201O Interational Conference on Networking and Digital Societ

Study on Wireless Intelligent Surface Acoustic Wave CO Gas Sensor based on Grid
Computing and Web Service
LaO Vci
Carbon/Carbon Composites Research Center
Northwester Poly technical University
Xi'an, 710072, P R. China
caowei@mail.nwpu.edu.cn
Abstact:-Surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensors based on
PANI (polyaniline) is studied experimentally and theoretically to
overcome the Low sensitivity, high working temperature and
high cost of the traditional CO gas sensors. The sensor networks
system required that sensors have some function of Grid
computing. In this paper, we discuss a model for interfacing
sensors to grid computing and show how to use embedded Web
service technology, AR9 microprocessor, embedded Linux,
embedded service toolkit SOAP implement intelligence and grid
function of sensor. Fast response and recovery time with good
repeatability were observed at room temperature.
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I. Introduction
In recent years, due to the high-precision, high
reliabilit, fast response and dynamic characteristics of the
surface acoustic wave devices, SAW gas sensor develops ver
rapidly[I,2]. Among them, the gas-sensitive flm is an
important part of the surface acoustic wave (SAW) gas sensor,
its characteristics and performance have a close relationship
with the SAW gas sensor's each performance index. Recently,
the research on the electroactive polymers [2,3], mainly
polyaniline, polypyrrole, poly thiophene which are used as the
gas sensitive flm has aroused people's attention. Not only
because the polyaniline has the outstanding electricity, the
optics and electrochemistr characteristic, the fne machining
property, but also because the characteristic that its gas
sensitive selectivit and the sensitivit can be improved
through the doping method ,the polyaniline [8,9,10] has been
978-1-4244-5161-6/10/$26.00 201O IEEE
11
Zhang1cng
School of Automation
Northwester Poly technical University, Xi'an
710072, P R. China
jiapengzhangpeng@163.com
already used in many kinds of gas sensors. This article
introduced the research on SAW CO gas sensor based on
polayaniline flm doped with the 1n203.
A sensor network is a distributed sensing technology with
limited processing ability and communications. Grid
computing[5] is similar to a web service but with more control
due to the extra services it provides. Both grid computing and
sensor networks are ongoing areas of research with
collaboration fom around the world. Grid computing looks at
utilizing the vast amount of resources that are spread across
networks, while sensor networks utilize the collections of
simple devices to cover large areas at a low cost. While sensor
networks use the grid resources, the grid uses the data
collection by the sensor networks. In this paper we discuss the
integration of sensor networks with existing grid computing
based on web service. Specifcally we are looking at how we
could extend grid services which focuses on computation
resource usage rather than data resource usage with sensor
networks and database support. As an integration mechanism,
the embedded service toolkit SOAP[5,6] is used to interface
between Grid and sensors. We have established a techniques
Architecture about how to interface grid computing with a
sensor network. Implementation of wireless sensor with the
grid fnction based on Web service [6,7] was also given.
II. Architecture Structure of the surface acoustic wave
sensing device
A. Sensitive mechanism of the surface acoustic wave
gas sensor
The sensitive mechanism of surface acoustic wave CO
gas sensor is the synthesis manifests of the mass efect and the
electric-conductance efect[2,3]. When the gas sensitive flm
is covered on the SAW delay line, the flm will adsorb the
carbon monoxide gas, which will cause the changes of the
mass and conductivit of the CO gas sensitive flm and will
cause SAW (fequency) to occurrence the corresponding
change:
J.(1m) = f
2
hp(kj
