1. A) LOAD TEST ON D.C. SHUNT MOTOR Objectives: To conduct the load test on a D.C.

shunt motor and to draw the characteristic and performance curves. References: D.P.Kothari and I.J.Nagrath, Basic Electrical Engineering, Tata McGraw Hill publishing company ltd, second edition, 2002. S.K.Bhattacharya, Electrical Machines, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing company ltd, second edition, 1998. Knowledge Required: Characteristic of D.C. shunt motor Performance curves Three point starter operation Apparatus required: Sl.No Apparatus Type
3 Point Starter

Range

Quantity

Circuit Diagram:

IL

D.C. Shunt Motor Specifications Power: Voltage: Speed: Current:

Precautions: At the time of switching on the supply, the field rheostat must be at its minimum resistance position and there should not be any load on the motor. Range Fixing: The range of voltmeter, ammeter and fuse rating can be fixed based on the voltage and current rating of the motor. Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Connections are made as per the circuit diagrams Start the motor using three-point starter. Run the motor at rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat. Observe the voltmeter, ammeter, speed and spring balance readings at no-load. Load the machine gradually and for convenient loads, note down the above said readings. 6. Load the motor till rated current is drawn by it from the supply terminal. Observation: Spring Balance Sl. No. VL (V) IL (A) F1 (kg) F2 (kg) Speed Torque T N (N-m) (rpm) Output Power P0
(Watts)

Input Power Pi
(Watts)

Efficiency (%)

Radius of the brake drum, r = Model Calculation: Circumference of the brake drum Radius, r = = cms m. (F1 ~ F2) * r * 9.81 Nm
2NT W atts 60

Torque applied on the shaft of the motor, T = Output power, Po Input Power, Pi % Efficiency, = = =

V L IL

Watts

Po 100 Pi

Model Graphs:
N, T, , IL

I T

P0

Ia

Report:

Ia

Prepare report based on the following: Results obtained from the swinburnes test. Characteristics curves Performance curves of D.C. shunt motor Discussion Questions: 1. How does the back emf in a D.C. motor make the motor self-regulating? 2. How can we reverse the direction of a D.C. Shunt motor? 3. Justify the statement - D.C. shunt motor will run almost at constant speed 4. What is the need for starters for starting a D.C. machine? 5. What are the various D.C. starters? 6. What are the different types of D.C. motors? 7. Write the condition for maximum power developed by D.C. motor. 8. Write the voltage equation of a D.C. Shunt motor. What is the relationship between back emf, speed of rotation and flux per pole?

1. B) LOAD TEST ON D.C. SERIES MOTOR

Objectives: To conduct the load test on a D.C. series motor and to draw the characteristic and performance curve. References: D.P.Kothari and I.J.Nagrath, Basic Electrical Engineering, Tata McGraw Hill publishing company ltd, second edition, 2002. S.K.Bhattacharya, Electrical Machines, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing company ltd, second edition, 1998. Knowledge Required: Characteristic of D.C.series motor Performance curves Two point starter operation Apparatus required: Sl.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

Circuit Diagram: IL
+ + A 2 Point Starter L A

YY
F1 F2

220 V D.C.

D P S T S

+ V

A VL AA
M

#
Brake drum

D.C. Series Motor Specifications Power: Voltage: Speed: Current:

Precautions: At the time of switching on the supply, there should be minimum load on the motor. Range Fixing: The range of voltmeter, ammeter and fuse rating can be fixed based on the voltage and current rating of the motor. Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Connections are made as per the circuit diagrams. Put some load on the motor. Start the motor using two-point starter. Load the machine gradually and for convenient loads, note down readings. Load the motor till rated current is drawn by it from the supply terminal.

