Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009

9-1

9. Steady Magnetic Field
1 Biot-Savart Law
Definition:
uH =
IuL a
R
4R
2
,
where uB : magnetic field intensity [Am]
I : current [A]
uL : direction of the current & length [m]
R : distance from IuL to point of interest (P)
a
R
: unit vector point to point of interest (P)
See Fig.1 for the system diagram. IuL is sometimes referred as current element and it is the
small part having the current running on it. The direction is the current direction. In practice, current
moves in a loop so the total magnetic field intensity can be found from the following equation.
H = _
IuL a
R
4R
2




Fig. 1 Illustration for Biot-Savart Law
There are three kinds of current in this course:
1) Current (I, |A])
2) Surface current density (K, |Am]): Fig. 2(b)
3) Current density (}, |Am
2
]): Fig. 2(c)
The relationship between the above three currents are as follows:
IuL = KuS = Juv,
where S and v represent surface and volume, respectively.



(a) Current Filament (b) Surface Current (c) Volume current
Fig. 2 Illustration for three types of currents
uL
I A
P
R
I A
uL
I A
uS
K Am I A
uv
} Am
2

Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-2


Ex. (1) Given the following value for P
1
, P
2
and I
1
L
1
, calculate B
2
.
(a) P
1
= (u,u,2) P
2
= (4,2,u) I
1
L
1
= 2a
z
Am
(b) P
1
= (1,2,S) P
2
= (-S,-1,2) I
1
L
1
= 2( -a
x
+ a
y
+ 2a
z
) Am
Sol.: (1) Biot-Savart Law
uH =
IuL a
R
4R
2
,
H
2
=
I
1
L a
R
12
4R
12
2
,
(2) Find R
12
from the given information and substitute for B
2
.
(a) R
12
= P
2
- P
1
= 4a
x
+ 2a
y
- 2a
z

Then, R
12
= |R
12
| = 4
2
+2
2
+(-2)
2
= 26
a
R
12
=
R
12
|R
12
|
=
1
6
(2a
x
+ a
y
- a
z
)
H
2
=
I
1
L a
R
12
4R
12
2
=
2a
z

1
6
(2a
x
+a
y
-a
z
)
4(26)
2

=
-a
x
+ 2a
y
486
Am
(b) R
12
= P
2
- P
1
= -4a
x
-Sa
y
-a
z

Then, R
12
= |R
12
| = (-4)
2
+(-S)
2
+(-1)
2
= 26
a
R
12
=
R
12
|R
12
|
=
1
26
(-4a
x
-Sa
y
-a
z
)
H
2
=
I
1
L a
R
12
4R
12
2
=
2a
z

1
26
(-4a
x
- Sa
y
-a
z
)
4(26)
2

=
Sa
x
-4a
y
S226
Am

Ex. (2) A current filament carrying I A in the a
z
direction lies along the entire Z axis. Find B at (
u
, u,
z
u
).
Sol.: (1) Draw system diagram.




I A
uL=uz
P
R

u

|z-z
u
|
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-3

(2) Use Biot-Savart law
uH =
IuL a
R
4R
2

Find R and substitute into Biot-Savart Law.
R =
0
a
p
+(z
0
- z)a
z

a
R
=

0
a
p
+(z
0
- z)a
z

0
2
+ (z
0
-z)
2

uH =
IuL a
R
4R
2

=
Iuz

0
a
p
+(z
0
- z)a
z

0
2
+ (z
0
-z)
2
4(
0
2
+ (z
0
-z)
2
)
2

=
I
0
a
q
4(
0
2
+(z
0
- z)
2
)
1.5
uz
(3) Integrate for the entire current filament.
H = _
I
0
a
q
uz
4(
0
2
+ (z
0
-z)
2
)
1.5

-

Substitute (z
0
-z) =
0
tan . Thus, uz =
0
sec
2
u and the boundary becomes
-2 to 2.
H = _
I
0
a
q
(
0
sec
2
u )
4(
0
2
+
0
2
sec
2
)
1.5
2
-2

=
Ia
q
4
0
_ cos u
2
-2
=
Ia
q
4
0
sin |
-2
2

=
Ia
q
2
0
Am

Ex. (3) A filament is formed into a circle of radius a, centered at the origin in the plane z = u. It
carries a current I A in the a

direction. Find B at (u, u, z).

