10. A carrier wave is frequency-modulated using a sinusoidal signal of frequency f m and amplitude Am .

a) If f m = 1 KHz and Am is increased from 0 volts, it is found that the carrier frequency of the FM signal is reduced to zero for the first time when Am = 2 volts . What is the frequency sensitivity, k f of the modulator? b) What is the value of Am for which the carrier component is reduced to zero for the second time? Solution: a) = f k f Am fm = kf = fm fm Am Since J 0 ( ) = 0 for the first time is when 2.44 , kf =

2.44 103 = 122 KHz / volt . . 2 b) J 0 ( ) = 0 for the second time is when 552 , with k f = 122 KHz / volt . . . Thus Thus, k f = 122 KHz / volt . = . 552 10 3 . Am Am = 552 103 . = 4.52 volts 122 103 .

11. An FM signal with a frequency deviation of 10 KHz at a modulation frequency of 5 KHz is applied to two frequency multipliers connected in series. The first multiplier doubles the frequency and the second multiplier triples the frequency. a) Determine the frequency deviation and the modulation index of the FM signal obtained at the second multiplier output. b) What is the frequency separation between adjacent sidebands of this FM signal obtained at the second multiplier output? Solution: a) Overall frequency multiplication: n = 23 = 6 Assume the instantaneous frequency of the FM signal at the input of the first frequency multiplier is fi ( t ) = fc + f cos ( 2 fm t ) Then the instantaneous frequency of the resulting FM wave at the output of the second frequency multiplier is fout (t ) = n fc + n f cos ( 2 fm t )
1 2

The overall frequency deviation = n f = 6 10 = 60 n f 60 Since fm = 5 KHz = = = 12 fm 5 b) The frequency separation of the adjacent side frequencies of this FM signal = f m = 5 KHz

12. A triangular wave modulating signal is as shown below. a) If it is phase modulated, locate and label on the modulating signal where the highest and the lowest frequency will occur in the phase modulated signal. b) Determine the highest and the lowest frequency if the carrier frequency is at 100 MHz and k p = 4 Hz / volt . = 8 radian / volt . 1V

-0.01 -1V Solution:

0.01

0.03

0.05

t msec

i (t) = 2 fc t + k pm (t) = 2 108 t + 8 f ( t ) = f =

d df = 2 10 8 + 8 dt dt

1 d 2V. df d f = 108 + 4 where = = 105 V /sec. 3 dt dt 2 dt 0.02 10 5 f max = (100 + 4 10 ) MHz = 100.4 MHz ; f min = (100 4 105 ) MHz = 99.6 MHz c) If it is frequency modulated, locate and label on the modulating signal where the highest and the lowest frequency will occur in the frequency modulated signal. d) Determine the highest and the lowest frequency if the carrier frequency is at 100 MHz and k f = 4 KHz / volt . = 8 103 radian / volt . 1V

-0.01 -1V Solution: fi (t) = f c + k f m (t ) = 108 + 4 103 f ( t )

0.01

0.03

0.05

t msec

f max = 100 MHz + 4 KHz = 100.004 MHz

f min = 100 MHz 4 KHz = 99.996 MHz

13. A carrier wave of frequency 100 MHz is frequency-modulated by a sinusoidal wave of amplitude 20 volts and frequency 100 KHz. The frequency sensitivity of the modulator is 25 KHz per volt. Determine the approximate bandwidth of the FM signal by using Carsons rule. Solution: f = k f Am = 25 103 Hz / volt 20 volt . = 5 105 Hz f 5 105 = =5 fm 105 Using Carsons Rule: =

Bandwidth = 2 fm (1 + ) = 2 105 6 = 1.2 MHz

14. Commercial FM band is from 88~108 MHz. Each FM station is assigned at 200 KHz apart and the peak frequency deviation is set at 75 KHz. Determine the followings: a) Determine the highest frequency that is allowed in the message or information signal? b) What is the maximum number of FM stations can exist within the FM band? c) Determine the bandwidth of the FM signal, if the highest frequency in the information signal is 15 KHz. d) From the provided information in this problem, is the commercial FM transmission in narrowband FM or wideband FM format? Explain why? Solution: a) Carsons rule, B 2 ( f + fm ) = 2 ( 75 + fm ) = 200 KHz 2 fm = 50 KHz b) 108-88=20 MHz Frequency apart between two consecutive FM stations = 200 KHz 20000 # of FM stations = = 100 200 c) If fm = 15 KHz, f = 75 KHz , B = 2 ( 75 + 15 ) = 180 KHz d) Since = f 75 = = 5 WBFM fm 15 fm = 25 KHz

