings to cover all the protected line sections is used as the main protection and the design of the new integrated current technique differential relay is also described in this paper. Studies show that the new scheme is not only use friendly but also economic, at the same time provide the features of integrated protection, which could represent the direction of future development in power system protection.

Abstract--This paper presents a new integrated protection scheme for transmission lines. The concept of the integrated protection is firstly introduced, in which a centralized protection system provides the protection of multiple power plant or a substation. A total integrated protection scheme based on current differential protection techniques is further described. In the proposed scheme, the specially designed protection relays are installed at each substation of a network and are responsible for the protection of every line sections connected to the substation busbar. The current differential algorithms with multiple settings are implemented into the relay to cover all the protected line sections. The scheme is supported by advanced communication network and standard. Studies show that the new scheme not only offers the new protection features for individual power line, but also provides the characteristics of integrated protection. Studies also show that the new relay offers more protection functions and significant economic advantages over the conventional current differential relays. Index Terms-- Centralized Protection, Current Differential Protection, Integrated Protection.

I. INTRODUCTION URRENT differential protection has been playing a major role in power transmission line protection [1]. In particular with the development of optical communication technology, the current differential relay has become the main protection device for transmission lines at and above EHV level. In recent years, there has also the fast development in both microprocessor and transducer technologies. This has enabled protection techniques to be considered which were impractical in the past. Studies have found that the fault generated high frequency transients can be detected and quantified and open the possibility for developing new protection principles and techniques. Considerable effort has now been devoted to research on high frequency transient detection [2]. A number of new techniques have been proposed and their associated measurement and signal processing techniques investigated. At the same time, the dramatic growth in signal processing power of relay platforms, and the availability of suitable communications schemes, has
Z Q Bo and A Klimek are with the AREVA T&D Automation, UK. (email: zhiqian.bo@areva-td.com). Y L Ren and J H He are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, China.

978-1-4244-1762-9/08/$25.00 2008 IEEE

With the development of digital technology, more and more protection functions for an apparatus (line, transformer, generator etc.) have been implemented within one protective device to achieve a certain degree of integration. For example, a numeric line protection relay may have distance or current differential function as the main protection, and directional and

II. CONCEPT OF INTEGRATED PROTECTION

overcurrent functions, etc. as the backup protection. However in this paper the term Integrated Protection is used to denote the integration of protective devices for multiple power apparatuses within the substation into one protective relay. Fig.1 shows an example of a complete integration, in which all protective functions in a substation are integrated into one relay to form a centralized protection system. There are three major redundant components in the system: (1) The Interface Unit (IU) is a measurement and control unit, which interfaces to apparatus through different types of transducer, such as conventional CTs and VTs, optical combined sensors and electronic combined sensors. The analogue and digital signals measured are converted into optical format and sent to the central protection relay through the redundant optical network. The IU unit also receives and executes control signals from the relay through the control circuit. (2) The Optical communication network interfaces not only to critical equipment IU and the central protection relay, but also to a number of other equipment, such as communication gateway, Human machine interface and GPS clock, etc. The use of standard communication protocol for the network will enable IEDs from different manufacturers to be easily interfaced to the system. (3) The Central protection relay unit receives measurements from all locations in the substation through the network and information from other related substations through the communication gateway. The relay then performs all calculation to determine whether there is a fault within the substation or on its associated line section. The relay will issue a trip command to open the associated circuit breaker through the control unit if a fault is detected.

interfaced to the busbar VT and the CTs on each of lines connected to the busbar. The current differential algorithm with multiple settings for each associated line is incorporated into the relay to be responsible for the protection of all the line sections associated with the busbar. When a fault occurs on the system, for example, at F1 on line section Line1 as shown in Fig.2, the relays ICD1 and ICD2 will detect the fault and send the measurement to its associated remote relays. Comparisons between the measurements obtained from locations ICD1 and ICD2, the current differential algorithms within both relays will detect an internal fault on the line section and trip the faulted line section instantly. The relays ICD3 and ICD4 will also communicate with the ICD2 to determine whether the fault is within their associated line sections.