Sol.: (1) Draw system diagram.





(2) Use Biot-Savart law
|z|
uL=aua

I A
a
R
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-4

uH =
IuL a
R
4R
2

Find R and substitute into Biot-Savart Law.
R = -aa
p
+za
z

a
R
=
-aa
p
+za
z
a
2
+ z
2

uH =
IuL a
R
4R
2

=
Iaua
q

-aa
p
+ za
z
a
2
+z
2
4(a
2
+z
2
)
2

=
Ia(aa
z
+ za
p
)u
4(a
2
+ z
2
)
1.5

(3) Integrate over the entire filament. Due to the symmetry property, the magnetic field in
the radial direction is cancelled out so the integration is performed only on the z
direction component.
H = _
Ia
2
a
z
u
4(a
2
+z
2
)
1.5
2
0

=
Ia
2
a
z
4(a
2
+z
2
)
1.5
|
0
2
=
Ia
2
a
z
2(a
2
+ z
2
)
1.5
Am

Ex. (4) A disk of radius a lies in the xy plane with the z axis through its center. Surface charge of
uniform density
s
lies on the disk, which rotates about the z axis at angular velocity iaus.
Find B at any point on the z axis.
Sol.: (1) Draw the system diagram.





(2) Find the current on surface uS.
IuL = Chaige velutty
=
s
uS v
=
s
uu a
q
=
s

2
uua
q
Am

(3) Use Biot-Savart law to find B.
|z|
uS=uu
v=a

ms

R
iaus
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-5

uH =
IuL a
R
4R
2

Find R and substitute into Biot-Savart Law.
R = -a
p
+ za
z

a
R
=
-a
p
+ za
z

2
+z
2

uH =
IuL a
R
4R
2

=

2
uua
q

-a
p
+za
z

2
+z
2
4(
2
+ z
2
)
2

=

2
(za
p
+a
z
)uu
4(
2
+z
2
)
1.5

(4) Integrate over the entire surface for B. Due to the symmetry property, the magnetic field in
the radial direction is cancelled out so the integration is performed only on the z direction
component.

H = _ _

3
a
z
uu
4(
2
+z
2
)
1.5
2
0
a
0

= _

3
a
z
4(
2
+z
2
)
1.5
(2)u
a
0

Substitute = z tan . Thus, u = z sec
2
u and the boundary becomes 0 to
tan
-1
(za).
H = _

s
(z tan )
3
a
z
2((z tan )
2
+z
2
)
1.5
z sec
2
u
atan(az)
0

= _

s
z tan
3
a
z
2 sec
u
atan(az)
0

= _

s
z tan (sec
2
- 1)a
z
2 sec
u
atan(az)
0

= _

s
z(sec tan - sin a
z
)
2
u
atan(az)
0

=

s
z(sec +cos )a
z
2
_
0
atan(az)

=

s
z
2
_
z
2
+a
2
z
+
z
z
2
+a
2
- 2_a
z
Am

Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-6

Ex. (5) A Helmholtz loop consists of 2 current filaments. Each filament forms a circle of radius a m
and carries the current of I A in the same direction. The centers of the circle are located at (u,
u, b) and (u,u,-b). (Fig. (E5)). Find
(i) Magnetic field intensity at (u,u,z) where |z| < b
(ii) Magnetic field intensity at the point very near the origin.