Observation: Spring Balance Sl. No. VL

(V)

IL
(A)

F1 Kg

F2 Kg

Speed Torque T N (N-m) (rpm)

Output Power P0
(Watts)

Input Power Pi
(Watts)

Efficiency (%)

Radius of the brake drum, r = Model Calculation: Circumference of the brake drum Radius, r = = cms m. (F1 ~ F2) r 9.81 Nm
2NT W atts 60

Torque applied on the shaft of the motor, T = Output power, Po Input Power, Pi % Efficiency, = = =

V L IL

Watts

Po 100 Pi

Model Graphs:
N, T, , IL I

T
T

P0

Ia

Report:

Ia

Prepare report based on the following: Characteristics curves Performance curves of D.C. series motor Discussion Questions: 1. Why series motor is not started without load? 2. Write some applications of D.C series motor. 3. What is reason behind the high starting torque in D.C series motor?

2.OPEN CIRCUIT AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF SELFEXCITED D.C. SHUNT GENERATOR

Objectives: 1. 2. 3. 4. References: To obtain the O.C.C To deduce the O.C.C. for various speed. To determine the critical field resistance and critical speed. To obtain load characteristics.

D.P.Kothari and I.J.Nagrath, Basic Electrical Engineering, Tata McGraw Hill publishing company ltd, second edition, 2002. S.K.Bhattacharya, Electrical Machines, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing company ltd, second edition, 1998. Knowledge required: EMF equation of Generator Relation between generator EMF and speed. Critical field resistance and critical speed. Saturation of magnetic poles and retentivity property of magnetic material. Apparatus required: Sl.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

Circuit Diagram:

Motor Specifications Power: Volts: Speed: Current: Field Current:

Generator Specifications Power: Volts: Speed: Current: Field Current:

Range fixing: Rheostats on field circuit of motor and Generator. Their current rating is to be based on their rated field current Their ohmic value should be as high as possible (especially for Generator side) If Based on rated field current of Generator IL Based on rated or 120% of rated current of Generator V Based on rated voltage of Generator Fuse Ratings: Based on the 120% of rated current of motor and generator For generator field circuit the fuse rating is based on the rated field current. Precautions: The motor field rheostat should be in minimum resistance position and the generator field rheostat should be in maximum resistance position while switching on and switching off the supply side DPSTS. Ensure that no load is connected, while switching on and switching off the supply side DPSTS. Procedure: O.C. Test: 1.Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2.Run the M.G. set at rated speed by adjusting the motor field rheostat after closing the supply side DPSTS. 3. Keeping the DPSTS on load side and the SPSTS in field side open condition, note the voltage induced (If = 0). 4. Close the SPSTS and observe V for uniform increase of If till the magnetic poles are saturated. Load test: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Run the MG set at rated speed. 3. Excite the Generator to its rated voltage after closing the SPSTS, and observe

FF

9 the readings on no load. 4. Close the DPSTS on load side, vary the load for convenient steps of load current and observe the meter readings. 5. Note that on each loading the speed should be rated speed. 6. Load the Generator up to its rated capacity. Observation: OC Test: Sl. No. If
(Amps)

E0
(Volts)

Load Test: Speed: .............. RPM; No load voltage: ............. volts Sl. No. Terminal voltage (Vt) (Volts) Load current IL (Amps) If (Amps) Ia=IL+If (Amps) Eg = Vt + IaRa (Volts)

Model Calculation: O.C. E0 N So, for different speeds, O.C.C. can be deduced from the O.C.C.at rated speed. Load test: For self excitation I a = IL + If So, induced emf on load, Eg = V + IaRa Ra and Rsh are measured using multimeter. Model Graphs: E0 V, Eg

Rc line A

O.C.C. Line Rsh Line

Eg vs Ia V vs IL

B C If IL, Ia

10

Draw Rc line, such that it is tangent to the initial portion of O.C.C. at rated speed and passes through origin. The value of critical field resistance, Rc = the slope of Rc line Critical speed, Nc =
BC N R ; here N R Rated speed AC

