Algebraic Structures - Exercises

NGUYEN CANH Nam1

1 Faculty of Applied Mathematics Department of Applied Mathematics and Informatics Hanoi University of Technologies namnc@mail.hut.edu.vn

HUT - 2010

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Exercise 1

In each of following cases, for the binary operator on IR, consider its properties : commutative, associative, identity element, inverse element. a) x y = xy + 1 1 b) x y = xy 2 c) x y = |x|y

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution

a) We have
x y = xy + 1 = yx + 1 = y x for all x, y IR, so is commutative. (1 2) 3 = (1 2 + 1) 3 = 3 3 + 1 = 10 = 1 (2 3) = 1 (2 3 + 1) = 1 7 + 1 = 8 So isnt associative. Assume that has the identity element e. Then 1 2 e = 2e + 1 = 2 e = . Moreover 2 2 3 e = 3e + 1 = 3 e = . 3 Hence, there doesnt exist the identity element. Therefore there doesnt exist the inverse element of an element x neither.

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution

b) We have
1 1 x y = xy = yx = y x for all x, y IR, so is 2 2 commutative. 1 1 1 (x y ) z = ( xy ) z = xyz = x ( yz) = x (y z), so 2 4 2 is associative. Denote e the identity element. Then 1 x e = xe = x e = 2. 2 Consider an element x, denote x 1 the inverse element. 2 We then have x x 1 = e. So if x = 0 then x 1 = . There x doesnt exist the inverse element of 0.

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution

c) We have
1 2 = |1|2 = |2|1 = 2 1, so isnt commutative. (2 3) 4 = (23 ) 4 = 8 4 = 84 2 (3 4) = 2 (34 ) = 2 81 = 281 = 84 So isnt associative. Denote e the identity element. Then 1 e = 1 1e = 1 (impossible). Hence, there doesnt exist the identity element. Therefore there doesnt exist the inverse element of an element x neither.

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Exercise 2

Suppose F is set of open intervals of IR and contains the empty set ( is considered as an open interval). Show that a) F is closed under operator intersection () on P(IR) b) F isnt closed under operator union () on P(IR)

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution

a) It is known that the interval (a, a), for all a IR, is the empty set . Consider now two any intervals (a, b), (c, d) F , we have
If a b c If a c < b If c a < d If c a b If a c d d d b d b or c d a b then (a, b) (c, d) = . then (a, b) (c, d) = (c, b). then (a, b) (c, d) = (a, d). then (a, b) (c, d) = (a, b). then (a, b) (c, d) = (c, d).

Hence, in all cases, (a, b) (c, d) F , i.e., F is closed under operator intersection () on P(IR). b) We have (1; 2), (2; 3) F , but (1; 2) (2; 3) F . So F isnt closed under operator union ().

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Exercise 3

Suppose X , Y are sets and : Y Y Y is a binary operator. Show that deduce a binary operator on F(X , Y ) (the collection of mapping from X to Y .)

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution.

We dene a binary operator on F(X , Y ) as follows : For all f , g F(X , Y ), (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x) for all x X Obviously (f g) is a mapping from X to Y .

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Exercise 4

Let X be a set and be an operator on X dened by x y = x for all x, y X . Prove (X , ) is a semigroup. Is it commutative? Does it have the identity element?

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution

It is obvious that is closed. Moreover, for any x, y X , we have (x y ) z = x z = x x (y z) = x y = x (x y ) z = x (y z).

So is associative. Then (X , ) is a semigroup. If X has two distinct elements then (X , ) isnt commutative and it doesnt have the identity element. Indeed, we have x y = x = y = y x and e x = e = x for all x X , x = e.

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Exercise 5

Let X be a semigroup with its multiplication (). a) Show that if a b = b a for all a, b X then (a b)n = an bn , a, b X , n IN, n 1, where x n = x x x. b) Suppose (a b)2 = a2 b2 . Could we deduce a b = b a?

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Exercise 6

Show that the set IR[ 3] = {a = b 3 | a, b IR, a2 + b2 = 0} with ordinary multiplication is a group.

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution.
First, we prove that the multiplication is a binary operator on IR[ 3].Indeed, for any a + b 3 and c + d 3 we have (a + b 3)(c + d 3) = (ac + 3bd) + (ad + bc) 3 IR[ 3]. It is not so difcult (!) to prove that the multiplication is associative and 1 = 1 + 0 is the identity element of IR[ 3]. 3 Now, for any a + b 3 IR[ 3], we have b a 2 x= 2 3 IR[ 3] and a 3b2 a 3b2 a b (a + b 3) 2 3 a2 3b2 a 3b2 a b 2 3 (a + b 3) = 1. 2 2 3b a 3b b a 2 3 is the inverse element of That means 2 2 2 a 3b a 3b a + b 3.Hence (IR[ 3], .) is a group. = a2
NGUYEN CANH Nam Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Exercise 7

Let X , Y be sets, and Y Y Y be a binary operator which is commutative, associative and invertible, and f : X Y be a bijective mapping. We equip X with a binary operator as follows x1 x2 = f 1 (f (x1 ) f (x2 )) for all x1 , x2 X . Prove that is commutative, associative and invertible.

