CONNECTIVE TISSUES

CONNECTIVE TISSUES

CONNECTIVE TISSUES
! TYPICALLY CONTAIN AN EXTENSIVE EXTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT and A REDUCED CELLULAR COMPARTMENT RELATIVE TO OTHER TISSUES ! CHARACTERIZED BY WIDELY SPACED CELLS and EXTENSIVE EXTRACELLULAR MATERIALS

BASIC COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

CELLULAR COMPARTMENT
! RESIDENT/PERMANENT CELLS ! TRANSIENT CELLS ! OTHER CELLS

EXTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENT
! EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPONENTS Formed/Fibrous Components Amorphous Components ! TISSUE FLUID

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

! FORMED/FIBROUS COMPONENTS ! AMORPHOUS COMPONENTS

COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

(in post-natal vertebrates) EXTRA-CELLULAR COMPARTMENT Collagen Fibers (type I or type II) Reticular Fibers (type III collagen) Elastic Fibers Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) Glycoproteins Proteoglycans Proteoglycan Aggregrates

Formed/ Fibrous Material Extracellular Matrix Components Amorphous Material/ "Ground" Substance

Tissue Fluid

Similar to blood plasma (minus many plasma proteins)

FORMED/FIBROUS ECM COMPONENTS of Connective Tissues

! COLLAGEN FIBERS (composed of type I [most CT] or type II [cartilage] collagen) ! RETICULAR FIBERS (composed of type III collagen) ! ELASTIC FIBERS (composed of elastin)

FIBROUS ECM COMPONENTS

Collagen Fiber

Collagen Fiber

Source: Kelly et al. 1984. Baileys Textbook of Microscopic Anatomy. 18th Edition.

COLLAGEN FIBERS
As Viewed at LM Level

Nucleus of Fibroblast

Cytoplasm of Fibroblast

Type I Collagen Fibers Cytoplasm of Fibroblast Cytoplasm of Fibroblast Cytoplasm of Fibroblast

Source: Figure 5.12 in Ross et al. 1995. Histology. 3rd Edition.

COLLAGEN FIBERS & FIBRILS

As Viewed at TEM Level

Collagen Fiber

Collagen Fibril

Source: Rhodin. 1974. Histology. A Text & Atlas.

FIBROUS ECM COMPONENTS

Reticular Fiber

Reticular Fiber

Source: Junqueira et al. 1975. Basic Histology.

FIBROUS ECM COMPONENTS

Elastic Fiber Elastic Fiber

Source: Kelly et al. 1984. Baileys Textbook of Microscopic Anatomy. 18th Edition.

ELASTIC FIBERS
(as observed at TEM level)

AMORPHOUS ECM COMPONENTS of Connective Tissues

! PROTEINS/GLYCOPROTEINS ! GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS/GAGS Hyaluronic Acid Chondroitin Sulfate Keratan Sulfate Dermatan Sulfate Heparan Sulfate Heparin ! PROTEOGLYCANS and PROTEOGLYCAN AGGREGATES ! MINERALS

AMORPHOUS ECM COMPONENTS

Amorphous Components

Source: Kelly et al. 1984. Baileys Textbook of Microscopic Anatomy. 18th Edition.

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX MACROMOLECULES

Source: Alberts et al. 1994. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 3rd Edition.

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX COMPONENTS ARE EXTENSIVELY INTERCONNECTED (as shown here in basal lamina)

Source: Figure 19-56 in Alberts et al. 1994. Molecular Biology of Cell. 3rd Edition.

AMORPHOUS ECM COMPONENTS

Amorphous Components are located around the fibers and cells

Source: Kelly et al. 1984. Baileys Textbook of Microscopic Anatomy. 18th Edition.

COMPONENTS OF THE CELLULAR COMPARTMENT OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

! RESIDENT or PERMANENT CELLS ! TRANSIENT CELLS ! OTHER CELLS

RESIDENT/PERMANENT CT CELLS
! MATRIX-FORMING CELLS
Designated by suffix -blast

! MATRIX-MAINTAINING CELLS
Designated by suffix -cyte

! MATRIX-REMOVING CELLS
Designated by suffix -clast

! STORAGE CELLS

Most CT cells are derived developmentally from MESENCHYME CELLS of embryo

Nucleus (N) & Cytoplasm (C) of MESENCHYME CELLS (MeC) As Viewed at LM Level

Source: Gartner & Hiatt. 1994. Color Atlas of Histology. 2nd Edition.

COMPONENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

(in post-natal vertebrates) CELLULAR COMPARTMENT Fibroblasts/Fibrocytes Reticular Cells Chondroblasts/Chondrocytes Osteoblasts/Osteocytes Osteoclasts Unilocular (White) Adipocytes Multilocular (Brown) Adipocytes Macrophages Neutrophils Eosinophils T Lymphocytes B Lymphocytes Plasma Cells Mast Cells Pericytes/Perivascular Cells

Resident Cells or Permanent Cells

Matrix-"forming" Cells/ Matrix-"maintaining" Cells Matrix-"removing" Cells Storage Cells

Transient Cells

Other Cells

FIBROBLAST
(as observed at TEM level)

CYTOPLASMIC PROCESS of FIBROBLAST NUCLEUS of FIBROBLAST

COLLAGEN FIBRILS

Source: Junqueira et al. 1971. Basic Histology.

FIBROBLAST
As Viewed at TEM Level
Collagen Fibers

Source: Lentz. 1971. Cell Fine Structure.

RETICULAR CELLS
Reticular Cell Reticular Cell

Source: Junqueira et al. 1975. Basic Histology.

RETICULAR CELL
As Observed at TEM Level

Source: Lentz. 1971. Cell Fine Structure.

CHONDROBLASTS & CHONDROCYTES

As Viewed at TEM Level

Chondroblast Collagen Fibrils Chondrocyte

Source: Junqueira et al. 1975. Basic Histology.

CHONDROCYTE
As Viewed at TEM Level

Source: Lentz. 1971. Cell Fine Structure.

CHONDROCYTES surrounded by ECM

As Viewed at LM Level

CHONDROCYTES surrounded by ECM

As Viewed at LM Level As Viewed at TEM Level

OSTEOBLASTS & OSTEOCYTES surrounded by ECM

As Viewed at LM Level

Osteocyte

Osteoblast

OSTEOBLASTS (A) and OSTEOCLAST (B)

As Viewed at LM Level

OSTEOCYTE
(surrounded by ECM) As Viewed at TEM Level

Source: Lentz. 1971. Cell Fine Structure.

OSTEOCLAST
As Viewed at LM Level

Ruffled border of Osteoclast

Source: Burkitt et al. 1979. Wheaters Functional Histology. 3rd Edition.

OSTEOBLASTS (A) and OSTEOCLAST (B)

As Viewed at LM Level

DIFFERENTIATION OF ADIPOCYTE/LIPOCYTES

UNILOCULAR ADIPOCYTE (white adipose cell)

As Viewed at TEM Level As Viewed at LM Level

LIPID DROPLET

Source: Lentz. 1971. Cell Fine Structure.

MULTILOCULAR ADIPOCYTE (brown adipose cell)

As Viewed at TEM Level As Viewed at LM Level

LD LD
LD

LD

LD

LD

LD
Source: Lentz. 1971. Cell Fine Structure.

TRANSIENT CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

! MACROPHAGES ! LYMPHOCYTES ! PLASMA CELLS ! NEUTROPHILS ! EOSINOPHILS

MACROPHAGES/HISTOCYTES
n DERIVED FROM MONOCYTES n HAVE IMPORTANT ROLES IN BODILY DEFENSE MECHANISMS Active in phagocytosis Synthesize & secrete cytokines Stimulate immune responses

TYPES OF MACROPHAGES
FIXED (nonmigratory) MACROPHAGE FREE (migratory) MACROPHAGE

Modified from: Kelly et al. 1984. Baileys Textbook of Microscopic Anatomy. 18th Edition.

ACTIVATED MACROPHAGE
As Viewed at TEM Level
1o Lysosomes

2o Lysosomes

Source: Lentz. 1971. Cell Fine Structure.

FIXED MACROPHAGES/HISTOCYTES
As Viewed at LM Level

M M

M - nucleus of fixed macrophage (smaller, darker) F - nucleus of fibroblast (larger, lighter)

LYMPHOCYTES
As Viewed at LM Level

Source: Bloom & Fawcett. 1975. A Textbook of Histology. 10th Edition.

PLASMA CELL
As Viewed at LM Level As Viewed at TEM Level

Source: Bloom & Fawcett. 1975. A Textbook of Histology. 10th Edition.

Source: Lentz. 1971. Cell Fine Structure.

NEUTROPHILS
As Viewed at LM Level

Source: Bloom & Fawcett. 1975. A Textbook of Histology. 10th Edition.

EOSINOPHILS
As Viewed at LM Level

Source: Bloom & Fawcett. 1975. A Textbook of Histology. 10th Edition.