15. FM stereo broadcasting is accomplished by using DSB modulation for multiplexing and FM modulation for transmission. In the system illustrated below, l ( t ) and r ( t ) are the left and right channel signals respectively. Assume that both the left and right channel is bandlimited up to 15 KHz as shown in L ( f ) and R ( f ) in frequency domain. a) What frequency is set for the pilot-carrier that is used as a stereo broadcasting indicator for the stereo receiver? Pilot carrier for the FM stereo broadcasting is set at 19 KHz.

b) Sketch X b ( f ) at the FM modulator input, and label all particular points.

l (t) +

l (t ) + r (t )

r (t )

l (t ) r (t )

Baseband

xb ( t )

FM Modulator

f p = 19 KHz

Signal Generator

Frequency Multiplier x2

cos 4 f p t cos 2 f p t

L( f ) A

R( f ) A

-15

-1 1 Xb ( f ) L+R

15 KHz

-15 -1 1 15 KHZ

L-R LSB

L-R USB

19 KHz

38 KHz

16. A FM signal is expressed as the following: FM ( t ) = 100cos ( 2 fc t + 0.8sin2 fm t + 1.6sin4 fm t ) where f c = 100 MHz and f m = 1 KHz b) Determine the peak frequency deviation of FM ( t ) . Solution: a) FM ( t ) = 100cos ( 2 fc t + 0.8sin2 f m t + 1.6sin4 fm t ) (t ) = 2 f c t + 0.8sin2 f m t + 1.6sin4 f m t d = 2 f c + ( 2 f m ) 0.8cos2 f m t + ( 4 f m ) 1.6cos4 f m t dt 1 d fi ( t ) = = fc + 0.8 fm cos2 fm t + 3.2 f m cos4 f m t 2 dt fi ( t ) t =0 = fc + 0.8 fm + 3.2 f m = 100 MHz + 0.8 KHz + 3.2 KHz = 100.004 MHz a) Determine the instantaneous frequency of FM ( t ) at t = 0.

b) Since FM ( t ) = 100cos ( 2 fc t + 0.8sin2 f m t + 1.6sin4 fm t ) and the range of cosine function is from 1 to +1. Therefore the peak frequency deviation of FM ( t ) is at the maximum at t=0. The peak frequency deviation of FM ( t ) = (0.8+3.2) KHz =4 KHz

17. Determine the followings for the output of the FM transmitter as shown below where, f 1 = 200 KHz ; f 2 = 108 MHz ; . f1 = 25 Hz ; n1 = 64 & n2 = 48 a) The carrier frequency f c at the output of the FM transmitter. b) The peak frequency deviation f at the output of the FM transmitter. f t

bg

dt

f1
f1

Frequency multiplier, x n 1

Frequency converter

Frequency multiplier, x n 2

fc f

cos2 f 2 t

cos2 f1t Solution: a) fc = ( 0.2 MHz 64 10.8) 48 = 96 MHz or 1132.8 MHz

b) f = 25 64 48 = 76.8 KHz

18. The schematic diagram of a superheterodyne receiver is as shown below:

Mixer RF Amplifier

IF Amplifier

Demodulator

Audio Amplifier

Local Oscillator

Station Selection

Intermediate Frequency is set at 455 KHz, and the AM signal has a bandwidth of 10 KHz. The AM frequency band is from 540 KHz to 995 1600 KHz to KHz. 2055 KHz. KHz. KHz. KHz.

Frequency range of the local oscillator is from

If the local oscillator is at 1355 KHz, the carrier freq, f c = If the local oscillator is at 1355 KHz, the image frequency = The bandwidth of the IF Amplifier is from 4555=450

1355455=900 900+2(455)=1810 KHz to 455+5=460

Describe the advantages of the superheterodyne receiver. Do without a tunable filter. It is simple and easy to operate