A ~ [~

~]

and

B ~ [~

a
W

compute AB and BA and A-I

1.3

and B-1 and (AB)-I.

Find examples of 2 by 2 matrices with u 12

(a)

= ~ for

which

A2=!

(b)

A-1=A1

(c)

A2=A.

Solve by elimination

and back-substitution:
u

+w=4

I'+w=o

+
1.5 1.6

=0

Factor the preceding matrices into A = LV or PA = LV. (a) There are sixteen 2 by 2 matrices whose entries are l's and O's. How many are invertible? (b) (Much harder!) If you put 1's and O's at random into the entries of a 10 by 10 matrix, is it more likely to be invertible or singular? There are sixteen 2 by 2 matrlces whose entries are 1's and -1's. invertible? How many are

1.7

r ~ ~ ~J l4 0
I

or

E= [

1 00

Olio

1]

or

E=

r~ ~

0oll?

e
1.9 1.11

Write down a 2 by 2 system with infinitely many solutions. Find inverses if they exist, by inspection or by Gauss-Jordan:

o 1
I 8E?

1 0 I

A =r

lo

~ ~ ~J
1

and

A =

r ~ - ~ - ~ J. l-2 I I
. ~

If E is 2 by 2 and it adds the [lrsl equation to the second, what are 2 an True (1) (2) (3) or false, with reason if true or counterexample if false: If A lS invertible and its rows are in reverse order in B. then B . If A and B are symmetric then AB it> symmetric. If A and B are invertible then BA is invertible.

(4) Every nonsingular matrix can be factored into the product triangular L and an upper triangular V.
1.13

A = LV of a lower

Solve Ax = h by solving the triangular

systems Lc

h and V x

c:

A = LV

8
.

What part of A -

have you found, with this particular

I
I

4I 1

l2 2 41 OJ
1 3,
1

h = 0 . I

lOJ

h?

8
8

If possible, find 3 by 3 matrlces B such that (a) BA = 2A for every A (b) BA = 2B for every A (c) BA has the lirst and last rows of A reversed (d) BA has the first and last columns of A reversed. Find the value for c in the following n by n inverse:
n -I
n

-1

if A =

-I
-I

-1
-I -1

then

-I

= --

n+ 1

-1

For which values of k does

kx + Y
=

x + ky = 1

1
A =

2
6 4

VI Vz

A=

0 0 0

v3
V4

0 0 0 1 0 0 1

(a) (b)

Factor A into LV, assuming U2 =Ie O. Find A-I, which has the same form as A. or show that there is no solution: V+ w=O u+
Ju

Solve by elimination, u+

V+
5v

w=O
7w

u + 2v + 3w = 0 3u + 5u + 7w = 1

u + v + Jw = 0

I.

Find (a) (b) (c)

a basis for the following subspaces of R4: The vectors for which x I = 2x4 The vectors for which XI + -\2 + .'(3 = a and XJ + -\4 = 0 The subspace spanned by (1,1. I, I), (I, 2, 3.4), and (2,3,4,5). of R 3 that contains none of

By giving a basis, describe a two-dimensional subspace the coordinate vectors (I, 0, 0), (0,1, 0), (0, 0, I). True or false, with counterexample (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) if false:

[f the vectors XI' ... , Xm span a subspace 5, then dim 5 = m. The intersection of two subspaces of a vector space cannot be empty. Ay, then x = y. The row space of A has a unique basis that can be computed [fAx
=

by reducing

A to

echelon form. [f a square matrix is the echelon

A has independent U of

columns,

so does A

2.

G
2.5

What

form

~r-:
of

2 -2 2

a
1

2 1

-3

-7

-2

~}
1
with ~ .

Find the rank and the nullspace

A ~

r~ :l
a
0 1

and

B =

r~

2l

Find bases for the four fundamental

A = [~
What is the most general

subspaces

associated

B = [~
to

~l

c = [~

0 0

solution

u + r + w = 1, u - w

2?

