1.1 1.

1 Definition: Definition:
Transformers :transfer electrical energy at system voltage to electrical Transformers :transfer electrical energy at system voltage to electrical
energy at the required voltage or higher voltage. energy at the required voltage or higher voltage.
-
Current transformers Current transformers
-
Voltage transformers Voltage transformers
- Oil immersed transformers Oil immersed transformers

- Askarel immersed transformers Askarel immersed transformers
- Dry type transformers Dry type transformers

Instrument transformer Instrument transformer

Distribution transformers:- Distribution transformers:-

1.2 Types of transformers 1.2 Types of transformers
1.2.1 1.2.1 Oil immersed transformers : Oil immersed transformers :
Oil immersed transformers have their cores & windings Oil immersed transformers have their cores & windings
immersed in mineral oil. immersed in mineral oil.

1.2.2 1.2.2 Askarel immersed transformers Askarel immersed transformers
Askarel Oil immersed transformers have their cores and winding Askarel Oil immersed transformers have their cores and winding
immersed in the synthetic cooling & insulating fluid Askeral immersed in the synthetic cooling & insulating fluid Askeral
normally . normally .
These transformers refferred to under the trade name of the fluid , These transformers refferred to under the trade name of the fluid ,
e.g colophon immersed transformers or Pyroclor/Aroclor e.g colophon immersed transformers or Pyroclor/Aroclor
immersed transformers immersed transformers
Askeral is a colourless , flame resistant & explsion proof fluid , it Askeral is a colourless , flame resistant & explsion proof fluid , it
is made of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons . this density is is made of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons . this density is
approx. 1.569 cm at 15.5 C ambient temperature . approx. 1.569 cm at 15.5 C ambient temperature .
The electrical properties are a good as these of mineral oil The electrical properties are a good as these of mineral oil
(transformer oil ) but Askarel immersed transformers can be (transformer oil ) but Askarel immersed transformers can be
installed without special measures of fire protection . installed without special measures of fire protection .
For chemichal reasons , mineral transformer oil & Askaral must For chemichal reasons , mineral transformer oil & Askaral must
not be mixed . not be mixed .
An oil immersed transformer cannot therefore be refilled with An oil immersed transformer cannot therefore be refilled with
Askaral or an Askaral immersed transformer be refilled with oil . Askaral or an Askaral immersed transformer be refilled with oil .

1.2.3 1.2.3 Dry type transformers: Dry type transformers:
Dry type transformers have no insulating & cooling fluid they are designed Dry type transformers have no insulating & cooling fluid they are designed
according to the type of insulation of the windings into varnish insulated & according to the type of insulation of the windings into varnish insulated &
silicon insulated dry type transformers. silicon insulated dry type transformers.
Self Cooling : Self Cooling :
Distribution transformers are mainly manufactured with self cooling , with Distribution transformers are mainly manufactured with self cooling , with
this kind of cooling the heat generated is dissipated by the natural air flow this kind of cooling the heat generated is dissipated by the natural air flow
and by radiation . and by radiation .
With forced air cooling the cooling air is circulated by fans . subsequent With forced air cooling the cooling air is circulated by fans . subsequent
addition of fans to the transformer is only possible after consulting the addition of fans to the transformer is only possible after consulting the
manufacturer . manufacturer .
The limits of temperature rise permitted for various insulating materials are The limits of temperature rise permitted for various insulating materials are
specified in ( VDE-0532 ) and these are based on the following limits of specified in ( VDE-0532 ) and these are based on the following limits of
cooling air temperature : - cooling air temperature : -

Maximum temperature of air 40h C . Maximum temperature of air 40h C .

Daily mean temperature of the air 30h C . Daily mean temperature of the air 30h C .

Yearly mean temperature of the air 20h C Yearly mean temperature of the air 20h C . .
The temperature of the ambient air is measured at a distance of 1-2 m The temperature of the ambient air is measured at a distance of 1-2 m
from the transformer . from the transformer .

1.2.4 1.2.4 Instrument transformers : Instrument transformers :
- Current transformers - Current transformers
- Voltage transformers - Voltage transformers

Current transformers: Current transformers:

Current transformer is transformer with small rate power (burden) , Current transformer is transformer with small rate power (burden) ,
whose primary windings are in series with the line circuit , and whose primary windings are in series with the line circuit , and
secondary windings are connected to measuring instruments , secondary windings are connected to measuring instruments ,
electricity meters relays or control devices , current transformers electricity meters relays or control devices , current transformers
isolate the measuring of protection circuits from the primary voltage isolate the measuring of protection circuits from the primary voltage
and also protect the apparatus corresponding to the over current and also protect the apparatus corresponding to the over current
response of the current . response of the current .
1.2.5 1.2.5 Voltage transformers : Voltage transformers :
Voltage transformers are also of small power rate and operate at Voltage transformers are also of small power rate and operate at
almost no load . they isolate the primary high voltage from the almost no load . they isolate the primary high voltage from the
connected measuring or protected circuits. connected measuring or protected circuits.


TRANSFORMERS TRANSFORMERS
Definition : Definition :
Transformers can be defined as a static electric machine which converts Transformers can be defined as a static electric machine which converts
electric energy from one potential to another at the same frequency . electric energy from one potential to another at the same frequency .

It can also be defined as consists of two electric circuits linked by a It can also be defined as consists of two electric circuits linked by a
common variable flux. common variable flux.


Theory of operation : Theory of operation :
The primary coil of the transformer is connected to a supply of sine The primary coil of the transformer is connected to a supply of sine
wave voltage . an alternating sine wave current will flow in the wave voltage . an alternating sine wave current will flow in the
primary . thus the primary m.m.f ( N.I ) will produce a common primary . thus the primary m.m.f ( N.I ) will produce a common
flux ( g ) which is also alternating and in phase with the current flux ( g ) which is also alternating and in phase with the current
according to Faraday according to Faraday s law the common flux interesting two coils s law the common flux interesting two coils
will induce in them an alternating e.m.f ( e1 , e2 ) . will induce in them an alternating e.m.f ( e1 , e2 ) .
e1 e1 is an e.m.f of self induction is an e.m.f of self induction
e2 e2 is an e.m.f of Mutual induction is an e.m.f of Mutual induction
from 1,2 from 1,2 the transformation ratio the transformation ratio
( ) 1
dt
d N
- e
1
1

( ) 2
dt
d
N - e
2 1

2
1
2
1
N
N

e
e
K

Applying Kirchoff s law on the primary circuit.
V = - e1
V+ e1 = 0
From the secondary circuit e2 = v2
Equivalent circuit :
V.D e.m.f
2
1
2
1
2
1
V
V

N
N

e
e
K

Io = 10 : 15 % of rated current .
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
X I J r I V

+ + E
2 2 2 2 2 2
X I J r I V

+

+

Tansformer testing : Tansformer testing :
Determination of parameters : Determination of parameters :

Connect the primary to a source of alternating current at nomial voltage the Connect the primary to a source of alternating current at nomial voltage the
secondary is open circuit read the magnitude of ( Io , V1 , Po ) at no load . secondary is open circuit read the magnitude of ( Io , V1 , Po ) at no load .
The impeadence of the circuit at no load . The impeadence of the circuit at no load .
0 1
o
1
Z Z
I
V
+

I
V
Z
o
1
0

Z Z
o 1
<<
Z Z
o 1
< <
Z1 can be neglected Z1 can be neglected
( )

I
p
r
2
o
o
o

2
o
o
2
o
X r Z +
2
o
2
o o
r Z X

-
Another method: Another method:
Io
1
o
V
Po
cos
Po = V1 Io is Po = V1 Io is g go o
0
1
o
I
V
Z
Io
1
1 -
o
V
Po
cos
o o
os Z Ro c
o o o
sin Z x
For parallel circuit rm & JXm :
Neglect Zm relation to Z1
o o o
cos I I a

o o o
sin I r I

V
P
cos
1
o
1 -
o

,
_

m
a Io
V
1
2 r

Ior
V
X
1
m

-
Short circuit test: Short circuit test:

Connect the primary to a reduced voltage ( from 15 20 % of V1 ) until the Connect the primary to a reduced voltage ( from 15 20 % of V1 ) until the
primary current becomes near to the value of the full load current of the primary current becomes near to the value of the full load current of the
primary . primary .
Short circuit the secondary winding . Short circuit the secondary winding .
Measure ; ( V1 ) sh.c ( I1 ) sh.c ( P1 ) sh.c Measure ; ( V1 ) sh.c ( I1 ) sh.c ( P1 ) sh.c
In the circuit Z In the circuit Z
2 2
, Z , Z o are connected in parallel o are connected in parallel
Zo is of the order of ( 10 ) Zo is of the order of ( 10 )
-2 -2
relative to Z relative to Z
2 2

eq Z
sh.c I
sh.c V
1
1

So the effect of Zo can be simplified to the show So the effect of Zo can be simplified to the show
figure ( c ) . figure ( c ) .
Where ; Where ;
Zeq = Req + Jxeq Zeq = Req + Jxeq

Req = r1 + r2 Req = r1 + r2
x x
eq eq
= x = x
1 1
+ x + x
2 2


( )
1 sh.c ) cos ( )sh.c I ( )sh.c V1 ( sh.c P1

V
P
P

1 -
cos sh.c
.
I1 1
1
1
c sh

,
_

sin
eq
Z eq x
cos Z R
eq
eq
2
2
2
K


r
r

2
X
X X
eq
2 1

2 1 r r

2
2
2
k
x
x

D.C Test : D.C Test :

Connect the primary coil with a direct current supply . measure Connect the primary coil with a direct current supply . measure
the applied voltage and the current . the applied voltage and the current .
ohms r 1
I
E
The effect of X1 , X The effect of X1 , X
0 0
will not appear when using direct current will not appear when using direct current
1
]
1

dt
Ldi
X
I is the const. relative to time I is the const. relative to time[ [ also the effect of ro will not appear also the effect of ro will not appear
because it represent the eddy and hysteresis losses which are not existing because it represent the eddy and hysteresis losses which are not existing
in the case of direct current they appear only when there is varialable flux in the case of direct current they appear only when there is varialable flux
in the core . in the core .
Similarly we can determine the resistance of the secondary ( r2 ) by Similarly we can determine the resistance of the secondary ( r2 ) by
connecting the battery to the terminals of the secondary coil . connecting the battery to the terminals of the secondary coil .

Voltage regulation : Voltage regulation :
The voltage regulation is defined as the change in the secondary The voltage regulation is defined as the change in the secondary
voltage of a loaded transformer when the load is removed . while the voltage of a loaded transformer when the load is removed . while the
primary voltage is constant at it primary voltage is constant at it s nominal value . s nominal value .
E = ( V E = ( V
2 2
) )
n.l n.l
V V
2 2
load load
In order to enable the comparison between transformers of different In order to enable the comparison between transformers of different
working voltages , the voltage regulation in usually expected as percent working voltages , the voltage regulation in usually expected as percent
or a per unit value related to the secondary voltage at load . or a per unit value related to the secondary voltage at load .
usually the voltage regulations is determined for full load conditions . so usually the voltage regulations is determined for full load conditions . so
to simplify equivalent circuit to simplify equivalent circuit

( )
( )
% 100
2
V

2
V - .
2
V

V.R

,
_

L
L L n
( )
( )
unit per
2
V

2
V - .
2
V

V.R

,
_

L
L L n
calculation the effect of I0 is neglected and we get the following simplified calculation the effect of I0 is neglected and we get the following simplified
equivalent circuit and the corresponding to it vector diagram ( Kapp vector equivalent circuit and the corresponding to it vector diagram ( Kapp vector
diagram ) diagram )

Io neglected :
eq 1 Req 2 1 X I J I1 V V

+ +

eq 1 eq 1 1 2 X I J R I V V

+ +

I I
1= 1=
I I


2 2
Z Z
q q
= Req + JX = Req + JX
eq eq
= ( r = ( r
1+ 1+
r r
2 2
) + J( X ) + J( X
1 1
+ X + X
2 2
) )
To calculate the voltage regulation the following value must be To calculate the voltage regulation the following value must be
determined . determined .
V V
1 1
,I ,I
1 1
cos cos g g
1 1
and Z and Z
eq eq
. .
( ) ( ) Req I cos V V Xeq I1 1 1
2
1 1 1 2 - sin V +

l
l l n
) (V
) (V . ) V (
2
2 2

Note: Note:
( V ( V
2 2
) )
n.l n.l
= V = V
1 1

l
l l n
) (KV
) (KV . ) V (K
2
2 2

2
2 1
2
2 2
V
V V

) V (
) V ( . ) V (

l
l l n

where V where V 2 is calculated by eq ( 1 ) 2 is calculated by eq ( 1 )
some times the quantities known are V2 , I2 Cos some times the quantities known are V2 , I2 Cos g g2 , Zeq 2 , Zeq
in this case To find the voltage regulation V1 we can calculated from the in this case To find the voltage regulation V1 we can calculated from the
geometry as geometry as
Note : Note :
Parameters r Parameters r 2 , X 2 , X 2 , I 2 , I 2 , E 2 , E 2 as follows : 2 as follows :
( ) ( ) I cos V V eq X I sin V R 2 2 2
2
eq 2 2 2 1 -

+

K
I
I
2
2

Where ; Where ;
r 2 = k2 r2 , x 2 = k2 x2
E 2 = kE2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
I
I

V
V

E
E

N
N
k

in
in
input
output
P
P
P
P

losses -

( ) req
2
2
req
1 2 1
2
1
2 cu I I r r I I P

+ cu p
( )
( )
( )
( )b
a
b cu
a cu
P
P
2
2
I
I

Transformer efficiency ( ) :
This means that if the cu losses are known at a certain load ( current ) , This means that if the cu losses are known at a certain load ( current ) ,
then the copper losses can be determined at another load . then the copper losses can be determined at another load .
I1 : nominal value ( full load value ) usually the copper losses are I1 : nominal value ( full load value ) usually the copper losses are
determined from a short circuit test at a current equal to the full load or determined from a short circuit test at a current equal to the full load or
nominal value , accordingly the equation can be written as : nominal value , accordingly the equation can be written as :

( )
( )
( ) l f l f cu
cu
P
P
. I
I

.
2
2

( ) ( )
2
I
I
.
,
_

f.l
cu cu l f required p p
X
I
I

f.l
let
f.l cu cu P P ) ( X required
2

loss loss const. cu out
out
P
P

+ +

( )
( ) cu P P out
out
cos K.V.A
cos K.V.A

o + +

( )
( ) cu P P out
out
o cos K.V.A
cos K.V.A

+ +

) ) ( ( : :
in
losses - in

p
p

f.l o cu ) ( p p

f.l
f.l
X cos ) K.V.A ( X
cos ) K.V.A ( X

2
+ +

cos ) K.V.A ( X
X cos ) K.V.A ( X

2

f.l
f.l cu ) ( f.l o p p

average efficiency for the transformer during 1 day ; average efficiency for the transformer during 1 day ;
hours 24 ough energy thr input Total
hours 24 ough energy thr output Total

the input energy of the transformer through the day is equal to the Total the input energy of the transformer through the day is equal to the Total
out put + Total losses per/day . out put + Total losses per/day .
losses are const. or magnetic ( P losses are const. or magnetic ( P
o o
) and are constant through the day . ) and are constant through the day .
the ( electrical or the ( electrical or cu ) losses are variable according to the load ( cu ) losses are variable according to the load ( Q QI I
2 2
) . ) .
E.X : E.X :
100 K.V.A lighting transformer has a full load loss of 3 K.V.A , the 100 K.V.A lighting transformer has a full load loss of 3 K.V.A , the
losses being equally devided between iron and copper . During a day the losses being equally devided between iron and copper . During a day the
transformer operates , on full load for 3 hours , one half for 4 hours , the transformer operates , on full load for 3 hours , one half for 4 hours , the
output being negligible for the reminder of the day calculate the all day output being negligible for the reminder of the day calculate the all day
efficiency . efficiency .