Fig.(E5)
Sol.: (1) Find the magnetic field intensity at z m away from the center of a current loop having the
radius of a m. From Ex.(3), the magnetic field intensity is as follows.
H =
Ia
2
a
z
2(a
2
+ z
2
)
1.5
Am
(2) In the system with two current loops, add the effect of each loop together by vector
addition.
H
1
+ H
2
=
Ia
2
a
z
2(a
2
+(b +z)
2
)
1.5
+
Ia
2
a
z
2(a
2
+(b -z)
2
)
1.5
Am
(3) The magnetic field intensity very near the origin can be found by considering zu.
Consider the following relationship
1
(1 +z)
n
= 1 - nz; |z| = u
The magnetic field intensity due to the left ring can then be found as follows.
H
1
=
Ia
2
a
z
2(a
2
+(b +z)
2
)
1.5

=
Ia
2
a
z
2(a
2
+b
2
+ 2bz + z
2
)
1.5

=
Ia
2
a
z
2(a
2
+b
2
)
1.5
1
_1 +
2bz + z
2
a
2
+ b
2
]
1.5

=
Ia
2
a
z
2(a
2
+b
2
)
1.5
_1 - 1.S
2bz + z
2
a
2
+ b
2
_


In the same manner, the magnetic field intensity due to the right ring can be found as
follows.
z
x
b b
a
z
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-7

H
2
=
Ia
2
a
z
2(a
2
+ (b - z)
2
)
1.5

=
Ia
2
a
z
2(a
2
+ b
2
- 2bz +z
2
)
1.5

=
Ia
2
a
z
2(a
2
+ b
2
)
1.5
1
_1 +
-2bz + z
2
a
2
+ b
2
]
1.5

=
Ia
2
a
z
2(a
2
+ b
2
)
1.5
_1 - 1.S
-2bz + z
2
a
2
+ b
2
_

Add the magnetic field intensity from the left and the right ring for the total magnetic field
intensity.
H
1
+ H
2
=
Ia
2
a
z
2(a
2
+b
2
)
1.5
_1 - 1.S
-2bz +z
2
a
2
+b
2
+ 1 -1.S
2bz + z
2
a
2
+ b
2
_

=
Ia
2
a
z
2(a
2
+b
2
)
1.5
_2 -
Sz
2
a
2
+ b
2
_

=
Ia
2
a
z
(a
2
+b
2
)
1.5
Am


2 Amperes circuital law
Definition:
_H uL = I
cncIoscd

See Fig.3 for the system diagram.

Fig. 3 Amperes circuital law
I A
Path A
Path B
_ H uL
Path A
= _ H uL
Path B
= I

Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-8

2.1 Current direction
The current follows the right-hand rule as follows (Fig. 4):
(1) If the thumb of the right hand points in the direction of the current, the direction of the
remaining fingers is the direction of B.
(2) If the thumb of the right hand points in the direction of B, the direction of the
remaining fingers is the direction of the current.


(a) Thumb = direction of current
http://encarta.msn.com/media_701504656/right-hand_rule.html
(b) Thumb = direction of B.
Fig. 4 Right-hand rule

2.2 Path selection
(1) Select path that B is constant.
(2) Select path that has either constant B or B = u Am.

Ex. (6) A current filament carrying I A in the a
z
direction lies along the entire Z axis. Find B at (
u
, u,
z
u
) by Ampeies ciicuital law.
Sol.: (1) Draw the system diagram

(2) Apply Amperes circuital law
_H uL = I
cncIoscd

_B
q
a
q

ua
q
= I
I A
I A
uL=uz
P
R

u

|z-z
u
|
B
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-9

B
q
(2

) = I
B
q
=
I
2

Am
(3) Assign the direction according to the right-hand rule.
H =
I
2

a
q
Am

Ex.(7) Find B at P(u,u,z) for the system consisting of a sheet of current flowing in the positive y
direction on xy plane. The surface current density is K
y
a
y
Am
2
.
Sol.: (1) Draw the system diagram







(2) Apply Amperes circuital law
_H uL = I
cncIoscd

_ B
x
a
x
Top
uxa
x
+ _ B
x
(-a
x
)
Bottom
ux(-a
x
) = I
2B
x
L = K
y
L
B
x
=
K
y
2
Am
(3) Assign the direction according to the right-hand rule.
H = _
K
y
2
a
x
Am; z > u
-
K
y
2
a
x
Am; z < u


K
y
Am
2
P

B
x
y
z
K
y
Am
2
B

L
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-10

Ex.(8) A hollow cylindrical shell of radius a is centered on the z axis and carries a uniform surface
current density of K
a
a