Report: Prepare a detailed report based on The O.C.C. and load characteristics Compared load characteristics of separately excited and self-excited alternator. Discussion Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Define critical speed and critical field resistance. List out the causes for the drop in terminal voltage when generator is loaded. What are the effects of armature reaction? Why there is induced emf even If is zero? How the effects of armature reaction are reduced? *****

11

3.SPEED CONTROL OF D.C. SHUNT MOTOR

Objectives: To obtain the various speed control characteristics of a D.C. shunt motor. Reference: D.P.Kothari and I.J.Nagrath, Basic Electrical Engineering, Tata McGraw Hill publishing company ltd, second edition, 2002. S.K.Bhattacharya, Electrical Machines, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing company ltd, second edition, 1998. Knowledge Required: Various speed control technique. Relationship between speed and various quantities. Apparatus required: Sl.No Circuit diagram: Apparatus Type Range Quantity

Motor Specifications Power: Speed: Field Current: Volts: Current:

12

Precautions: At the time of switching on the supply Range fixing: The current drawn by the shunt motor on no-load is 15 to 20% of full load current. Current drawn by the motor on no-load (approx.) I0 = _______ A The rated field current is _____ A The range of ammeter If is (0- ) A & Field circuit rheostat rating is _____ ; ____ A (the current rating should be slightly higher than the rated field current) The no-load armature current is Iao = I0- If Armature resistance Ra is low. The ohmic value of armature circuit rheostat required = Va / Iao = ___ Select the nearest higher ohmic and current value. Armature circuit rheostat rating is _____ ; ____A. Procedure: Armature control: Connections are made as per the circuit diagram Close the DPST switch Set the field current as constant value. Note down the speed of the motor for various armature voltage by varying the armature rheostat. 5. Repeat the above procedure for various field current. (rated, above rated and below rated current) Field control: 1. 2. 3. 4. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram Close the DPST switch Set the armature voltage as constant value. Note down the speed of the motor for various field current by varying the field rheostat. 5. Repeat the above procedure for various armature voltage. (rated, above rated and below rated voltage) 1. 2. 3. 4. The field rheostat should be at the minimum resistance position The armature rheostat should be at the maximum resistance position

13

i) Armature control If1 (Amps) Va

(Volts)

Speed N (rpm)

If2 (Amps) Va (Volts) Speed N (rpm)

If3 (Amps) Va (Volts) Speed N (rpm)

ii) Field control Va1 (Volts) If

(Amps)

Speed N (rpm)

Va2 (Volts) If (Amps) Speed N (rpm) If3 If2 If1 Speed N (rpm)

Va3 (Volts) If (Amps) Speed N (rpm)

Model Graph:

Speed N (rpm)

Va3 Va2 Va1 If (Amps)

Field Control

Va (Volts) Armature Control Report: Prepare a report based on The results obtained The graphs drawn. Discussion questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

What are stray losses and constant losses? What are variable losses? What is the condition for maximum efficiency? How eddy current losses can be minimized? How the different losses in a d.c.shunt machine depend on load? What will happen if field opens when the motor is running?

4.LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

14

Objectives: To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of a given 1- transformer and to draw the following graph a) %Efficiency Vs Output Power b) Regulation Vs Output Power Knowledge Required: Working principle of Transformer Behavior of transformer in different loads condition. Losses, efficiency and regulation of transformer. Apparatus required: Sl.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

Circuit Diagram:

W1

P
D P S T S

I1

Py

Sy

1 230V 50Hz.