Solution Solution : :
It should be noted that lighting transformers are taken to have a load p.f It should be noted that lighting transformers are taken to have a load p.f
of unity iron losses for 24 hours = 1.5 x 24 = 36 K.W.h ( const. losses ) of unity iron losses for 24 hours = 1.5 x 24 = 36 K.W.h ( const. losses )
FL.cu losses = 1.5 K.W FL.cu losses = 1.5 K.W
Cu loss for 3 hours on F.L = 1.5 x 3 = 4.5 k.w.h Cu loss for 3 hours on F.L = 1.5 x 3 = 4.5 k.w.h
Cu loss for half F.L = 1.5 /4 k.w.h Cu loss for half F.L = 1.5 /4 k.w.h
Cu loss for 4 hours at half the load = ( 1.5 / 4 ) x 4 = 1.5 k.w.h Cu loss for 4 hours at half the load = ( 1.5 / 4 ) x 4 = 1.5 k.w.h
Total losses = 36 + 4.5 + 1.5 = 42 k.w.h Total losses = 36 + 4.5 + 1.5 = 42 k.w.h
Total output = ( 100 x3 ) + ( 50 x 4 ) = 500 k.w.h Total output = ( 100 x3 ) + ( 50 x 4 ) = 500 k.w.h
all day = 500 x 100 / 542 = 92.26 % all day = 500 x 100 / 542 = 92.26 %
Group numbers : Group numbers :
The group number indicates the phase differience between primary and The group number indicates the phase differience between primary and
secondary ( H.T and L.T ) line voltages in electrical degrees . It is secondary ( H.T and L.T ) line voltages in electrical degrees . It is
sometimes determined as a clock reading each hour is equivalent to sometimes determined as a clock reading each hour is equivalent to
30 phase difference . 30 phase difference .

Y-Y connectios : Y-Y connectios :


( (

Y ) Y )

Parallel operation : Parallel operation :
1. 1.the transformations ratios must be the the transformations ratios must be the
same same
2. 2.the group number must be the same the group number must be the same
3. 3.the phase connection must be in same the phase connection must be in same
sequence sequence
4. 4.short circuit impendence ( Zeq ) must be short circuit impendence ( Zeq ) must be
the same the same
In power station transformers are usually In power station transformers are usually
working in parallel in order to enable the working in parallel in order to enable the
connections or disconnection of any number connections or disconnection of any number
of them according to their required load :- of them according to their required load :-
The following conditions must be fulfilled The following conditions must be fulfilled
for correct parallel operation : for correct parallel operation :


Transformers are produced locally as , three phase immersed in oil , Transformers are produced locally as , three phase immersed in oil ,
natural cooling , in door & outdoor ,with power rate from 50 up to natural cooling , in door & outdoor ,with power rate from 50 up to
10.000 K.V.A & voltages up to 22 K.V.A under licence of Siemens 10.000 K.V.A & voltages up to 22 K.V.A under licence of Siemens
A.B.B & France Transfo A.B.B & France Transfo
2.1 2.1 General characteristics : General characteristics :
the transformers described have the following general characteristics : the transformers described have the following general characteristics :

Three phase . Three phase .

Connection D/Y11 Connection D/Y11

Frequency 50 Hz . Frequency 50 Hz .

Natural cooling in oil or silicon . Natural cooling in oil or silicon .

Continuous service . Continuous service .

Indoor or out door installation . Indoor or out door installation .

Rated power : Rated power :
Normal rated power in KVA as follows . ( 25- 50- 100 160 250 400 Normal rated power in KVA as follows . ( 25- 50- 100 160 250 400
500- 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 K.V.A -. ) 500- 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 K.V.A -. )

2. 2.2 Formation of distribution 2 Formation of distribution
transformers : transformers :

2.2.1 Iron core: 2.2.1 Iron core: * * : :
Made of cold rolled silicon steel sheets 0.3mm Made of cold rolled silicon steel sheets 0.3mm
to minimize losses to minimize losses

0.3 0.3
2.2.2 Windings: 2.2.2 Windings:
High tension turns are made of copper High tension turns are made of copper
wires of either circular cross sections wires of either circular cross sections
varnish isolated or rectangular cross varnish isolated or rectangular cross
sections isolated by sililose paper. Low sections isolated by sililose paper. Low
tension turns are made of either tension turns are made of either
noninsulated copper foils with insulating noninsulated copper foils with insulating
paper in between or of rectangular wires paper in between or of rectangular wires
insulated by cylindrical paper sheets insulated by cylindrical paper sheets
: :




. .

2.2.3-Tank : 2.2.3-Tank :
The transformer tank is made of The transformer tank is made of
corrugated steel . corrugated steel .
The corrugated tank surface is itself the The corrugated tank surface is itself the
cooling surface. The tank is provided with an cooling surface. The tank is provided with an
additional steel reservoir for oil expansion, additional steel reservoir for oil expansion,
on which a piping device is installed to on which a piping device is installed to
transmit oil cock ,a hole for silicagel transmit oil cock ,a hole for silicagel
apparatus,and an oil level indicator apparatus,and an oil level indicator. .
: :





2.2.4- Terminals : 2.2.4- Terminals :
H.V.and L.V. terminals are brought out H.V.and L.V. terminals are brought out
through porcelain bushings according to the through porcelain bushings according to the
rated voltage. The insulators are fixed to the rated voltage. The insulators are fixed to the
tank cover in such a way to ensure replacement tank cover in such a way to ensure replacement
without dismantling the transformer cover. without dismantling the transformer cover.
Cable end boxes on either H.T. or L.T. side or Cable end boxes on either H.T. or L.T. side or
both can be made if required both can be made if required
.
.
: :





. .

2.2.5 Tapchangers : 2.2.5 Tapchangers :
or distribution transformers , tap or distribution transformers , tap
changers are externally for allowing changers are externally for allowing
voltage regulation with 5 % of the rated voltage regulation with 5 % of the rated
value in 5 equal steps of 2.5 % each , value in 5 equal steps of 2.5 % each ,
the tap changer is manually operated the tap changer is manually operated
while current is off while current is off
: :

+ + 5 5 % %
+ + 2.5 2.5 % %

. .
2.2.6- Oil : 2.2.6- Oil :

transformers are filled with special oil transformers are filled with special oil
( Diala ( 5 ) or equal ) of high insulating ( Diala ( 5 ) or equal ) of high insulating
grade according to IEC specifications grade according to IEC specifications
. . : :

( ) ( ) IEC IEC

2.2.7 Main accessories of distribution 2.2.7 Main accessories of distribution
transformers : transformers :

Oil expansion reservoir . Oil expansion reservoir .

Thermometer pocket Thermometer pocket

Oil drain cock Oil drain cock

Oil level indicator Oil level indicator

Lifting chackles Lifting chackles

Four two directional adjustable wheels Four two directional adjustable wheels

Earth screw Earth screw

Name plate Name plate

: :

2.2.8 Additional accessories : 2.2.8 Additional accessories :

Dehydrating breather Dehydrating breather

Buchholz relay Buchholz relay

Ordinary mercury thermometer Ordinary mercury thermometer

) ) 1 1 ( (




3.1 The general data of transformers are: 3.1 The general data of transformers are:

. .

Determine wheather the ransformer will Determine wheather the ransformer will
work in parallel or individual In case of work in parallel or individual In case of
parallel work with old transformers, the parallel work with old transformers, the
voltages and impeadance of them must be voltages and impeadance of them must be
mentioned . mentioned .

. .

Percentage regulation of tap changer . Percentage regulation of tap changer .

. .

The place in which the transformer will be The place in which the transformer will be
installed and wheather indoor or outdoor . installed and wheather indoor or outdoor .

. .

Connection group ( e.g DY II ) Connection group ( e.g DY II )

. , , . , ,

Input voltage , output voltage in volts and Input voltage , output voltage in volts and
cycle in Hertz . cycle in Hertz .

. . .. ..

Power of transformer in K.V.A Power of transformer in K.V.A

3.2 Selection 3.2 Selection: :
3.2.1 Rated values : 3.2.1 Rated values :

The rated values of the transformer such as power , voltage , The rated values of the transformer such as power , voltage ,
transformation ratio and impendence ratio are selected according to transformation ratio and impendence ratio are selected according to
the requirements of the system . the requirements of the system .


3.2.2 Rated power : 3.2.2 Rated power :
The rated power is found first by determining the peak effective power The rated power is found first by determining the peak effective power
demand designed or measured , usually a margin is added to provide demand designed or measured , usually a margin is added to provide
for the regular increase in power demand . for the regular increase in power demand .
( ) ( )
. .
When calculate the rated power (PN) we must take in consideration the When calculate the rated power (PN) we must take in consideration the
anticipated power factor (COS anticipated power factor (COS ) )
. .