+
k
2
+
k3)-
/
f
2
h(4kj
^+ /
o
+
k
2
J
VR ^+ 2/
o
(1)
And, im ( m) , SAW oscillator fequency deviation
caused by the mass efect; is ( M) , SAW oscillator
fequency deviation caused by the electric-conductance
efect; k
!
' k2 ' k3 ,Piezoelectricit substrate material constant;
f
'
SAW oscillator fequency deviation without disturbance;
L, h, length and thickness of the sensitive flm;
/-P
o '
Z , O x ,density, shear modulus , lamo constant and
conductivit of the sensitive flm; V
R
'
SAW phase velocity
without disturbance; | ,the distance between the IDTs;
O
M
= vo(e! eJ; Vo ,the SAW velocity in the piezoelectric
substrate; 81.82, dielectric permittivit of the sensitive flm and
piezoelectric substrate; _
'
electromechanical coupling
coefcient. The carbon monoxide gas can be detected by the
measurement of the fequency deviation of the SAW device.
B. Layered surface acoustic wave resonator gas sensor
structure of delay line
The SAW component is one of two key components of
the SAW gas sensor[2,3]. Afer dozens of year development,
there are two kinds of SAW components, the resonator and the
delay line SAW component. The resonator SAW component
has much superiorit, such as, much higher Q value, high
resonance fequency. Because in the gas sensor application,
the resonator SAW component has smaller sensitive area, it is
unft to be used as the SAW gas sensor. Because the delay line
1
SAW component has big sensitive region, which may caused
to be covered more gas sensitive materials, it's widely used in
SAW gas sensors. But the delay line SAW component's
resonance fequency is low, and its insertion loss is ver high,
which afects the performance of the delay line SAW gas
sensor.
The delay line SAW component and the resonator SAW
component has its merit and the defciency respectively in the
SAW gas sensor application. In view of this, in this article the
SAW CO gas sensor uses the combination of the low insertion
loss resonator SAW component and the delay line SAW
component. This new structure not only has resonator SAW
component's superiorit ,such as high Q value, high
resonance fequency, but also has the delay line SAW
component' superiorit, big sensitive area, which may enhance
the SAW CO gas sensor's overall performance greatly.
IDT
ST -quartz(SubSlrale)
Figure 1 Schematic structure of the SAW sensor.
In this article, in order to raise sensor's resonance
fequency, the sensor structure selects the layered SAW
construction. Because the SAW CO gas sensor's application
environment is worse, a strong anti-interference layered SAW
structure is selected[2,4], like Figure 1.
III. Architecture Structure of the wireless sensor
networks with grid computing support
Sensor networks consist of very large numbers of
low-cost sensor nodes, each of which is a data source. And
diferent kind of sensor format the data being sent in diferent
ways requiring integrating schema. Schema based on
XML[6,7,8] is created in this project for defning the format of
the data. The Web service is used to develop the grid side of
the system. Figure 2 shows the structure of the sensor network
with the grid fnction based on web service
A. Web Services
Web Services technologies are an attempt to defne the
building blocks for building loosely coupled, distributed
applications based on the SOA principles. As defned in[9],
Web Services interact by exchanging messages in SOAP
format while the contracts for the message exchanges that
implement those interactions are described via WSDL
interfaces.
Figure 3 shows the logical structure of a Web Service.
When a SOAP message arrives at a Web Service it is frst
handled by the service's message processing logic which
transforms network level SOAP messages into something
more tangible for applications to deal with (such as
domain-specifc objects).Once the message has been
consumed, its contents are then processed by the application
logic, making use of the resources available to the service.
Typically some response is then generated, which is fed back
via one or more messages.
=