Am
2
. Find B(,,z); <a.
Sol.: (1) Draw the system diagram
(2) Apply Amperes circuital law
_H uL = I
cncIoscd

_ B
z
a
z
LcIt
uza
z
= I
B
z
L = K
a
L
B
z
= K
a
Am
(3) Assign the direction according to the right-hand rule.
H = _
K
a
a
z
Am; < o
u Am; > o



Ex.(9) Find B of the (actual) solenoid. Consider B is well inside the solenoid.
Sol.: (1) Draw the system diagram

(2) Apply Amperes circuital law
K
B
B
B
.
B
N tuinsm
I A
x

y

x
y

z

Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-11

_H uL = I
cncIoscd

_ B
z
a
z
LcIt
uza
z
= (NI)L
B
z
L = NIL
B
z
= NI Am
(3) Assign the direction according to the right-hand rule.
H = _
NI a
z
Am; < o
u Am; > u

Note: B
outsiue
is approximated as zero.

Ex.(10) Find B inside the ideal toroid. The current density at the inner radius is K
a
a
z
Am.
Sol.: (1) Draw the system diagram

(2) Apply Amperes circuital law
_H uL = I
cncIoscd

_ B
q
a
q
Loop
ua
q
= K
a
(2
0
)
B
q
(2) = 2K
a

0

B
q
=
K
a

(3) Assign the direction according to the right-hand rule.
H =
K
a

a
q
Am
Note: B
outsiue
is approximated as zero.


B

u a
B
K
a
a
z
Am
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-12

Ex.(11) Find B inside the actual toroid. The toroid has N turns carrying I A current
Sol.: (1) Draw the system diagram

http://saaubi.people.wm.edu/ResearchGroup/Research/Francium_Research/Francium_ParityViolation.html
(2) Apply Amperes circuital law
_H uL = I
cncIoscd

_ B
q
a
q
Loop
ua
q
= NI
B
q
(2) = NI
B
q
=
NI
2

(3) Assign the direction according to the right-hand rule.
H =
NI
2
a
q
Am

Ex.(12) Find B inside the infinitely long conductor of the radius a having the current I flowing along
its axis.
Sol.: (1) Draw the system diagram

(2) Apply Amperes circuital law
_H uL = I
cncIoscd

B
B
I A, N tuins

H
I
I
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-13

_ B
q
a
q
Loop
ua
q
=
I
a
2

2

B
q
(2) =
I
a
2

2

B
q
=
I
2a
2

(3) Assign the direction according to the right-hand rule.
H =
I
2a
2
a
q
Am

3 Curl and Stokes theorem
3.1 Curl (A)
Definition:
1) Rectangular coordinate
v A = _
_
a
x
a
y
a
z

x

y

z
A
x
A
y
A
z
_
_
2) Cylindrical coordinate
v A =
_
_
a
p

a
q
a
z

z
A
p
A
q
A
z
_
_

3) Spherical coordinate
v A =
_
_
a
r
i
2
sin
a
6
isin
a
q
i

i

A
r
iA

isin A
q
_
_

3.2 Stokes theorem
_A uL = _ (v A) uS
surIacc

Direction of uS follows the right-hand rule. The thumb will point to the direction of uS
when the remaining four finger points to the direction of the loops. (Fig. 5)
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-14


Fig.5 Illustration for Stokes theorem
4 Point form of Amperes law
From Amperes law:
_H uL = I
cncIoscd

Substitute I
cncIoscd
= ] J uS
surIacc
and apply Stokes theorem to LHS of Amperes law.
_ (v H) uS
surIacc
= _ J uS
surIacc

v H = J
The above equation is the point form of Amperes law.
Ex.(13) Evaluate both sides of Stokes theorem for the field B=6xya
x
Sy
2
a
y
Am and the
rectangular path around the region 2 x S, -1 y 1, z u. Let the positive direction of uS be a
z
.
Sol.: (1) Draw system diagram