3.2.3 The impendence voltage(UK) : 3.2.3 The impendence voltage(UK) :
the impeadence voltage the impeadence voltage UK UK is the voltage necessary at the input terminals at is the voltage necessary at the input terminals at
rated frequency to cause the rated current to flow in the primary when the rated frequency to cause the rated current to flow in the primary when the
terminals on the secondary are short circuited terminals on the secondary are short circuited

3.2.4 The rated impeadence voltage(UkN) : 3.2.4 The rated impeadence voltage(UkN) :
the rated impeadance voltage (UKN) is the value of the impedance voltage the rated impeadance voltage (UKN) is the value of the impedance voltage
on the principal tap when related to the rated voltage (UN) it is called UKN on the principal tap when related to the rated voltage (UN) it is called UKN
and given in percent and given in percent
UkN UkN
UN UN
Where ; Where ;
UKN = rated impeadence voltage % . UKN = rated impeadence voltage % .
UKN = rated impeadence voltage in V. UKN = rated impeadence voltage in V.
U.N = reated voltage in V. U.N = reated voltage in V.
X 100% X 100%
UkN = UkN =

3.2.5 Selection of rated impeadence voltage : 3.2.5 Selection of rated impeadence voltage :
In distribution system a rated impeadence voltage UKN= 4 % is preferred in order to keep In distribution system a rated impeadence voltage UKN= 4 % is preferred in order to keep
the voltage drop small . the voltage drop small .
For larger industrial systems with greater power demand transformers with a rated For larger industrial systems with greater power demand transformers with a rated
impeadence voltage of 6 % are used in order to limit the short circuit stresses on the impeadence voltage of 6 % are used in order to limit the short circuit stresses on the
switch gear of the plant . switch gear of the plant .
3.2.6 Transformers loss PK: 3.2.6 Transformers loss PK:
For transformers losses include no-load losses Po and load losses ( Pk ) the no load losses For transformers losses include no-load losses Po and load losses ( Pk ) the no load losses
resulting from the continious magnetic flux reversal in the iron are practically constant resulting from the continious magnetic flux reversal in the iron are practically constant
voltage impeadence of load . voltage impeadence of load .
The load losses ( copper losses ) constant of resistive losses in the windings and losses due The load losses ( copper losses ) constant of resistive losses in the windings and losses due
to stray fields , the load losses vary with the square of the load . the total losses of a to stray fields , the load losses vary with the square of the load . the total losses of a
transformer are :- transformer are :-
Pk a P P
2
O V
+
)
K.V.A in P power rated
K.V.A in pa load part
( factor load a
Pv = total losses in watt . Pv = total losses in watt .. .
Po = no-load in watt. Po = no-load in watt.
PK = load losses in W PK = load losses in W

3.2.7 3.2.7

- Efficiency : - Efficiency :
the efficiency the efficiency

of a distribution transformer can be calculated of a distribution transformer can be calculated

with reasonable accuracy from the following ; with reasonable accuracy from the following ; N N
where ; where ;
= efficiency in % . = efficiency in % .
PN PN = rated power in K.V.A . = rated power in K.V.A .
Po Po = no-load losses in K.W , = no-load losses in K.W ,
Pk Pk = load losses in K.W . = load losses in K.W .
= power factor . = power factor .
a a = load factor . = load factor .
% 100
Po cos Watt P a
P a Po
- % 100
N
k
2

+
+

Cos

* Example :- * Example :-
calculate efficiency ( calculate efficiency (

) of a transformer at full load given the ) of a transformer at full load given the
following information : following information :
PN = 500 K.V.A., Po = 1.1 K.W , Pk = 5.5 K.W , PN = 500 K.V.A., Po = 1.1 K.W , Pk = 5.5 K.W ,
Cos Cos = 0.8 , a = 1.0 = 0.8 , a = 1.0

= 98.36 % = 98.36 %
% 100
Po cos P a
P a Po
- % 100
N
K
2

+
+

% 100
K.W 1.1 8 . 0 K.V 500 1
K.w 5.5 (1) K.W 1.1
- % 100
2

+
+

,
_

Pk
Po
a
447 . 0
5.5(k.w)
(k.w) 1.1
a
( )
% 100
K.W 1.1 8 . 0 KVA 500 447 . 0
K.w 5.5 0.447 K.W 1.1
- % 100
2

+
+

3.2.8 Maximum efficiency: 3.2.8 Maximum efficiency:
the load factor ( a ) for the maximum efficiency of a transformer is defined as the load factor ( a ) for the maximum efficiency of a transformer is defined as
follows ; follows ;
For the transformer in the above example this becomes ; For the transformer in the above example this becomes ;
Therefore maximum efficiency occurs with a load of ; Therefore maximum efficiency occurs with a load of ;
Pa = PN.a Pa = PN.a
Pa = 500 K.V.A Pa = 500 K.V.A 0.447 = 224 K.V.A 0.447 = 224 K.V.A
And for this load the efficiency is ; And for this load the efficiency is ;
= 98.36 % = 98.36 %
= 98.78 % . = 98.78 % .

3.2.9 Insulation class : 3.2.9 Insulation class :
the insulation rating of a transformer is designed by numerals indicating the the insulation rating of a transformer is designed by numerals indicating the
insulation voltage class in K.V & a letter insulation voltage class in K.V & a letter N N indicating that the transformer is indicating that the transformer is
designed for use no a system where a neutral is not solidly earthed . designed for use no a system where a neutral is not solidly earthed .
the insulation class corresponds to the values given in table no (1)* the insulation class corresponds to the values given in table no (1)*
Table no (1)* Table no (1)*

3.2.10 Maximum continuous operating voltage ( U.b) :
3.2.10 Maximum continuous operating voltage ( U.b) :
transformers must be selected with an insulation class such that the voltage on which transformers must be selected with an insulation class such that the voltage on which
they are continuously used does not exceed the allocated operating voltage ( Ub ) . they are continuously used does not exceed the allocated operating voltage ( Ub ) .
Rated voltages (UN): Rated voltages (UN):
The rated voltages ( UN ) is the voltage present , at rated load , The rated voltages ( UN ) is the voltage present , at rated load ,
at the input windings and for which the transformer is at the input windings and for which the transformer is
designed . designed .
The rated voltage ( UN ) on the output side is the voltage which The rated voltage ( UN ) on the output side is the voltage which
appears at no load ( no load voltage Uo ) with rated voltage appears at no load ( no load voltage Uo ) with rated voltage
and rated frequency on the input side . and rated frequency on the input side .

3.2.11 Adjustment of transformer ratio steps : 3.2.11 Adjustment of transformer ratio steps :
to compensate for voltage fluctuations due to load variations in systems , the high voltage to compensate for voltage fluctuations due to load variations in systems , the high voltage
windings of distribution transformers have tapping brought out to terminals ( as windings of distribution transformers have tapping brought out to terminals ( as
normally used on dry-type transformers ) or to a tap changer ( as normally used on oil or normally used on dry-type transformers ) or to a tap changer ( as normally used on oil or
Askeral immersed transformers ) the tapping corresponding to the nominal voltage is Askeral immersed transformers ) the tapping corresponding to the nominal voltage is
normally situated in the middle of the tapping range and is referred to as the principal tap . normally situated in the middle of the tapping range and is referred to as the principal tap .
Rated tapping range : Rated tapping range :
the rated tap voltage range of a winding is the range between the highest tap voltage and the rated tap voltage range of a winding is the range between the highest tap voltage and
nominal or similary the lowest tap voltage and nominal under no load condition with an nominal or similary the lowest tap voltage and nominal under no load condition with an
excitation corresponding to the rated voltage on the principal tap excitation corresponding to the rated voltage on the principal tap
Tap voltage range : Tap voltage range :

tap voltage ranges are laid down in DIN standard and expressed as a percentage rated tap voltage ranges are laid down in DIN standard and expressed as a percentage rated
voltage ( e.g 4% ) V.D.E 0532 specifies that rated voltages and the adjustable voltages voltage ( e.g 4% ) V.D.E 0532 specifies that rated voltages and the adjustable voltages
are shown in Volts in the rating plate . for a transformer with rated voltage on the input are shown in Volts in the rating plate . for a transformer with rated voltage on the input
side of 20.000 volt and a rated tap voltage range of 5% , the rating plate would show the side of 20.000 volt and a rated tap voltage range of 5% , the rating plate would show the
values 21.000 V, 20.000 V and 19.000 Volt values 21.000 V, 20.000 V and 19.000 Volt . .
3.2.12 vector group number : 3.2.12 vector group number :
The vector group symbol indicates the respective connections of the high voltage and low The vector group symbol indicates the respective connections of the high voltage and low
voltage transformer windings their relative phase displacement expressed as a clock hour voltage transformer windings their relative phase displacement expressed as a clock hour
figure. figure.
the identification letters of the method of connection are given for the high voltage the identification letters of the method of connection are given for the high voltage
winding ( OS ) in capital letters and for low voltage side ( us ) in small letters see table no winding ( OS ) in capital letters and for low voltage side ( us ) in small letters see table no
(2)* (2)*

Table no (2)
Clock hour number : Clock hour number :
the clock hour number indicate the multiple of 30 with which the vector of the low the clock hour number indicate the multiple of 30 with which the vector of the low
voltage side is lagging when moving anti-clock wise in comparison to the high voltage side is lagging when moving anti-clock wise in comparison to the high
voltage side of the corresponding terminal this angle between the voltage vectors can voltage side of the corresponding terminal this angle between the voltage vectors can
have values between 0 & 360 . have values between 0 & 360 .
the terminals 2U,2V& 2W on the low voltage side are related to the terminals the terminals 2U,2V& 2W on the low voltage side are related to the terminals
1U,1V,1W on the high voltage side , the mark up U , V, W corresponding to DIN 1U,1V,1W on the high voltage side , the mark up U , V, W corresponding to DIN
standard . standard .