8
"

Web portal
Service orchestration & workflow
Service management & monitor
(Virtual) XML data interface
Wireless Sensor
Networks
Database
Figure 2 Architecture structure of the wireless sensor networks with grid
computing support
By encapsulating those interal resources within the
service, and providing a layer of application logic between
those resources and the consumers, the owners of the service
1J
are fee to evolve its interal structure over time(for example,
to improve its performance or dependability),without making
changes to the message exchange patters that are used by
existing service consumers. This encourages loose coupling
between consumers and service providers, which is important
in inter-enterprise computing, as no one part is in complete
control of all parts of the distributed application.
By leveraging the developments in Web Services
technologies, Grid architects can exploit the tools,
documentation, educational materials, and experience fom the
Web Services communit when building applications without
having to create a parallel set of solutions. This allows the
Grid community to concentrate on building the higher-level
services that are specifc to the Grid application domain while
the responsibilit for the underlying infastructure is lef to IT
industr. The sofware vendors will work on standardizing the
Web Services technologies, developing production-quality
tooling, achieving wide adoption, testing for the
interoperability of the implementations of those standards,
educating developers, etc.
'
Q
u

(Virtual)XML knowledege (user)interface

"
.S
.

Q SOAP WSDL

u
`
o
-
Q
u
r
Q
XML Java NET DPEL
--
Figure 3 Anatomy of a Web Service
B. Grid Computing
A sensor network is a distributed sensing technology with
limited processing ability and communications. Grid
computing is similar to a web service but with more control
due to the extra services it provides. Both grid computing and
sensor networks are ongoing areas of research with
collaboration fom around the world. Grid computing looks at
utilizing the vast amount of resources that are spread across
networks, while sensor networks utilize the collections of
simple devices to cover large areas at a low cost. While sensor
networks use the grid resources, the grid uses the data
collection by the sensor networks. Diferent sensor networks
format the data being sent in different ways requiring
integrating schema. Schema is created in this project for
defning the format of the data, and for the XML parser to be
used. The Web service is used to develop the grid side of the
system.
IV. Implementation of the Web service of the wireless
sensor and Test of the sensor
A. Structure of the Grid sensor
From the technical characteristic of the embedded Web
Service, it can be known that the embedded Web Service is a
remote support system taking HTTP, XML, SOAP, and
WSDL[lO] as its key technologies. Obviously the original
Web Service technology based on original can't be used in the
Implementation of the Web service of the wireless sensor.
And the Web service should be established on the hardware
foundations of large memor and high speed microprocessor.
The structure of the wireless sensor based on embedded Web
Service is shown in Figure 4.
With a view to the system cost, level of development,
system requirement of resource, we select a ARM9 processor,
S3C241OA, as the MCU, DM9000E as the Etheret
connection and selects DM9000E as the Etheret connection
of the sensor. Moreover we expanded 1 piece of NOR Flash
(SST39VF1601) fom the exteral bus foe the Boot loader
start-up procedure, as well as 64MB capacity NAND Flash
(K9F1208UOB) for the Linux essence and the fle system
Web
S3C2410 Service
Boa Web
Server
HTTPXML
HTTPHTML
Figure 4 Basic structure of the Grid sensor
14
We take the structure of ARM-Linux system as the
sofware system of the sensor. Firstly, the sensing data of the
wireless sensor networks will be stored in a document. Then,
the Boa embedded Web Service will be established on
application level and the CGI program will read the data
document at fxed interval. Finally, the sensing data will be
released on the web page. So the client can read the sensing
data by browsing web page.
Moreover, constructing the embedded Web service based
on gSoap can shields the operation details of substrate
equipment, provides the common Web service interfaces and
release the sensing data by the SOAP data packet .The client
can establish the resources mUltiplied distributional system
through the SOAP-RPC way visit, and constructs a new
system structure model.
B. Web Service and SOAP
Superfcially, the Web service is an application procedure
which provides the API that can be called through the Web.
That is, we can realize some application procedures by calling
some API through the Web. In deep level, Web services are a
new web application branch, they are self-included,
self-description and modularized applications, which can be
decrpted, released and called by web. Web service, taken as a
new generation distributed computing model, has provided a
profession standard that can be used to realize the distributed
communication based on the SOAP Web request and the
response. And Web service can provided the incomparable
support of the interoperabilit in diferent distributed
computing platform
Simple object access protocol (SOAP) is a simple
network communication protocol that is carried on in the
distributed environment through the XML code. SOAP itself
does not defne any application semantics, for example, the
programming model or the realization of specifc semantics. It
has only defned one kind of simple mechanism, which denote
the application with the use of modular package model. This
capacity of the SOAP can be used in some kinds of
application fom message transmission to Remote Procedure
Call (RPC).
With the development of SOAP, it also gradually
becomes the ideal technology to solve the interconnection
between diferent module platforms. Although each kind of
module platform has its own remote object invoking protocol,
such as, the IIOP of CORA, the ORPC of COM, the RI
of J 2EE.And the data packet of these protocols are all
packed into SOAP. These protocols also formulate unifed
data mapping and the code mechanism, and the unifed RPC
mechanism. Therefore, these protocols can communicate with
each other through the SOAP.
C. Sensitivity of CO gas
The CO absorption and adsorption on the PANIIln203
selective layer causes velocity perturbations in the acoustic
waves traveling at the surface of the device. The CO reduces
the PANIIln203 layer's conductivit, resulting in an increase
in the acoustic wave velocity. This, therefore, results in the
oscillation fequency increasing in the presence of CO.
Each CO gas sequence consisted of 25 ppm, 50 ppm, 150
ppm, 300ppm and 500ppm balanced in nitrogen air. A second
pulse of 150 ppm was used to confrm its repeatabilit. The
exposure and recovery time used were fxed at 30 and 60 s,
respectively. Fig.5 shows the dynamic response to the CO
sequence at an operating temperature of 20 oC for these SAW
devices. A fequency shif in excess of 3 K was observed
for these devices towards 150 ppm of CO, respectively. The
saturation concentration for both devices was found to be
approximately 1000 ppm of CO. Increasing the CO
concentration above this level did not result in a signifcant
increase in fequency shif.
). , ..
Figure 5 Dynamic response of a PANIIln,O, nanofber based SAW
sensor toward CO at room temperature.
N Conclusions
A SAW sensor for CO gas based on Electroactive
Polymers (PANI) has been fabricated and evaluated. A
famework for integrating sensors with grid computing is
also introduced. We have described a architecture based
13
on the web service and SOAP to integrate devices ad
sensors into the Grid. Implementation of wireless sensor
with the grid fnction based on Web service was also
given.The properties of the novel sensors have been studied
and tested.Such interesting sensing chaacteristics at
room-temperaure operation could pave the way to
fabricate low power sensors using inexpensive PANI based
nanofbers.
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