V+

V1

1- Variac

1- Transformer

W2 M L

I2

V+

V2

VRL

Variac Specifications Voltage:

Transformer Specifications KVA:

15 Current: Precautions: Variac must be kept in minimum position while switching on and switching off the supply. There should be any load on the transformer while switching on. Range fixing: The range of Voltmeter, Ammeter and wattmeter can be fixed based on the voltage and current rating of Induction motor. (The Transformer can be loaded upto 120% of Full load capacity. Procedure: Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Ensure that, load on the secondary side all switches are in off positions. Close the DPST switch. Adjust the variac slowly until the secondary side voltmeter reads the rated voltage. 5. Note down the no load readings. 6. Apply load in convenient steps, till 120% of rated load and observe all meters readings. Observations: MF= MF=
Sl.No V1(Volts) I1(Amps) W1 Reading Power (Watts) V2(Volts) I2(Amps) W2 Reading Power (Watts) %Efficiency %Regulation

Voltage Ratio:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Model Calculation: Input power =W1 Watts Output power =W2 watts %Efficiency =W2/W1 x100 Vnoload Vload x100 %Regutaion= Vnoload

Model graph:
%

16

Report:
Prepare the report based on Results obtained Graphs drawn

Po

5.OC AND SC TESTS ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Objectives:

17

1. To obtain the equivalent circuit of transformer. 2. To predetermine the efficiency and regulation of transformer. 3. To predetermine the maximum efficiency of transformer Reference: Electrical Technology Vol. II D.C. and A.C. machines, B.L. Theraja Knowledge Required: Concept of open and short circuit. Equivalent circuit of transformer. Losses, efficiency and regulation of transformer. Condition for maximum efficiency of transformer.

Apparatus required: Sl.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

Circuit Diagram: O.C. Test:

W

P
D P S T S

Io

Py

Sy

1 230V 50Hz.

V+

Vo

1- Variac

1- Transformer

S.C. Test:
W

P
D P S T S

Isc

Py

Sy

18
V
C V+

1 230V 50Hz.

Vsc

Variac Specifications Voltage: Current: Precautions:

Transformer Specifications KVA: Voltage Ratio:

Variac must be kept in minimum position while switching on and switching off the supply. LPF wattmeter for O.C. test and UPF wattmeter for S.C. circuit test should be used. Range fixing: O.C. Test: Full load primary current I 1 =
Full load capacity in VA Pr imary voltage V1 Full load capacity in VA Secondary voltage V2

Full load secondary current I 2 =

Let both O.C. and S.C. test be conducted on primary side. On O.C. test the current drawn by the transformer is about 5 10% of Full load Primary current. Ammeter range is (0 Voltmeter range (0 )A )V The rated primary voltage will be applied.

Wattmeter: The current rating and voltage rating of Wattmeter are to be nearer to the value calculated above. On O.C. condition the reactive power drawn is more and the active power drawn is less. So power factor on no-load will be very low.

19

LPF wattmeter can be used The range of wattmeter is V, . A, LPF. S.C. Test: The voltage applied to the transformer primary to circulate rated full load current is about 5 to 10% of rated primary voltage. The voltmeter range is (0 Ammeter range is (0 )A )V

The active power drawn by the transformer on S.C. condition is more and reactive power drawn is less. UPF wattmeter can be used. Range of wattmeter is V, .A, UPF. Procedure: O.C. Test : 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Keep the secondary side circuit open. 3. Switch on the supply and energize the primary winding of the transformer by adjusting the variac until the voltmeter reads the rated voltage. 4. Note down readings of Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter reading. S.C.Test : 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. Keep the secondary side circuit closed. 3. Switch on the supply and energize the primary winding of the transformer by adjusting the variac until the ammeter reads the rated current. 4. Note down readings of Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter reading.

Observation: For O.C. Test: V0 I0 M.F. = W0 Reading Power For S.C. Test: Vsc Isc M.F. = Wsc Reading Power

20

Model Calculation: i) Equivalent Circuit:

W0 Power factor on no load Cos 0 = V0 I 0

Working component of no load current, Iw = I0 Cos

Magnetising component of no load current, I = I0 Sin 0 V0 Resistance to account iron losses, R0 = Iw V0 Reactance to account magnetization of the core, X 0 =I Equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to primary, R01 = (assuming S.C. test is conducted on primary side)
Vsc Equivalent impedance of the transformer referred to primary, Z 01 = I sc Equivalent leakage reactance of the transformer referred to primary,
X 01 = Z 01 R01
2 2

Wsc 2 I sc

V2 Voltage transformation ratio, K = V1 Equivalent resistance of the transformer referred to secondary, R02 = K2R01 Equivalent leakage reactance of the transformer referred to secondary, X02 = K2X01.