(2) Stokes theorem
_H uL = _ (v H) uS
surIacc

(2.1) LHS: Direction of uL determined by right hand rule.
_H uL = __ H ux
5
x=2
__
y=-1
+__ H uy
1
y=-1
__
x=5
+__ H ux
2
x=5
__
y=1
+__ H uy
-1
y=1
__
x=2

= _ 6x(-1)ux
5
2
+_ (-Sy
2
)uy
1
-1
+ _ 6x(1)ux
2
5
+_ (-Sy
2
) uy
-1
1

= -Sx
2
|
2
5
+(-y
3
)|
-1
1
+Sx
2
|
5
2
+ (-y
3
)|
1
-1

= -6S +(-2) + (-6S) + (2) = -126

uS
L
uS

uS

x

y
z
uS
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-15

(2.2) RHS
v H = _
_
a
x
a
y
a
z

x

y

z
B
x
B
y
B
z
_
_
= _
_
a
x
a
y
a
z

x

y

z
6xy -Sy
2
u
_
_ = -6xa
z


_ (v H) uS
surIacc
= _ _ -6xa
z
uxuya
z
5
2
1
-1

= _ _ -6x uxuy
5
2
1
-1

= _ (-Sx
2
)|
2
5
uy
1
-1

= _ -6Suy
1
-1
= -126


Ex.(14) In one system, the magnetic field intensity is defined as follows.
H =
(x +2y)
z
2
a
y
+
2
z
a
z
Am.
Find } and the total current passing through the surface z = 4, 1 x 2, S y S in the a
z

direction.
Sol.: (1) Apply Amperes law in point form for }.
v H = J
J = v H = _
_
a
x
a
y
a
z

x

y

z
B
x
B
y
B
z
_
_
=
_
_
a
x
a
y
a
z

x

y

z
u
(x +2y)
z
2
2
z
_
_

=
1
z
2
a
z
-
2(x +2y)
z
3
a
x
Am
2

(2) Find I from the definition of }.
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-16

I = _ J uS
surIacc

= __ _ _
1
z
2
a
z
-
2(x + 2y)
z
3
a
x
]
2
1
5
3
uxuya
z
__
z=4

= _ _
1
16
2
1
5
3
uxuy
=
1
16
1 2 =
1
8
A

Ex.(15) Find the total current passing through the conical surface = 2u, u < 2, u i S in
the a

direction of the system having the magnetic field intensity as follows.
H =
Si
2
sin
a

+ S4icos a
q
Am.
Sol.: (1) Find } by Amperes law in point form.
v H = J
J = v H =
_
_
a
r
i
2
sin
a
6
isin
a
q
i

i

B
r
iB

isin B
q
_
_

=
_
_
a
r
i
2
sin
a
6
isin
a
q
i

i

u i _
Si
2
sin
_ isin (S4icos )
_
_

=
S4 cos
2
- S4 sin
2

sin
a
r
+
9i
sin
a
q
- 1u8 cos a
6

(2) Find I from the definition of }.
I = _ J uS
surIacc

= __ _ _
S4 cos
2
-S4 sin
2

sin
a
r
+
9i
sin
a
q
-1u8 cos a
6
_
5
0
2
0
isin uiua

__
=20

= _ _ -1u8i cos 2u sin 2u
5
0
2
0
uiu
= cos 2u sin 2u _ (-S4i
2
)|
0
5
2
0
u
= cos 2u sin 2u (-S4 2S) 2 = 2.7S 1u
3
A
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-17

5 Magnetic flux and magnetic flux density
5.1 Magnetic flux density
Definition:
B =
0
H,
where B : magnetic flux density [Tesla, T oi Webeim
2
, Wbm
2
]

0
: permeability of free space [Beniym, Bm], 41u
-7
Bm
5.2 Magnetic flux (
m
)
Definition:

m
= _ B uS
surIacc

where
m
: magnetic flux [Webei, Wb]
Because there is no magnetic charge, the divergence of B is zero. Therefore, the integral
over the closed surface is zero. The properties can be summarized as follows.
v B = u
_ B uS
surIacc
= u
Ex.(16) Planar current sheet of K = Sua
z
Am and -Su a
z
Am are located in free space at x = +u.2
and -u.2, respectively. Find B and B in the region -u.2 < x < u.2.
Sol.: (1) Draw the system diagram