Obtaining the clock hour number: Obtaining the clock hour number:
the clock hour number can be obtained by first drawing the vector diagrams of the the clock hour number can be obtained by first drawing the vector diagrams of the
connections of the windings up one on top of the other and both on top of a clock face connections of the windings up one on top of the other and both on top of a clock face
in such a way that the marking 1V of the high voltage side coincides with number 12 in such a way that the marking 1V of the high voltage side coincides with number 12
corresponding to 0 . corresponding to 0 .
the position 2V of the connection diagram of the low voltage side on the clock face the position 2V of the connection diagram of the low voltage side on the clock face
gives the clock hour number of the vector group . gives the clock hour number of the vector group .
Example: (fig 2). Example: (fig 2).
Fig no (2) Fig no (2)
Vector group (DY5) Vector group (DY5)
* C Y/S: * C Y/S:
High voltage side : C connection . High voltage side : C connection .
Low voltage side : y connection Low voltage side : y connection
Clock hour number 5 multiplied by 30 gives 150 Clock hour number 5 multiplied by 30 gives 150
phase displacement between vector 1V of the high voltage phase displacement between vector 1V of the high voltage
winding & the vector 2V of the low voltage winding . winding & the vector 2V of the low voltage winding .
preferred vector group : preferred vector group :
for distribution transformers , star or delta connections for for distribution transformers , star or delta connections for
the high voltage windings and star or zizag connections the high voltage windings and star or zizag connections
for the low voltage winding are preferred table (3)* shows for the low voltage winding are preferred table (3)* shows
some group numbers some group numbers

Table no (3) Table no (3)


4.1 Indoor installation : 4.1 Indoor installation :
Indoor pattern fluid cooled transformers must be installed in covered rooms Indoor pattern fluid cooled transformers must be installed in covered rooms
which provide protection against rain , snow , dust & sand etc. , and good which provide protection against rain , snow , dust & sand etc. , and good
ventilation . ventilation .
Dry type transformers : must be installed in closed rooms which dry & Dry type transformers : must be installed in closed rooms which dry &
practically dust free the rooms should be easily accessible , to allow for practically dust free the rooms should be easily accessible , to allow for
transport , operation maintenance & fire fighting . transport , operation maintenance & fire fighting .
4.2 Outdoor installation : 4.2 Outdoor installation :
Fluid cooled transformers are suitable for outdoor installation when Fluid cooled transformers are suitable for outdoor installation when
provided with suitable bushings & paint finish suitable for outdoor provided with suitable bushings & paint finish suitable for outdoor
conditions. conditions.
Measuring the temperature of insulating and cooling fluid the temperature Measuring the temperature of insulating and cooling fluid the temperature
of the cooling and insulating fluid are measure near the top for this purpose, of the cooling and insulating fluid are measure near the top for this purpose,
the caver of the transformer contains for thermometer pockets into which the caver of the transformer contains for thermometer pockets into which
thermometers can be inserted these pockets are filled with same type of thermometers can be inserted these pockets are filled with same type of
cooling and insulating fluids used within the transformer cooling and insulating fluids used within the transformer
4.3 Building dimensions of transformer station : 4.3 Building dimensions of transformer station :
The dimensions of the transformers are an important factor to house the The dimensions of the transformers are an important factor to house the
transformer allowance should always be made for increase the power transformer allowance should always be made for increase the power
demand in the future . demand in the future .
The following table give an example of dimensions of transformers for a The following table give an example of dimensions of transformers for a
given power [table (4) & fig no (3)*] . given power [table (4) & fig no (3)*] .

Fig no (3) Fig no (3)

Table no (4) Table no (4)
Shows some ratings of Transformers And their dimensions and weights Shows some ratings of Transformers And their dimensions and weights

The height of the building to house a transformer & also provide the The height of the building to house a transformer & also provide the
required access is dependant upon the height of the transformer , the type of required access is dependant upon the height of the transformer , the type of
ventilation , the location cables & connections & the clearance necessary ventilation , the location cables & connections & the clearance necessary
between live parts & earthed metal . for this type of transformer station the between live parts & earthed metal . for this type of transformer station the
minimum height transformer should be the over all height of the minimum height transformer should be the over all height of the
transformer plus 500mm .. transformer plus 500mm ..
4.4 Width of inspection passage way: 4.4 Width of inspection passage way:
the length & width of a transformer station with service access should be the length & width of a transformer station with service access should be
dimensioned such that for transformers with rated power of up to 630 KVA dimensioned such that for transformers with rated power of up to 630 KVA
the inspection passage wais are at least 70 cm wide , for transformers of the inspection passage wais are at least 70 cm wide , for transformers of
800-1600K.V.A. the passage- ways should be at least 75 cm wide 800-1600K.V.A. the passage- ways should be at least 75 cm wide
4.5 Floor of transformer station for fluid cooled transformers : 4.5 Floor of transformer station for fluid cooled transformers :
the floor of the transformer station can be made from either a reinforced the floor of the transformer station can be made from either a reinforced
concrete slab with an opening in the centre or from girders of reinforced concrete slab with an opening in the centre or from girders of reinforced
concrete slab construction is used . the cement grouting should have an concrete slab construction is used . the cement grouting should have an
inclination of 1-2 in the direction of the collecting pit as shown in fig.(4) * inclination of 1-2 in the direction of the collecting pit as shown in fig.(4) *

fig no ( 4 ) fig no ( 4 )
example for the indoor example for the indoor
installation of a transformer installation of a transformer

4.6 Rails for transportation rollers : 4.6 Rails for transportation rollers :
the international specifications states the recommendations for steel the international specifications states the recommendations for steel
I section girders for supporting transformers the transportation I section girders for supporting transformers the transportation
rollers rest on these girders which also incorporate a guide strip 2 rollers rest on these girders which also incorporate a guide strip 2
cm high fig. (5) * cm high fig. (5) *
Fig no (5) Fig no (5)
Typical arrangement of girder Typical arrangement of girder
And guide strip for And guide strip for
transportation rollers transportation rollers

4.7 For oil immersed transformers: 4.7 For oil immersed transformers:
Collecting tank and pits cooling and insulating fluid : Collecting tank and pits cooling and insulating fluid :
For transformers with a rated power of 630 K.V.A a collecting tank below the For transformers with a rated power of 630 K.V.A a collecting tank below the
transformer can be used providing it has capacity sufficient to hold the total fluid of transformer can be used providing it has capacity sufficient to hold the total fluid of
the transformer floor can also be used as collecting tank when the door step & the transformer floor can also be used as collecting tank when the door step &
ventilation openings are correspondingly high ventilation openings are correspondingly high
Collecting pit : Collecting pit :
For transformers with rated power of 800 1600 K.VA, the collecting pit provided For transformers with rated power of 800 1600 K.VA, the collecting pit provided
must have a capacity of approxi 2 m ( oil content of transformers ) . must have a capacity of approxi 2 m ( oil content of transformers ) .
With a number of transformers each with rated capacity of between 800 1600 With a number of transformers each with rated capacity of between 800 1600
K.VA. a common collecting pit can be used providing this has a capacity at least 2 K.VA. a common collecting pit can be used providing this has a capacity at least 2
m . this pit can be situated out side the transformers , it is permitted to construct a m . this pit can be situated out side the transformers , it is permitted to construct a
number of small inter connected pits providing the total capacity of these pits exceed number of small inter connected pits providing the total capacity of these pits exceed
2 m . a sum pit should be provided in the bottom of each pit to facilitate the pumping 2 m . a sum pit should be provided in the bottom of each pit to facilitate the pumping
out of small amounts of water or oil . out of small amounts of water or oil .
Gravel, granite chipping layer : Gravel, granite chipping layer :
Collecting pits & the oil carrying ducts for a common collecting pit must be screened Collecting pits & the oil carrying ducts for a common collecting pit must be screened
above by a layer of gravel or granite chipping at least 20 cm , thick laid on a above by a layer of gravel or granite chipping at least 20 cm , thick laid on a
galvanized iron grating to minimize the spread of fire fig no (5) * galvanized iron grating to minimize the spread of fire fig no (5) *