Equivalent circuit of the transformer referred to primary side:

I1 I0 Iw V1 R0 I X0 V2 = V2/K

I2 = KI2 R01 X01

ZL

21

I2 Secondary rated current referred to Primary side V2 Secondary rated voltage referred to Primary side ii) - Predetermination: Let the load be x% of FL kVA and cos - load power factor Power output, P0 = x (FL kVA) cos 1000 Copper Losses, Wc = x2 Wsc Total Losses, W = Wi + Wc (where Wi is approx. equal to W0) Power input Pi = P0 + W P 0 Efficiency, = x100 P i
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 % of load x 0 25 50 75 100 120 Copper loss Wc =x2Wsc (Watts) T.L. = Wi + Wc (Watts) Cos = 1 Po
(Watts)

Cos = 0.8 % Po
(Watts)

Cos = 0.6 % Po
(Watts)

Pi
(Watts)

Pi
(Watts)

Pi
(Watts)

iii Full load regulation predetermination: % regulation =

( I 2 R02 Cos I 2 X 02 sin ) 100 V2

I2 - Full load secondary current. V2 - rated secondary voltage Cos - Load power factor +ve sign for lagging power factor load -ve sign for leading power factor load

22
Sl. No. 1 2 3 Cos 0.8 lag 0.8 lead Upf Sin % Regulation

iv Maximum Efficiency predetermination: For maximum , copper loss = Iron loss i.e. I22 R02 = Wi Load current corresponding to maximum efficiency I 2 =
Wi R02

Then, maximum can be determined for any load power factor as below. cos -- load power factor (assume) Power output, Po = V2I2 cos Total losses, W = 2 Wi Power output, Pi = Po + W Maximum efficiency max = Model Graphs:
% regulation %

Po 100 Pi

UPF 0.8 p.f. 0.6 p.f.

Leading p.f. UPF Lagging p.f.

Report: Prepare report based on calculations performed above.

Po

Discussion Questions: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What are the two components of transformer no load current? Write the emf equation of transformer. Why we are using LPF and UPF wattmeter in O.C. and S.C. test respectively? Draw the no load phasor diagram for the transformer. Differentiate transformer based on construction and applications.

23 6. Name the instrument transformers.

6. REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF METHODS

Objectives: To predetermine the regulation of 3- alternator by EMF (synchronous impedance method) and MMF method using OC and SC characteristics.] Reference: Electrical Technology Vol. II D.C. and A.C. machines, B.L. Theraja Knowledge required: OC and SC tests on 3- alternator. Synchronous impedance. Estimation of regulation for various nature of loads by synchronous impedance method by phasor diagrams. Estimation of regulation for various nature of loads by MMF method.

24 Apparatus required:
Sl.No Apparatus Type 3 Point Starter L F A Range Quantity

Circuit Diagrams:
+

R
D P S T S

V TPSTS

A
M F

220 V D.C Supply

AA B Y
F FF

FF

230 V D.C

D P S T S

+ If A -

If

DC motor specifications Power : Current : Voltage: Speed : Measurement of stator resistance Rd.c. Idc
+ + A +

3- alternator specifications Power : Field Current: Voltage :

D P S T S

Vdc

R
V

25
-

230 V D.C Supply

-

N B

Range fixing: On both O.C. and S.C. tests the power delivered by the alternator is zero. the power drawn by the M-G set from source is equal to the no load power requirement of MG set, which is approximately 30-40% of full load current of D.C. motor. Fuse rating on D.C. side is .A Fuse rating on A.C. side is based on the rated current of alternator is . (For other ratings refer previous experiments) Precautions: Motor field rheostat should be at the minimum resistance position while switching on switching off the DPSTS. The rheostat on the field circuit of generator should be kept at minimum potential (output) position before closing the TPSTS.