(a) Construct a matrix whose nullspace contains the vector x = (1, 1,2). (b) Construct a matrix whose left nullspace contains y = (1, 5). (c) Construct a matrix whose col umn space is spanned by (1, 1, 2) and whose row space is spanned by (l, 5). (d) [f you are given any three vectors in R6 and any three vectors in R5, is there a 6 by 5 matrix whose column space is spanned by the first three and whose row space is spanned by the second three? (n the vector space of 2 by 2 matrices, (a) is the set of rank-one matrices a (b) what subspace is spanned by the (c) what subspace is spanned by the (d) what subspace is spanned by the

subspace? permutation matrices? positive matrices (all invertible matrices?

au > a)?

2.10

Invent a vector space that contains all linear transformations to decide on a rule for addition. What is its dimension'l

from Rn to Rn. You have

I A = LV =

2 I 2 1 1 3 2 4

12021 002 200 o 0 000 1 000 0 0 0

T F The first 3 rows of V are a basis for the row space of A T F Columns I, 3, 6 of V are a basis for the column space of A T F The four rows of A are a basis for the row space of A (c) Find as many linearly independent vectors h as possible for which Ax = h has a solution. (dl In elimination on A, what multiple of the third row is subtracted to knock out the fourth row? (b)
2.12

If A is an nullspaee?

11

by

11 -

1 matrix,

and its rank is

11 -

2, what

is the dimension

of its

2.13

Use elimination

to find the triangular

factors in A = LV, if
a a h h h a a h
C

A=

a a
(!

b c
C

e
2.15 2.16

Under what conditions Do the vectors Give examples (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

on the numbers a, h, c, d are the columns

linearly independent?

(I, 1,3), (2, 3,6), and (1,4,3) of matrices

form a basis for R"'? of solutions to Ax = h is

A for which the number

0 or I, depending on h; 'Xl, independent of h; 0 or w, depending on h; I, regardless of h. exercise, how is r related to m and

11

In the previous

in each example?

8
2.19 2.20 2.21

2.17

If.x is a vector in R", and .xry If A is an n by

IJ

=0

for every y, prove that x = o.

matrix

such that A 2

A and rank A =

11,

prove that A matrices

l.
Eij,

What subspace of 3 by 3 matrices is spanned by the elementary ones on the diagonal and at most one nonzero entry below?

with

How many 5 by 5 permutation matrices are there? Are they linearly independent'. Do they span the space of all 5 by 5 matrices? No need to write them all down. What is the rank of the /1 by 11 matrix with every entry equal to one? How about he "checkerboard matrix," with aij = 0 when i +.i is even, ([I) = I when i +.i is odd?

@ (a)
(b) (c) (d) (e)
2.23

Ax = h

has a solution under what conditions

=[~ ~ ~ ~l
2 4

on h, if

and

h ~

r::Jl?
LD)

Find Find Find What

a basis for the nullspace of A. the general solution to Ax = D, when a solution exists. a basis for the column space of A. is the rank of AT'~

8
2.25 2.26

How can you construct a matrix which transforms the coordinate vectors el e2 eJ into three given vectors L'l, [2' v3? When will that matrix be invertible? If e1 e2, e3 are in the column space of a 3 by 5 matrix, does it have a left-inverse? Does it have a right-inverse? on R3 that takes each point (u, v, does to the point (x, y, z).
1'\1)

Suppose T is the linear transformation (u + (;+ W, 14 + v, 14). Describe what T-

to

e
2.28

True orfal:;e: (a) Every subspace of R4 is the nullspace of some matrix. (b) If A has the same nullspace as AT, the matrix must be square. (c) The transformation that takes x to mx + h is linear (from R I to R 1).

Find bases for the four fundamental

120 3 2 2 2

subspaces of

a a 0 a a a a 4
(a) If the rows of A are linearly independent (A is m by 11) then the rank is _ and the column space is ._ _ and the left nullspace is _ (b) If A is 8 by 10 with a 2-dimensional nullspace, show that Ax = h can be solved for every D. Describe the linear transformations of the x-y plane that are represented dard basis (I, 0) and (0, 1) by the matrices
A3 = [ 2.30

2.29

with stan-

-I

0 1].
0

(a) (b)

If A is square, show that the nullspace of A2 contains the nullspace of A. Show also that the column space of A 2 is contained in the column space of A.

2.32

(a)

(b)
(c)

Find a basis for the space of all vectors in RCJ with Xl + Find a matrix with that subspace as its nullspace. Find a matrix with that subspace as its column space.

X2

-'3

+.\4

= -'s;-

.\0'