Outdoor collecting pit :
Outdoor collecting pit :
A collecting pit must also be provided if transformers are installed A collecting pit must also be provided if transformers are installed
outdoor in order to prevent seepage of cooling &insulating fluid into outdoor in order to prevent seepage of cooling &insulating fluid into
the ground . the out door collecting pit must have a capacity of at the ground . the out door collecting pit must have a capacity of at
least 1.2 times the fluid content of the transformer to allow for part least 1.2 times the fluid content of the transformer to allow for part
filling of rain water or melted or melted snow , the pit must be filling of rain water or melted or melted snow , the pit must be
pumped out regularly , other wise it would became filled with pumped out regularly , other wise it would became filled with
rainwater . rainwater .
4.8 Ventilation of transformer rooms : 4.8 Ventilation of transformer rooms :
When designing the room to house a self cooled transformer it When designing the room to house a self cooled transformer it
must be borne in mind that the transformer heat losses must be must be borne in mind that the transformer heat losses must be
dissipated inlet- & outlet air openings have to provided the air inlet dissipated inlet- & outlet air openings have to provided the air inlet
should be either from underneath the transformer or as close as should be either from underneath the transformer or as close as
possible to the floor level but never higher than the midpoint of the possible to the floor level but never higher than the midpoint of the
transformer . the outlet opening should be as high as passible.inlet transformer . the outlet opening should be as high as passible.inlet
and outlet openings should be arranged on opposite walls . The and outlet openings should be arranged on opposite walls . The
efficiency of the ventilation increases with the difference in height efficiency of the ventilation increases with the difference in height
between the middle of the transformer tank & the outlet openings, between the middle of the transformer tank & the outlet openings,
fig (6)*. fig (6)*.

Fig no (6) Fig no (6)
Arrangement of inlet Arrangement of inlet
and outlet air openings and outlet air openings

4.9 Dimensioning of outlet air opening : 4.9 Dimensioning of outlet air opening :
from curves given fig.(10) the dimensions of the required out let air from curves given fig.(10) the dimensions of the required out let air
opening can be approximated the value obtained is for a free air opening can be approximated the value obtained is for a free air
opening without screen & also allowing for an air temperature rise of opening without screen & also allowing for an air temperature rise of
15 C within the room the values have been increased by for simple 15 C within the room the values have been increased by for simple
screens approx. 10% , for screens & shutters approx. 50 % . screens approx. 10% , for screens & shutters approx. 50 % .
Dimensions of inlet- air opening : Dimensions of inlet- air opening :
The dimensions of the inlet air opening can be 10 % smaller than The dimensions of the inlet air opening can be 10 % smaller than
the dimensions of the outlet- air opening , ( plus the increase the dimensions of the outlet- air opening , ( plus the increase
required for screen & shutters ) . to find the dimensions of inlet & required for screen & shutters ) . to find the dimensions of inlet &
outlet air openings . outlet air openings .
Given : Given :
Height from station floor to center of outlet air opening 3100 mm , Height from station floor to center of outlet air opening 3100 mm ,
transformer rated power 400 K.V.A height from station floor to mid transformer rated power 400 K.V.A height from station floor to mid
point of transformer tank 600 mm resulting difference in height h = point of transformer tank 600 mm resulting difference in height h =
3100 600 = 2500 mm . 3100 600 = 2500 mm .

Outlet air opening obtained from curves 0.9 m Outlet air opening obtained from curves 0.9 m

Increase for simple screen + 10 % + 0.09 m Increase for simple screen + 10 % + 0.09 m

Dimension of outlet air opening 0.99 m Dimension of outlet air opening 0.99 m

Dimension of inlet air opening (10 %) 0.9 m Dimension of inlet air opening (10 %) 0.9 m


5.1 5.1 Important instructions for Important instructions for
commissioning : commissioning :

: :
1. 1. cleaning the porcelain bushings bus bars for cleaning the porcelain bushings bus bars for
both H.T & L.T sides & tank surface both H.T & L.T sides & tank surface

1 1 - -

. .
2. 2. well fastening of porcelain bushing to well fastening of porcelain bushing to
transformer cover and to be sure that transformer cover and to be sure that
oil seals are in good condition oil seals are in good condition
2 2 - -


3. 3. oil level for safe operation oil level for safe operation
3 3




4. 4. in case that the transformer is not used in case that the transformer is not used
for long time the dielectric strength of for long time the dielectric strength of
oil is to be checked & after a year of oil is to be checked & after a year of
operation it must be not less than 20 operation it must be not less than 20
K.V/2.5 mm K.V/2.5 mm
4 4 - -

20 20 /. /. 2.5 2.5 . .

5. 5. to ensure safety of operation apparatus like to ensure safety of operation apparatus like
bucholz relay , thermometer , silica gel and bucholz relay , thermometer , silica gel and
earthing screw earthing screw
5 5 - -

6. 6. to be sure that the silica gel is blue to be sure that the silica gel is blue
( i,e) able to remove humidity , if it became ( i,e) able to remove humidity , if it became
red it must be dried 140 till it is blue again red it must be dried 140 till it is blue again
or must be changed . or must be changed .
6 6 - -


140 140

7. 7. terminals of warning and switching off in the terminals of warning and switching off in the
Buchholz relay must be connected to the Buchholz relay must be connected to the
warning circuit and to the protection circuits warning circuit and to the protection circuits
of the customer Here is a guide connection of the customer Here is a guide connection
diagram (fig.No.13) In case of small faults diagram (fig.No.13) In case of small faults
the gasses gathered around the upper fault the gasses gathered around the upper fault
which closed , the warning circuit and the which closed , the warning circuit and the
warning voice is heared , in case of big warning voice is heared , in case of big
faults a big amount of gasses move the faults a big amount of gasses move the
lower float which shuts the tripping circuit lower float which shuts the tripping circuit
and the current is switched off the trafo and the current is switched off the trafo
warning and switching circuits work on the warning and switching circuits work on the
customer protection current on voltages customer protection current on voltages
between 24 & 220 Volts A.C or D.C . between 24 & 220 Volts A.C or D.C .
7 -





.

24 220
.
) 13 (


8. 8. To be sure that the tape changer is in the To be sure that the tape changer is in the
required position . required position .
8 8 - -
. .
9. 9. In case of indoor installation of Trafo, the In case of indoor installation of Trafo, the
dimensions of the Trafo room must be dimensions of the Trafo room must be
suitable to the Trafo , size and aeration , air suitable to the Trafo , size and aeration , air
ducts must be made in opposite ducts must be made in opposite
directions .Covering the air ducts with a directions .Covering the air ducts with a
metallic net is recommended metallic net is recommended
9 9 - -




) ) 7 7 ( (

5.2Transformer tests: 5.2Transformer tests:
routine tests are carried out according routine tests are carried out according
to IEC standards : to IEC standards :

IEC IEC : :

turns ratio test turns ratio test

Insulation test between windings and Insulation test between windings and
between winding and earth. between winding and earth.

Induced high voltage test. Induced high voltage test.

no load losses test no load losses test

short circuit test short circuit test

windings resistance measurements windings resistance measurements

. .

. .

5.2.1 upon request following 5.2.1 upon request following
tests can be made : tests can be made :

loading and heat test loading and heat test

resistance of insulation to impulse resistance of insulation to impulse

test test

noise lvel noise lvel

6.1 6.1 Arrangement of distribution transformers Arrangement of distribution transformers
The distribution transformers can be arranged centrally in one station or The distribution transformers can be arranged centrally in one station or
in a number of sub stations distributed over the whole load area . in a number of sub stations distributed over the whole load area .
As a rule they should be placed at the centers of load thus the length of As a rule they should be placed at the centers of load thus the length of
cables cross section of conductors and losses are kept within economic cables cross section of conductors and losses are kept within economic
limits . limits .
The centrally arranged system used for distribution systems where only The centrally arranged system used for distribution systems where only
small extension of the area is likely and load intensity is high . small extension of the area is likely and load intensity is high .
the load equalization occurs mainly on the low tension side on the bus the load equalization occurs mainly on the low tension side on the bus
bars see fig (8)* in calculating the rated power of distribution bars see fig (8)* in calculating the rated power of distribution
transformer . transformer .