Fig. 2. Integrated Network Protection Scheme.

IV. RELAY SYSTEM DESIGN Fig.3 shows the block diagram of the proposed integrated protection system with ICD relay units respectively and communication unit. As can be seen from the figures, the relay unit basically consists of four blocks, and can implement data exchange to different relays via the Ring Ethernet. A. ICD Relay The relay unit consists of a communication interface unit, line selection, multi-channel current differential (MCD) unit and a trip decision-making unit. Unlike conventional approach, the differential algorithms within ICD relay are responsible for performing differential calculations between all remote ends for all its associated line sections. The line selection unit selects the line in turn and passes the currents to the MCD unit. The MCD unit also receives currents from the remote ends of the ICD relays through communication gateway via the Ethernet. The MCD then conducts the differential calculation for each protected line and takes the corresponding setting from the setting database. The trip decision unit will send the trip commend to the CB associated with the faulted line section through the Ethernet. The communication gateway is responsible for sending and receiving current signals from all remote ICDs on its

CVCOM 300
CVCOM 300

CVCOM 300

CVCOM 300

Fig. 1. Diagram of a Centralized Integrated Protection System.

III. INTEGRATED PROTECTION SCHEME Based on the latest developments in non conventional instrument transformer and communication technology [2028], a total integrated protection scheme is proposed using current differential protection techniques. A typical power network as shown in Fig.2 is used to demonstrate the proposed protection scheme. As shown an integrated current differential relay (ICD) is installed at each substation busbar and

associated line sections.

Fig. 3. Integrated Current Differential Relay System.

B. Substation Communication Network In the proposed protection scheme, the substation measurements, control information from typical conventional substation equipments and other remote integrated protection relays etc., are interfaced with the central protection relays through the Ethernet as shown in Fig.3. The interface unit (IU) and a communication network are introduced in details as follow. Interface Unit; An interface unit is used with the digital interface and provides the interface from the electronic current and voltage transformers to the secondary equipment like protection in a distributed protection system or to the Ethernet in a centralized protection system. In the integrated current differential system, the interface unit may be synchronized by receiving an external signal like GPS signal and it creates a time-coherent set of samples with three phase voltages, three phase currents and neutral voltage and current. Under the viewpoint of IEC 61850 data format, the interface unit implements the logical nodes representing the current and voltage transformers in the data format. The secondary converter is typically part of the instrument transformer while the interface unit may be located in the control cubical. The link between the secondary converter and the interface unit is proprietary and can be analog or digital. The secondary converter can directly have an output according to IEC 61850-9-X. However, considerations for centralized systems like the requirements of synchronized sampling and the existence of a synchronization network make the use of an interface unit suitable in a first step. Communication Network; The optical communication network interfaces not only to critical IUs and the relays, but also to a number of other equipments, such as communication gateway, Human machine interface, etc. The network offers the many advantages: (i) High speed data exchange Ethernet links operating at 100 Mbit/s exchange polled data and commands between devices at a far faster rate than traditional serial/fieldbus protocols. Clients (mater stations) can perform supervisory control with

negligible delay. (ii) Peer-to-peer communication since all Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) within the substation can communicate with each other, without extensive hardwiring in equipment bays, mater-slave is consigned to history. The reduction in copper interwiring alone will generate large reductions in scheme engineering fixed costs. Direct communication peer-to-peer can filter out commands which do not need to be passed to an upstream control system, reducing its processing overhead. (iii) True Interoperability The selfdescriptive nature of IEC 61850-compatible IEDs means that system integration and commissioning is easier. (iv) Uniformity One protocol is all that is needed in the substation, Message and control commands are interleaved on a single network. Multiple clients can be integrated, allowing authorized operators and engineers to interrogate and control the substation IEDs. The network comprises an optical fiber ring with comprehensive monitoring functions; the failures of components can be detected within a few milliseconds and indicated to the operator within a fraction of a second. If a device fails, the normal communication among the other devices can be restored in a few milliseconds after the network has been reconfigured. The measurement and control unit, relay, Ethernet and other IEDs are self-adaptive redundant to improve system real-time ability and data transmission reliability. Running on special monitoring protocols, the relay can further check the condition of the network regularly and provide time synchronization in the network with 1 ms. An optical Ethernet module with an integrated switch is present in each IED. The unit is immune to electromagnetic interference because of fully fibre-optical design. The use of standard communication protocol for the network will enable IEDs from different manufacturers to be easily interfaced to the system. V. SIMULATION STUDIES A typical 500kV transmission line system as shown in Fig.2 is used for the simulation studies. The length of the transmission line is 200km for Line1 and Line2 and 50km for Line3. The parameters of transmission line are: Positive sequence impedance: R1 = 0.0294 / km

