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different.
GROWTH is generally used to denote an increase in physical size or quantitative
change.
DEVELOPMENT is used to denote an increase in skills or ability to function.
COGNITIVE DEV’T is the ability to learn or understand from experience, to retain
knowledge and to solve problems (Intelligence).
- Trucks, dollhouse
Pre-school Associative - Doctor and nurse kits
- Sandbox, outdoor gym
1. Educational
2. Recreational
3. Physical Dev’t
4. Social and Emotional Adjustment
5. Therapeutic
Infancy (0-1)
Nutrition
- Vit. C, D and Iron is not found in milk
- Solid food introduce at 4 to 6 months
Psychosocial Dev’t
- mother should not expect too much from infant
Health Maintainace
Toddler (1-3)
- Autonomy / Independence
- Recognize that they are separate individual
> negativistic
> Difficult to manage
Socialization
- imitates what she/ he sees
- differentiate boy from girl
Toilet Training
- stays dry for 2 hours with regular bowel mov’t
- Can sit, walk and squat
- Can verbalize the desire to void or defecate
Negativism
- undergo extreme negativism, hates to do anything
- reply to every request is definite NO!
Temper tantrums
Pre-school (4-5)
Psychosocial Development
- master skills that will help them fxn in the adult world
- Stealing is a common school-age problem
Play
- collecting age begins (Cards, posters, marbles etc.)
Cognitive Dev’t
- develop logical reasoning, cause and effect
Moral and Spiritual Dev’t
- God is good and always present to help
- Hygiene and Nutrition
Adolescent (12-18)
- Period during w/c the person becomes physically and psychologically mature and
acquires personal identity.
Puberty – first stage of adolescent in w/c sexual organ begins to grow and mature.
girls – 10 to 14
boys – 12 to 16
Menarche – occurs in girls
Ejaculation - occurs in boys
Physical Dev’t
- adolescent growth Spurt
- Glandular changes – sweat, acne
Cognitive Dev’t
- ability to use scientific thought – plan their future
Psychosocial Dev’t
- task is to establish identity and self-concept
- Adolescent are sexually active and may engage in masturbation or heterosexual
activity.
- Dating helps prepare them for marriage by teaching them how to act with members
of opposite sex.
Sex Education
CIRCULATORY STATUS
• Urine present in the bladder at birth, but NB may not void for 1st 12-24 hours.
• Later pattern is 6-10 voidings/day - indicative of sufficient fluid intake.
• Urine is pale and straw colored.
- initial voidings may leave brick-red spots on diaper r/t passage of uric acid crystals
in urine
• Infant unable to concentrate urine for the 1st 3 mos
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Hard palate should be intact, small raised white areas on the palate are normal.
EPSTEIN’S PEARLS
• Newborn can’t move food from lips to pharynx.
• capable of digesting simple CHO and simple CHON but fats
• Stomach capacity caries= 50-60 ml
• Feeding patterns
TEMPERATURE
WEIGHT
• normal= 2500 - 4300 g (5.5 to 9.5 lbs) at term.
• Initial loss of 5-10% of body weight
- normal for the first few days
- this should be regained in 1-2 weeks
LENGTH
• Average 45.7-55.9 cm (18-22 in)
CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE
• 30-33 cm (12-13 inches)
• should be equal to or 2-3 cm < head circumference
HEAD
NURSING INTERVENTION
Dx Test: Myelogram
Dyes:
1. Oil – FOB 6- 8 hrs.
2. Water – head elevation 6 hrs.
3. Air – trendelenburg
Mgt: Shunting
Mgt :
Surgery within 24 hrs after birth
Crede’s maneouver
BRONCHIOLITIS
Mani:
Rhinorrhea & ⇓ fever
Lethargy
Poor feeding
Irritablity
Tachypnea
Dyspnea
Nasal flaring
Wheezing
Diminished breath sounds
PNEUMONIA
Types:
Viral : Whitish sputum
Bacterial: non productive hacking cough
Primary Atypical: Non productive – productive- blood streak sputum
NURSING CARE
Administer O2, Mist tent
Suction PRN
Chest physiotherapy
Bed rest
Lie on the affected side
Isolation precaution
Anti-tussives, antimicrobial therapy, antipyretics
Thoracenthesis
ASTHMA
Wheezing
Dyspnea
Chest tightness
Exacerbations
- air is trapped behind occluded or narrow airways
and hypoxemia can occur
STATUS ASTHMATICUS
- child displays respiratory distress despite vigorous
treatment
- may result in respiratory failure & death if untreated
HOME CARE MEASURES
- Allergens control
- Avoid extremes of temperature
- Avoid exposure to viral respiratory infection
- Recognize early symptoms
- Instruct the child in the administration of medications as Rx
- Adequate rest, sleep, and a well-balanced diet
- Adequate fluid intake
- Exercise as tolerated
GUT
Cryptorchidism
• Whether or not to treat is still controversial.
- If the testes remains in the abdomen, damage to the testes (sterility) is possible
because of increased body temperature.
• If not descended by age 8-9 mos, chorionic gonadotropin can be given.
Orchipexy
- surgical procedure to retrieve and secure testes placement
- preformed between ages 1-3 years
NURSING CARE
• Advise parents of absence of testes and provide nformation about treatment
options.
• Support parents if surgery is to performed.
Post-op
• Avoid disturbing the tension mechanism.
- will be in place for about 1 week.
• Avoid contamination of incision.
GIT DISORDERS
Celiac’s dse aka Gluten Enteropathy
- Increase in amino acid glutamine
Monitor gluten free diet
Provide supplement fat-soluble vitamins
Provide client teaching and discharge planning concerning:
a. Gluten-free diet
b. avoidance of infection.
c. importance of adhering to diet
d. importance of long term ff-up management.
IMPERFORATED ANUS
• Surgery to reconstruct the anus and perform a colon pull-through or sigmoid
colostomy with anastomosis and pull-through 1 year later