(2) Find B by Amperes circuital law.
(2.1) Sua
z
-Am plane
_H uL = I
cncIoscd

_ B
y1
(-a
y
)
LcIt
uy(-a
y
) +_ B
y1
RIght
a
y
uy(a
y
) = I
2B
y1
L = K
z
L
B
y
=
Su
2
= 1S Am
From right hand rule, B
1
can be found as:
-Sua
z
Sua
z
z

x

y

B
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-18

H
1
= _
-1Sa
y
; x < 2
1Sa
y
; x > 2

(2.2) -Sua
z
-Am plane
_H uL = I
cncIoscd

_ B
y2
(a
y
)
LcIt
uy(a
y
) +_ B
y2
RIght
(-a
y
) uy(-a
y
) = I
2B
y2
L = K
z
L
B
y2
=
Su
2
= 1S Am
From right hand rule, B
2
can be found as:
H
2
= _
1Sa
y
; x < -2
-1Sa
y
; x > -2

(2.3) Find total B in the region -u.2 < x < u.2 .
H = H
1
+ H
2

= -1Sa
y
- 1Sa
y

= -Sua
y
Am
(3) Find B from definition.
B =
0
H = -Su
0
a
y
T

Ex.(16) A solid conductor if circular cross section is made of a homogeneous nonmagnetic material.
If the radius a = 1mm, the conductor axis lies on the z axis, and the total current in the a
z

direction is 2u A. Find the total magnetic flux per unit length inside the conductor.
Sol.: (1) Draw the system diagram.






(2) Find B inside the conductor by Amperes circuital law.
_H uL = I
cncIoscd

_ B
q
a
q
Loop
ua
q
=
I
a
2

2

H
I=2uA
1mm
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-19

B
q
(2) =
I
a
2

2

B
q
=
I
2a
2
Am
(3) Find B from definition.
B =
0
H =
0
I
2a
2
a
q
T
(4) Find
m
from definition.

m
= _ B uS
surIacc

= _ _
0
I
2a
2
a
q
uuza
q
10
-3
0
1
0

Note: Consider the flux per meter.

m
= _ _
0
I
2a
2
uuz
10
-3
0
1
0

=
0
I
2a
2
_

2
2
_
0
10
-3
uz
1
0

=
0
I
2a
2
_
1u
-6
2
uz
1
0
= 1u
-7
Wb

Ex.(17) A coaxial transmission lines has a = Smm and b = 2umm. Let its center lie on the z axis
and let a DC current I A flow in the a
z
direction in the center conductor. Find B, B and the
flux per meter in the region a < < b.
Sol.: (1) Draw the system diagram.










(2) Find B by Amperes circuital law.
I A
B
I A
a = Smm
b = 2umm
I A
B
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-20

_H uL = I
cncIoscd

_ B
q
a
q
Loop
ua
q
= I
B
q
(2) = I
B
q
=
I
2

Find the direction of B by right-hand rule.
H =
0
I
2
a
q
Am
(3) Find B from definition.
B =
0
H =
0
I
2
a
q
T
(4) Find
m
from definition.

m
= _ B uS
surIacc

= _ _
0
I
2
a
q
uuza
q
b
a
1
0

= _ _
0
I
2
uuz
b
a
1
0

=
0
I
2
_ (ln)|
a
b
uz
1
0

=
0
I
2
ln
b
a
= (4 1u
-7
)
I
2
ln
2u 1u
-3
S 1u
-3

= 2I 1u
-7
ln4 Wb

6 Maxwells equation for static electric field and steady magnetic field.
Gauss Law:
_ D uS
surIacc
= Q
V D =
v

KVL:
_ E uL
IInc
= u
V E =
Amperes law:
_ H uL
IInc
= I
cncIoscd

V H = J
Electromagnetic Field

Feb. 10, 2009
9-21

Gauss Law for magnetic field
_ B uS
surIacc
= u
V B = u