X 1 = 0.278 / km Y1 = 4.139S / km
Zero Sequence impedance: R0 = 0.2052 / km

X 0 = 0.6519 / km Y0 = 2.848S / km
The current differential criterion used in the here is: IM + IN > IS IM + IN > k (IM IN )

Where I M and I N are the currents at the two ends of the protected zone; I S is the starting current; I M + I N is the operating quantity; I M I N is the restraining quantity; and

k is the percentage bias ratio

(5a) Responses of on Line 1

Fig. 4. Single phase diagram of ICD relay CTS logic.

To demonstrate the advantage of the integrated protection, a specially designed CT supervision logic is incorporated into the ICD relay as shown in Fig.4. As shown, the CTS L1, CTS L2 and CTS L3 are standard CT supervision logic [1] for Line 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The basic principle of the logic is that for any phase of the CT on one of the lines has a problem, for example the broken of the secondary connection, instead of blocking the protection, the relay will use the phase currents on the other two lines to perform the current differential calculation. Fig.5 shows a phase A-earth fault occurs at the middle of Line 1, while the phase A of the Line 1 CT secondary is broken. The local currents, remote currents, operating quantities and restraining quantities of each line are shown in the figure. In this fault condition, a CTS L1 signal will be generated, instead of block line current differential protection as conventional distributed protection, the ICD relay CTS logic as shown in Fig.4 will automatically switch two line2 and line3 inputs, and as a result, the relay is able to generate correctly responses as shown in Fig.5. The operating quantity of faulted line1 is significantly higher than the restraining quantity after fault inception, while for line2 and line3, the relay restrains from operation. VI. CONCLUSION A new integrated relay and integrated protection scheme for the transmission lines are described in the paper. The relay and scheme, which are responsible for the protection of every line sections connected to the substation busbar, are able to offer a number of significant advantages over the conventional approaches, such as use friendly and cost effective. Backed up by the continue developments in microelectronics, communication and non conventional transducers, it is expected that more and more research and development will be moved towards the area of integrated protection.

(5b) Responses of Line 2

(5c) Responses of Line 3 Fig. 5. Typical responses to a phase A-earth fault at the middle of line 1.

VII. REFERENCES
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VIII. BIOGRAPHIES
Yingli Ren received her BSc degree from the Sichuan University in 2005. Currently she is a Master candidate in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University and conducts research at the AREVA T&D Automation in Stafford, UK. Her research interests are integrated power system protection and substation communication Zhiqian Bo received his BSc degree from the Northeastern University, China in 1982 and PhD degree from The Queen's University of Belfast, UK in 1988 respectively. Presently, he is with AREVA T&D Automation & Information Business. Jinghan He received her BSc in 1987, MSc in 1994 in the Department of Automation, Tianjing University, China, respectively. Presently, She is employed as the Associated Professor in Beijing JiaoTong University, China. Her main research interests are Protective Relaying, Fault distance measurement and Location in Power System. Andrew Klimek is a licensed Professional Engineer with B.Sc., M.Sc. degrees in Electrical Engineering. He has 35 years international experience in the electric power industry. His experience includes a number of positions ranging from university teaching and consulting, to engineering and business management. Andrew has served as a project manager, marketing manager and general manager and has executed various power systems projects. Currently Andrew is the technical Director of the AREVA T&D Automation & Information Business.