Procedure: 1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 2. On closing DPSTS, run the MG set at rated speed. 3. Keeping TPSTS open, for convenient steps of If note down V. (Phase voltage) 4.Keeping TPSTS closed, observe If for rated current in the armature circuit of generator. 5. Measure the stator resistance per phase (d.c. value) with the circuit given. Observation: O.C. Test: O.C. Test: Sl. No. If
(Amps)

S.C. Test: V
(Volts)

Stator resistance / phase (d.c. value) If

(Amps)

I = rated current

Sl.

Vdc

Idc

Rdc =

26
(Amps)

No.

(Volts)

(Amps)

Vdc/Idc
(Ohms)

Model Calculation: (i) EMF method: Stator resistance / phase a.c. value, Ra = 1.3 Rdc Ra = .

Plot the O.C.C. and S.C.C. on common If Synchronous impedance / phase Z s =

OC voltage , V ph

for SC current , I sc a particular If

[Note: Zs should be calculated in the linear range of O.C.C.]

2 Synchronous reactance / phase X s = Z s2 Ra

Full Load regulation: I Full load current V Rated terminal voltage phase value cos - Load power factor (assumed) No load induced emf Eo =
(V C s + I Ra ) 2 + (V S I X s ) 2 o in

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

+ve sign for lagging power factor load. -ve sing for leading power factor load. E V X 100 % Regulation = 0 V Eo %Regulation Power Lagging Leading factor Sin Lagging power Leading power power Cos factor power factor factor factor 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

27 (ii) MMF method: Full Load regulation: VL 1. Vph = 3 2. Find V1 =Vph +IRacos 3. Find If1 i.e field current corresponding to V1 from the OCC curve. 4. Find If2 i.e. field current to I. 5. I f = I 21 + I 2 2 + 2 I f 1 I f 2 cos(180 (90 )) f f (90+ ) for lagging p.f (90- ) for leading p.f 6. Find the voltage (Eo) corresponding to If from the occ curve. E V X 100 7. % Regulation = 0 V Power factor cos 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Eo Lagging power factor Leading power factor %Regulation Lagging Leading power power factor factor

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Model graphs:
% Regulation V O.C.C. S.C.C. Vph Leading p.f. UPF Lagging p.f. Isc

If To find Zs If1 &

If2

Report:

28 Prepare a report based on the result obtained. Discussion Questions: 1. Write down the emf equation of 3- generator. 2. Define regulation of alternator. 3. Is regulation of alternator can be +ve, -ve and zero? If so under what conditions? 4. For which nature of load power factor the regulation of alternator is maximum? 5. Why S.C.C. is a straight line? 6. Draw phasor diagrams for different nature of loads. 7. What are pessimistic and optimistic methods?

7.V AND INVERTED V CURVES OF A THREE PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR Objectives To obtain V and Inverted V curves of a Synchronous motor Reference: Electrical Technology Vol. II D.C. and A.C. machines, B.L. Theraja Knowledge required: Working principle of synchronous motor and synchronous generatror with the supply. Necessary conditions to connect two alternators. Apparatus Required S.No Components Type Range Quantity

29

Formula
3 (W2 W1 ) Tan = (W2 + W1 )

Procedure: 1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram. 2. Keep the DPDT switch first on 1-1 position to give supply to the machine to run as a motor 3. Keep the motor armature rheostat in its maximum resistance position & its field rheostat in minimum resistance position. The generator field is in maximum position. 4. After closing the DPST switch motor side, its armature rheostat is cut off and its field rheostat is adjusted to obtain close to synchronous speed. 5. The TPST on the line side of the alternator is closed and the line voltage is measured. . The voltage across the alternator terminals is raised to the line level by varying the generator field rheostat.. After checking for the connection of phase voltage sequence the frequency of the alternator is synchronized following the synchronizing procedure.