Fig no (8) Fig no (8)
Centrally Arranged distribution Centrally Arranged distribution
Transformers in a sub-station Transformers in a sub-station

6.2 6.2 Some requirements for operation :- Some requirements for operation :-
The peak load of the whole distribution system taking into account a The peak load of the whole distribution system taking into account a
reserve in the event of one transformer being out of order the reserve in the event of one transformer being out of order the
transformers should if possible be equal in size to facilitate operation transformers should if possible be equal in size to facilitate operation
in parallel and interchangeability. in parallel and interchangeability.
The decent tralized arrangement of distribution transformers is of ten The decent tralized arrangement of distribution transformers is of ten
favored for wide supply area and for widely distributed centers of favored for wide supply area and for widely distributed centers of
load neighborly substation can then be connected by ri ng main on load neighborly substation can then be connected by ri ng main on
the low voltage side in this way load equalization between the sub the low voltage side in this way load equalization between the sub
station Can be achieved and the supply can be maintained when station Can be achieved and the supply can be maintained when
one of the transformers on the high voltage side of substation is out one of the transformers on the high voltage side of substation is out
of order. of order.
if necessary several transformers may be required as reserve , as if necessary several transformers may be required as reserve , as
shown in fig ( 9 ) and fig ( 10 ) and fig (11 ) . shown in fig ( 9 ) and fig ( 10 ) and fig (11 ) .

Fig no (9) Fig no (9)
Decentralized arrangement of distribution Decentralized arrangement of distribution
Transformers in several sub-stations Transformers in several sub-stations

Fig no (10) Fig no (10)
Ring-main system with ring Ring-main system with ring
Circuit looped between sub- Circuit looped between sub-
stations stations

Fig no (11) Fig no (11)
diagram of ring-main diagram of ring-main
system. system.
a) Ring main system a) Ring main system
with two ring circuits with two ring circuits
b) Ring-main system with b) Ring-main system with
terminal station terminal station

6.3 6.3 Peculiarities of high voltage ring system: Peculiarities of high voltage ring system:

this simple way to loop ring circuits into substations is via load break isolators this simple way to loop ring circuits into substations is via load break isolators
the ring circuit can be opened at convenient points to confine a fault to a part the ring circuit can be opened at convenient points to confine a fault to a part
of the circuit only ( e.g in substation b3 ) fig (12)* of the circuit only ( e.g in substation b3 ) fig (12)*
By means of short circuit indicators in each sub-station affected can be By means of short circuit indicators in each sub-station affected can be
determined thus the faulty section of the circuit can be readily found and determined thus the faulty section of the circuit can be readily found and
isolated. isolated.
After isolating the faulty cable run at (d) ( worst fault condition ) & closing the After isolating the faulty cable run at (d) ( worst fault condition ) & closing the
isolating point in substation b3 , normal service can be resumed under the isolating point in substation b3 , normal service can be resumed under the
worst fault condition , with the fault in cable run ( d ) between the ring supply worst fault condition , with the fault in cable run ( d ) between the ring supply
and the first substation the remaining cable has to supply current to the whole and the first substation the remaining cable has to supply current to the whole
ring circuit and must therefore be rated for single supply if there is a load ring circuit and must therefore be rated for single supply if there is a load
center with high load demand opposite the transfer station ( e.g a university , center with high load demand opposite the transfer station ( e.g a university ,
hospital in a rural area ) , it will found advantageous to provides a ring main hospital in a rural area ) , it will found advantageous to provides a ring main
system with a terminal substation at the load center . this would ensure good system with a terminal substation at the load center . this would ensure good
load equalization and high security of supply to, all sub station yet the number load equalization and high security of supply to, all sub station yet the number
of ring circuits will be less fig. (11) of ring circuits will be less fig. (11)

6.4 6.4 Parallel operation: Parallel operation:
transformers will operate in parallel when they are connected to the same network transformers will operate in parallel when they are connected to the same network
system, both on the high voltage as well as on the low voltage side . system, both on the high voltage as well as on the low voltage side .
slight different conditions apply between operation in parallel bus bars and operation slight different conditions apply between operation in parallel bus bars and operation
in parallel on systems networks . in parallel on systems networks .
6.5 6.5 general requirements for parallel operation : general requirements for parallel operation :
for satisfactory operation in parallel , especially on bus bars the following general for satisfactory operation in parallel , especially on bus bars the following general
requirements apply ; requirements apply ;

For transformers having the same vector group and clock hour number, terminals For transformers having the same vector group and clock hour number, terminals
having identical designations are paralleled . having identical designations are paralleled .

The ratio of transformation must be identical . The ratio of transformation must be identical .

All taping must have identical values on each transformer . All taping must have identical values on each transformer .

The rated impeadence voltage must be practically the same within 10 % , the The rated impeadence voltage must be practically the same within 10 % , the
transformer with the smaller rated power should have the higher rated transformer with the smaller rated power should have the higher rated
impeadence voltage , if possible the ratio of the rated power of transformers impeadence voltage , if possible the ratio of the rated power of transformers
working in parallel should not be more than3:1 . working in parallel should not be more than3:1 .
for checking the phase relationship the 2N-terminal of the transformer to be for checking the phase relationship the 2N-terminal of the transformer to be
connected to the transformer to be connected is connected to the 1N bus bar of the connected to the transformer to be connected is connected to the 1N bus bar of the
system the phase relation is then check by using a voltmeter if the connection is system the phase relation is then check by using a voltmeter if the connection is
correct the voltmeter will indicate zero , if the connection is correct the voltmeter correct the voltmeter will indicate zero , if the connection is correct the voltmeter
will indicate values values of up to twice the phase voltage fig (13) * . will indicate values values of up to twice the phase voltage fig (13) * .

Fig no ( 13 ) Fig no ( 13 )

6.6 6.6 Protection by fuses ( short circuit protection ) : Protection by fuses ( short circuit protection ) :
Distribution transformers are normally protected against short circuits by high Distribution transformers are normally protected against short circuits by high
voltage H.R.C- fuses ( table No 5 ) can be used for the selection of fuses for voltage H.R.C- fuses ( table No 5 ) can be used for the selection of fuses for
distribution transformers ; the maximum current inrush when switching on the distribution transformers ; the maximum current inrush when switching on the
transformer has been taken into consideration . transformer has been taken into consideration .
Table no (5) Table no (5)
Guiding values for the rating Guiding values for the rating Of high-voltage Of high-voltage HRC-fuses HRC-fuses

6.7 Over load protection: 6.7 Over load protection:
the over load protection of transformers is provided on the low voltage side the over load protection of transformers is provided on the low voltage side
. the low voltage H.R.C- fuses or the thermally delayed over current trips . the low voltage H.R.C- fuses or the thermally delayed over current trips
of the circuit breakers are selected according to the rated current IN of the of the circuit breakers are selected according to the rated current IN of the
transformer . this selection normally provides adequate selectivity between transformer . this selection normally provides adequate selectivity between
high voltage and low voltage side . high voltage and low voltage side .
6.8 Short circuit strength: 6.8 Short circuit strength:
Distribution transformers need to be designed to with stand the effects of Distribution transformers need to be designed to with stand the effects of
external short circuits with out damage . external short circuits with out damage .
Steady state R.M.S short circuit current Steady state R.M.S short circuit current I I. .K K : :
The short circuit current Ik of a transformer is the steady state R.M.S. The short circuit current Ik of a transformer is the steady state R.M.S.
value of current at the terminals following on all phases short circuit on the value of current at the terminals following on all phases short circuit on the
terminals of the outgoing side and when the D.C component has decayed terminals of the outgoing side and when the D.C component has decayed
with constant rated voltage applied to the input terminals . with constant rated voltage applied to the input terminals .