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Exercise 8

Prove that if a ring has an identity then it has only one identity.

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution.

Suppose that there are two identity e and f . We have e =ef =f

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Exercise 9

Dene a new addition and multiplication on the integers Z Z by a b = a + b 1 and a b = a + b ab, where the operations on the right-hand side of the equal sign are ordinary addition, subtraction and multiplication. Prove that (Z , ) is a commutative ring with identity. Z,

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution.
First we verify that and are binary operations: If a, b Z then a b = a + b 1 Z Thus the set Z is Z, Z. Z closed under addition. If a, b Z then a b = a + b ab Z Thus Z is closed Z, Z. Z under multiplication. We note for later purposes that a b = b a from the denition of . Next we need to show that (Z , ) is a ring. We need to Z, verify all the dening properties of a ring. Throughout the following, let a, b, c Z Z. Associativity of addition: We conclude from a(b c) = a(b +c 1) = a+(b +c 1)1 = a+b +c 2 and (ab)c = (a+b 1)c = (a+b 1)+c 1 = a+b +c 2, that a (b c) = (a b) c for all a, b, c Z Z.
NGUYEN CANH Nam Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution.
Commutativity of addition: a b = a + b 1 = b + a 1 = b a. We identify an element 0Z (Z , )such that a 0Z = a Z, for all a (Z , ) : Z, a + 0Z = a a + 0Z 1 = a 0Z = 1. Thus 0Z = 1 is the zero element in (Z , ). Z, The equation a x = 0Z has a solution in (Z , ) because Z, it is equivalent to the equation a + x 1 = 1 which has a solution x in Z Z. Associativity of multiplication: We conclude from
a (b c) = a (b+cbc) = a+(b+cbc)a(b+cbc) = a+b+cabbcca+abc

and
(a b) c = (a+bab) c = (a+bab)+c(a+bab)c = a+b+cabbcca+abc,

that a (b c) = (a b) c for all a, b, c Z Z.

NGUYEN CANH Nam Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution.
Distributivity: Since
a (bc) = a (b+c 1) = a+(b+c 1)a(b+c 1) = 2a+b+c abac 1

and (a b) (a c) = (a + b ab) (a + c ac) = (a + b ab) + (a + c ac) 1 = 2a + b + c ab ac 1. we have a (b c) = (a b) (a c) for all a, b, c Z Z. From this we conclude, using the commutativity of the operation , that (b c) a = (b a) (c a). This shows the distributive law.

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution.
To this point, we have shown that (Z , ) is a ring. Next we Z, verify the additional properties which promote the ring (Z , ) Z, to a commutative ring with identity. Commutativity of multiplication: a b = a + b ab = b + a ba = b a. Existence of identity: we need to identify an identity 1Z . We conclude 1Z = 0 from a 1Z = a a+1Z a1Z = a 1Z a1Z = 0 (1a)1Z = 0 for any a = 0. The commutativity of the ring (Z , ) Z, ensures that a = 1Z a is also satised. So, 1Z is the identity of (Z , ). Z,

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Exercise 10

Let R be a ring. Then the following hold If a + b = a + c, (a, b, c R) then b = c.

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution.

If a + b = a + c then b = 0 + b = ((a) + a) + b = (a) + (a + b) = (a) + (a + c) = ((a) + a) + c = 0 + c = c

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Exercise 11

Prove that the set Z 2] = {a + b 2 | a, b Z with the Z[ Z} addition and the multiplication of numbers is a commutative and unitary ring. Is it a eld?

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Exercise 12

Let a and b be integers and let p be a prime. Let p divides ab. Then either p divides a or p divides b.

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution.

For the sake of argument suppose p does not divide b. Then since the gcd(p, b) divides p then gcd(p, b) can only be 1. Hence there exist x, y Z such that px + by = 1. Z But then apx + aby = a. Clearly p divides apx and p divides ab (by hypothesis) and so p divides a.

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Exercise 13

Let a, b and n be integers. If n divides a b prove that n divides a2 b2 and a3 b3 . If n divides a + b prove that n divides a3 + b3 but does not necessarily divide a2 + b2 .

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution.

a2 b2 = (a b)(a + b), a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 ). a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ab + b2 ). 3 divides 1 + 2 but 3 does not divide 12 + 22 .

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Exercise 14

If a | (b + c) and gcd(b, c) = 1, prove that gcd(a, b) = 1 = gcd(a, c).

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Exercise 15

If c | ab and gcd(c, a) = d, prove that c | db.

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises

Solution.

We have d = cu + av for some u, v Z Hence Z. db = cbu + abv . Moreover ab = cw for some w Z Therefore Z. db = cbu + cw = c(bu + w), equivalently c | db.

NGUYEN CANH Nam

Mathematics I - Chapter 4 - Exercises