Circuit Diagram

30

DC motor specifications Power : Current : Voltage: Speed :

3- alternator specifications Power : Field Current: Voltage :

Synchronising Procedure: If the phase sequence is wrong, the bulbs glow asymmetrically one after the other. If the frequency is more, the bulbs glow and become dark in quick interval. This is adjusted by varying the speed of the prime mover so that the periods of darkness and lightness are long and equal. At the middle of the dark period, the synchronizing switch is closed. 6. Then the alternator is in floating condition. Both DPDT, DPST switch are in open position. 7. Now the Alternator will run as Synchronous motor on no load. 8. Field current is reduced to minimum value from the settings. 9. Field current is increased in steps and the corresponding values of load current and wattmeter readings are noted.

31 10. DPDT switch is thrown to 2-2 position. 11. The synchronizing motor is loaded by loading the motor with shunt load. 12. Power factor is calculated 13. Plot If Vs COS for no load and loaded conditions. Observations No Load S.No If (amps) Ia (amps) W1 (watts) W2(watts) Power Factor

Load S.No If (amps) Ia (amps) W1 (watts) W2(watts) Power Factor

Model Graphs

Result: Report is based on the results and graphs obtained.

32

8.LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE SQUIRREL CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

Objectives: To conduct load test on 3- squirrel cage induction motor and to draw the load characteristic and performance curve. Reference: 1. Electrical Technology Vol. II B.L. Theraja Knowledge Required: Analysis of 3- system with balanced load Slip-torque characteristics of 3- Induction motor Load characteristics of 3- Induction Motor. Apparatus required: Sl.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

Circuit Diagram:
W1

M C

L V
+

F1

F2

3 415V 50Hz.

T P S T S

W2 C V
+

3- Induction Motor

3- Variac 3- Induction Motor Specification Power : Current : Voltage : Speed :

33

Precautions: Ensure no load is applied on the Induction motor while switching on and switch off the TPSTS. Select the meter ranges as per the specifications of 3- Induction motor. Range fixing: The range of Voltmeter and Ammeter can be fixed based on the voltage and current rating of Induction motor. (The Induction motor can be loaded upto 120% of Full load capacity). The power factor of Induction motor on Full load is around 0.8. So, UPF wattmeter can be chosen. Procedure: 7. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. 8. Ensure that there should not be any load on the motor. 9. Close the TPST switch. 10. Note down the no load readings. 11. Apply load in convenient steps of Amps, till 120% of rated load and observe all meters readings, force applied on brake drum and speed. Note: On no-load and light loading, one of the wattmeter will give negative reading. Observe these readings as minus reading by interchanging the terminals of current or pressure coil of that wattmeter. Observation: MF =
Sl. No. VL
(V)

MF =
W2 Power (Watts) Reading Power (Watts) Speed N (rpm) Force F1 Kg F2 Kg Net Force F=F1~F2 Torque N-m Input power (Watts)

W1 IL
(A)

Reading

Slip ( %)

Output (Watts)

Power factor

Efficiency ( %)

34

Model Calculation: Circumference of the brake drum Radius of the brake drum, r Torque applied on the shaft of the rotor, T Output power, Po Input power Pi % Efficiency, Power factor of motor = = = = = = = _____ cms _____ m (F1 ~ F2) r 9.81 Nm 2NT
60 W atts

W1 + W2 Po 100 Pi Pi 3 VL I l

% slip S =

NS N 100 ; N s = Synchronou s speed Ns

3 (W2 W1 ) ; W2 Higher reading watt meter, W1 Lower (W2 + W1 )

(Check also the power factor cos from the two wattmeter readings where

= tan 1

reading watt meter.) Model Graphs: , p.f., IL, N

Torque T

IL p.f.

Result:

Slip, s O The report is based on the results and graph obtained.

Po

Discussion Questions: 1. Name the types of 3- Induction motor.