Calculation of steady state R.M.S short circuit current : Calculation of steady state R.M.S short circuit current :

For transformer operating at rated voltage & rated frequency and tappings For transformer operating at rated voltage & rated frequency and tappings
adjusted to the principal tap , the continuous short circuit current Ik can be adjusted to the principal tap , the continuous short circuit current Ik can be
calculated from the rated current IN & the rated impeadence voltage UKN . calculated from the rated current IN & the rated impeadence voltage UKN .
IN = rated current in A . IN = rated current in A .
UKN = rated independence voltage in % . UKN = rated independence voltage in % .
For the calculation of short circuit currents of installation systems , the For the calculation of short circuit currents of installation systems , the
resistance of the system must be taken into consideration . for calculation of resistance of the system must be taken into consideration . for calculation of
short circuit current in three phase systems . short circuit current in three phase systems .
6.11 Maximum permissible duration of short circuit : 6.11 Maximum permissible duration of short circuit :
For values of Ik and time duration see table ( 6 ) the peak short circuit For values of Ik and time duration see table ( 6 ) the peak short circuit
current is important in considering the dynamic stresses in the transformer & current is important in considering the dynamic stresses in the transformer &
other operating equipment affected by the fault . other operating equipment affected by the fault .
The peak short circuit current IS of a transformer is the first peak The peak short circuit current IS of a transformer is the first peak
maximum transient value of current at the terminals of the outgoing side . maximum transient value of current at the terminals of the outgoing side .
The first peak value of current Ik is the The first peak value of current Ik is the multiple of the R.M.S short multiple of the R.M.S short
circuit current IK circuit current IK
A. in current circuit short R.M.S
k
I
2 X

table no (6) table no (6)
Values of Ik and time of duration Values of Ik and time of duration
2 X
2 I I
K S

. ) peak value ( A in current circuit short peak I
S

. A in current circuit short R.M.S e permissibl maximum I
K

. factor impulse 2 X
6.12 Calculation of the peak short circuit current Is : 6.12 Calculation of the peak short circuit current Is :
The permissible peak short circuit current Is of a transformer is : The permissible peak short circuit current Is of a transformer is :
Where : Where :
Impulse factor : the impulse factor of the reactance X to the Ohmeic resistance R , ( Impulse factor : the impulse factor of the reactance X to the Ohmeic resistance R , (
i.e ) dependent on the ratio of the reactance voltage U i.e ) dependent on the ratio of the reactance voltage Ux x to the resistive voltage drop UR to the resistive voltage drop UR
of the transformer . of the transformer .


Maintenance work is permitted only when the transformer is switched off and the Maintenance work is permitted only when the transformer is switched off and the
terminals earthed . terminals earthed .
7.1 7.1 Dry type transformers: Dry type transformers:
Dry type transformers must be kept dust free & protected against pollution . at Dry type transformers must be kept dust free & protected against pollution . at
regular intervals these should be cleaned with bellows or a vacuum cleaner . regular intervals these should be cleaned with bellows or a vacuum cleaner .
terminals and bolted joints should also be checked regularly . terminals and bolted joints should also be checked regularly .
Drying out : Drying out :
The insulation resistance between windings & also windings to earth provides good The insulation resistance between windings & also windings to earth provides good
indication of the condition of the insulation especially when a transformer has been indication of the condition of the insulation especially when a transformer has been
out of service over a long period and many have absorbed moisture . subsequent out of service over a long period and many have absorbed moisture . subsequent
drying out may therefore be necessary . drying out may therefore be necessary .
The insulation resistance at room temperature should not less than The insulation resistance at room temperature should not less than
For operating voltage: For operating voltage:

Up to 1000 v 15 m. ohm. Up to 1000 v 15 m. ohm.

Above 1000 v 25 m. ohm Above 1000 v 25 m. ohm

Above 5000 v 40 m. ohm . Above 5000 v 40 m. ohm .

The insulation resistance is normally measure with 1000 V or 2000 V instrument The insulation resistance is normally measure with 1000 V or 2000 V instrument
If the insulation resistance is below the above recommended values it can be assumed If the insulation resistance is below the above recommended values it can be assumed
that moisture has been observed by the insulation . that moisture has been observed by the insulation .

7.3 The winding can be dried out as follows : 7.3 The winding can be dried out as follows :
By heating in a drying oven at a temperature of approx. 80C or with heaters By heating in a drying oven at a temperature of approx. 80C or with heaters
such as incandescent lamps , resister elements or radiators . the surface of the such as incandescent lamps , resister elements or radiators . the surface of the
windings must not exceed 100C when using direct radiation . windings must not exceed 100C when using direct radiation .
heating under short circuit conditions with a maximum rated current the output heating under short circuit conditions with a maximum rated current the output
side of the transformer is short circuited and the input side connected to a side of the transformer is short circuited and the input side connected to a
voltage approximately equal to the impedance voltage . voltage approximately equal to the impedance voltage .
this voltage is adjusted such that the current flowing does not exceed the rated this voltage is adjusted such that the current flowing does not exceed the rated
current stated on the nameplate is exceeded during drying the room must be current stated on the nameplate is exceeded during drying the room must be
well ventilated during dying process . the value of insulation resistance should well ventilated during dying process . the value of insulation resistance should
be measured repeatedly . be measured repeatedly .
7.2 7.2 Renovation of the operating room : Renovation of the operating room :
During renovation work in the transformer room the transformer should be During renovation work in the transformer room the transformer should be
switched off and earthed . switched off and earthed .
It is important , particularly with dry type transformer to cover carefully to protect It is important , particularly with dry type transformer to cover carefully to protect
from dust , paint , humidity and other pollution , when building and painting work from dust , paint , humidity and other pollution , when building and painting work
is in process , the room must be well ventilated and if necessary heated . is in process , the room must be well ventilated and if necessary heated .
Cast resin transformers are largely maintenance free and do not require drying . Cast resin transformers are largely maintenance free and do not require drying .

7.3 7.3 Oil immersed transformers : Oil immersed transformers :
the type of fluid used is stated on the rating plate .the maintenance of this the type of fluid used is stated on the rating plate .the maintenance of this
type of transformer includes : type of transformer includes :

Checking the level of fluid at the sight glass . Checking the level of fluid at the sight glass .

Checking effectiveness of gaskets and quality of paint finish . Checking effectiveness of gaskets and quality of paint finish .

Testing the insulating fluid of moisture content and checking or Testing the insulating fluid of moisture content and checking or
reactivating the silica gel in the breather . reactivating the silica gel in the breather .
To check the moisture content of the insulating fluid a sample must be taken To check the moisture content of the insulating fluid a sample must be taken
to ensure that the measurement corresponds to the actual conditions of the to ensure that the measurement corresponds to the actual conditions of the
fluid within the transformer , special care the highest degree of clean lines fluid within the transformer , special care the highest degree of clean lines
is required when taking samples . is required when taking samples .
1. 1. A specimen bottle with large opening and glass stopper ( not cork ) is A specimen bottle with large opening and glass stopper ( not cork ) is
required required
2. 2. The bottle must be cleaned with clean alcohol and well dried . The bottle must be cleaned with clean alcohol and well dried .
3. 3. The drain cook must be carefully cleaned and dried before taking a test The drain cook must be carefully cleaned and dried before taking a test
sample . sample .
4. 4. The specimen bottle should be approximately half filled with the fluid The specimen bottle should be approximately half filled with the fluid
and rinsed with this fluid before a test sample is taken . and rinsed with this fluid before a test sample is taken .. .

7.4 7.4 break down voltage : break down voltage :
Eleven samples should be taken and a break down voltage test made with Eleven samples should be taken and a break down voltage test made with
electrodes having a 2 5 mm gap for each sample the break down electrodes having a 2 5 mm gap for each sample the break down
voltage test is repeated six times with a 2 minute interval between each . voltage test is repeated six times with a 2 minute interval between each .
the break down voltage is the mean value of the results of tests 2 to 6 . the break down voltage is the mean value of the results of tests 2 to 6 .
the transformers of insulation rating up to 30 k.v. the mean value the transformers of insulation rating up to 30 k.v. the mean value
acceptable is for new oil or a skarel 60 k.v. minimum and for used oil 30 acceptable is for new oil or a skarel 60 k.v. minimum and for used oil 30
k. v. minimum . k. v. minimum .
if the measured values fall below the above mentioned minimum values if the measured values fall below the above mentioned minimum values
the insulating fluid must be changed or re conditional by use of special the insulating fluid must be changed or re conditional by use of special
filter presses or for small trans formers the complete transformer can be filter presses or for small trans formers the complete transformer can be
dried under vacuum the manufacturers of transformers and the electricity dried under vacuum the manufacturers of transformers and the electricity
boards have the necessary plant and devices for the conditioning and boards have the necessary plant and devices for the conditioning and
drying of the insulating fluid . drying of the insulating fluid .
for refilling is necessary the fluid used must be identical to the original it for refilling is necessary the fluid used must be identical to the original it
is recommended to test the new fluid for break down voltage before is recommended to test the new fluid for break down voltage before
refilling refilling