Macrophage Lymphocyte Smooth Muscle Plasma Cells

Fibroblast

OTHER CELLS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

! MAST CELLS ! PERICYTES/PERIVASCULAR CELLS

MAST CELL
As Viewed at LM Level As Viewed at TEM Level

Source: Lentz. 1971. Cell Fine Structure.

PERICYTE/PERIVASCULAR CELL
As Viewed at TEM Level

Endothelium

Pericyte surrounding Endothelium

Source: Lentz. 1971. Cell Fine Structure.

PERICYTES/PERIVASCULAR CELLS
As Viewed at LM Level

Source: Bloom & Fawcett. 1975. A Textbook of Histology. 10th Edition.

TYPES OF RESIDENT AND TRANSIENT CELLS FOUND IN CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Lymphocyte Macrophage

Fibroblast

Macrophage

Source: Kelly et al. 1984. Baileys Textbook of Microscopic Anatomy. 18th Edition.

TYPES OF RESIDENT AND TRANSIENT CELLS FOUND IN CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Lymphocyte

Fibroblast

Fibroblasts

Eosinophil

Plasma Cell

Source: Kelly et al. 1984. Baileys Textbook of Microscopic Anatomy. 18th Edition.

TYPES OF RESIDENT, TRANSIENT, AND OTHER CELLS FOUND IN CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Fibroblast

Mast Cells

Macrophage

Source: Kelly et al. 1984. Baileys Textbook of Microscopic Anatomy. 18th Edition.

Loose FECT

CONNECTIVE TISSUES ARE CLASSIFIED/DESCRIBED ACCORDING TO

! TYPE OF RESIDENT/PERMANENT CELLS ! TYPE, AMOUNT, AND ORGANIZATION OF ECM COMPONENTS

EMBRYONIC TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

! MESENCHYMAL CT ! MUCOUS CT Found only in embryos and prenatal vertebrates Characterized by mesenchyme cells or immature fibroblasts and lack of welldeveloped fibrous ECM

Most CT cells are derived developmentally from MESENCHYME CELLS of embryo

Nucleus (N) & Cytoplasm (C) of MESENCHYME CELLS (MeC) As Viewed at LM Level

Source: Gartner & Hiatt. 1994. Color Atlas of Histology. 2nd Edition.

Mucous Connective Tissue

Note increased fiber size and more frequent stellate cell shapes in Mucous CT

FIBROELASTIC TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

! LOOSE FECT ! MODERATELY DENSE FECT ! DENSE IRREGULAR FECT ! DENSE REGULAR FECT All are characterized by: Fibroblasts as resident matrix-forming cells Type I collagen fibers and elastic fibers as major ECM components

Loose FECT

Loose and Moderately Dense FECT

Dense Irregular FECT

SPECIALIZED FIBROUS TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

! DENSE REGULAR COLLAGENOUS CT ! DENSE REGULAR ELASTIC CT Both are characterized by: Fibroblasts as resident matrix-forming cells Fibrous components arranged in dense parallel arrays

Dense Regular Collagenous CT

Dense Regular Collagenous CT

SPECIALIZED CELLULAR TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUES

! WHITE ADIPOSE CT ! BROWN ADIPOSE CT ! RETICULAR CT All are characterized by: Much larger cellular compartment containing characteristic cell populations Much reduced extracellular compartment containing reticular fibers

White Adipose

Brown Adipose

RETICULAR CELLS
Reticular Cell Reticular Cell

Source: Junqueira et al. 1975. Basic Histology.

CHONDROGENIC CTs
! HYALINE CARTILAGE ! ELASTIC CARTILAGE ! FIBROCARTILAGE All are characterized by: Chondroblasts/chondrocytes as resident cells and extensive sulfated GAGs in ECM

Hyaline Cartilage

Elastic Cartilage

(stained to show elastic fibers)

Fibrocartilage stained with H&E large collagen fibers

chondrocytes (usually in rows) between collagen fibers

Dense Regular Collagenous CT

Fibrocartilage stained with H&E

OSSEOUS CTs
! WOVEN BONE ! COMPACT BONE ! CANCELLOUS or SPONGY BONE All are characterized by: Osteoblasts/osteocytes as resident cells and mineralized ECM

Lamellar Bone (matrix is more organized)

Woven Bone (matrix is less organized)

Compact Bone containing Haversian Haversian Canal Canal Systems (note lamellar matrix)

High Mag

Osteocytes in Lacunae Low Mag

Spongy Bone