35 2. Which type of 3- Induction motor has higher starting torque? 3. Define: slip speed, slip 4. Why power factor of Induction motor is low on no-load condition? 5. Mention the applications of 3- Induction motors?

****

9.SPEED CONTROL OF THREE PHASE SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR

Objectives:

36 To control the speed of a three phase Slip Ring Induction motor using rotor resistance control. Reference: 2. Electrical Technology Vol. II B.L. Theraja Knowledge Required Slip-torque characteristics of 3- Induction motor. Operation of Rotor resistance and other type of starters for 3-phase induction motor. Apparatus required: Sl.No Apparatus Type Range Quantity

Circuit Diagram:
W1

R
V T P S T S

M C

L V+

A1 A2 F1 F2

3 415V 50Hz.

B1 B B2
W2 C V+ L

C1 C C2
3- Induction Motor

Rotor Resistance 3- Induction Motor Specification Starter Power : Current : Voltage : Speed :

Precautions: Ensure no load is applied on the Induction motor while switching on and switch off the TPSTS.

37 Select the meter ranges as per the specifications of 3- Induction motor. Procedure: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Measure the rotor winding resistance per phase using multimeter. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Start the motor using rotor resistance starter. Vary the rotor resistance and note down the speed. Measure the external rotor resistance for each position. Total rotor resistance is obtained by adding the external resistance with rotor winding resistance. 7. Steps 4 to 6 are repeated.

Observation: % slip S =
NS N 100 ; N s = Synchronou s speed Ns

S.No

Rotor resistance value

Speed

Slip

Result : Thus speed control of a slip ring induction motor is achieved by rotor resistance control.

10.LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

Objectives: Obtaining the load characteristics of single phase induction motor. Reference:

38

1. Principles of Electrical Engineering V.K.Mehta. 2. Electrical Technology Vol. II B.L. Theraja Knowledge Required: Slip-torque characteristics of 1- Induction motor Load characteristics of 1- Induction Motor. Circuit Diagram:

M C

C1

C2

F1
CFS

F2

V+ 1 230V 50Hz. D P S T S V
L1

Z1
L2

Z2

1- Induction Motor Specification Power : Current : Voltage : Speed :

Precautions: Ensure no load is applied on the Induction motor while switching on and switch off the DPSTS. Select the meter ranges as per the specifications of 1- Induction motor. Range fixing:

39

The range of Voltmeter and Ammeter can be fixed based on the voltage and current rating of Induction motor. (The Induction motor can be loaded up to 120% of Full load capacity). The power factor of Induction motor on Full load is around 0.8. So, UPF wattmeter can be chosen. Procedure: 1. On completion of circuit connection, check for the motor is on no-load condition; close the DPSTS and note down the no-load readings. 2. Apply load in convenient steps of Amps, till 120% of rated load and observe all meters readings, force applied on brake drum and speed. Observation: MF =
W Sl. No. V Volts I Amps Reading Power (Watts) Speed N (rpm) Force F1 Kg F2 Kg Net Force F=F1~F2 Torque N-m Input (Watts)

Slip

Output (Watts)

Power factor

Efficiency

Model Calculation: Circumference of the brake drum Radius of the brake drum, r Torque applied on the shaft of the rotor, T = = = _____ cms _____ m (F1 ~ F2) r 9.81 Nm

40 Output power, Po Input power Pi % Efficiency, Power factor of motor % slip S = Model Graphs: , p.f., IL, N = = = =
2NT W atts 60

W Po 100 Pi
Pi V I

NS N 100 ; N s = Synchronou s speed Ns

Torque T

IL p.f.

Report:

Slip, s

Po

Prepare report based on Characteristics of Induction motor obtained Discussion Questions: 1. Name the types of 1- Induction motor. 2. Why 1- induction motor is not self-starting? 3. Why power factor of 1- Induction motor is high on capacitor run motor at load condition? 4. Mention the applications of 1- Induction motors?