Acknowledgements

Kristin Clay Senior Policy Advisor The Nature Conservancy kclay@tnc.org www.nature.org

Jennifer McKnight Climate Adaptation Policy Advisor The Nature Conservancy jmcknight@tnc.org www.nature.org

Shari Bush Business Development Advisor Pact. Inc. sbush@pactworld.org www.pactworld.org

Environment Workgroup Washington, DC Chapter of the Society for International Development (SID) www.sidw.org

InterAction www.interaction.org

Special thanks... We would like to extend a special thanks to John

Furlow from the Global Climate Change Team at USAID for his support, guidance and continued inspiration.

Contents

Forward Case Studies

Agua por la Vida y la Sostenibilidad (Water for Life and Sustainability) The Nature Conservancy Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment of the Verde Island Passage, Philippines Conservation International Creation and Evaluation of Adaption Funds Climate Focus Flood Preparedness Emergency Management Strengthening Asian Disaster Preparedness Center Haiti Multi-Year Assistance Program ACDI/VOCA Living with Change in the Nepal Himalayas World Wildlife Fund The Sustainable Agriculture Networks Climate Module: Coping with Climate Change on Farms in the Tropics Rainforest Alliance, Inc. Urban Climate Resilience Planning ISET: Institute for Social and Environmental Transition Using Social Network Analysis to Understand Innovation and Diffusion of Sustainable Agricultural Water Resource Management in a Changing Climate in Northeast Thailand Stockholm Environment Institute

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Tools and Methodology

CEDAR: Communities Engaged to Drive Adaption Responses ACDI/VOCA Climate Wizard The Nature Conservancy 23

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Frameweb with Geo Explorer (frameweb.org) DAI National Adaptive Capacity (NAC) Framework World Resources Institute SEA Change Community of Practice World Wildlife Fund Toolbox for Ecosystems, Biodiversity and Climate Change Adaption in the Pacific International Resources Group Wallace Initiative Rainforest Alliance, Inc. WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning system) Stockholm Environment Institute

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Forward
This marketplace is the result of several months of coordination, led mostly by our organizers from the Nature Conservancy, Pact, SID-Washington, and Interaction. I would like to thank them for their hard work. But I would like to also thank them for their patience and persistence. We first started talking about an event like this almost 3 years ago, when adaptation programs were in their infancy among many groups in Washington. Before the UN Climate conference in Poznan, Poland in 2008, a group of us was talking about ways to share information and learn from each other about approaches to adapting development efforts to the impacts of climate change. At the time, USAID had a very small program on adaptation, almost entirely run out of Washington. USAIDs usual implementing partners were slowly building their experience and capacity with adaptation. Kristin Clay from TNC, Shari Bush from Pact, and a few others and I were talking about the need to better understand who was working on what, and whether we were even using the same vocabulary, whether we really understood what we all meant by vulnerability or adaptation. With that conversation we agreed it was a good idea to put on an event like this, but then, after the election, climate change received new attention, and we all found ourselves quite busy building up new programs. None of us really had the time to put together an event like this. Weve spent two years continuing to talk about how We really ought to put that event together. We agreed to look for the right forum. And then we thought of the Forum. Interaction has been hosting periodic informal meetings between the NGO community and USAID to talk about adaptation and our respective programs. At our discussion in March, somebody said that the Interaction Forum was coming up, and that it would be the perfect venue for this meeting weve been hoping to have. And here we are. If the delay accomplished one thing, it is that we have a much richer set of discussions to join. Our approaches to adaptation are becoming much more sophisticated, drawing lessons from international development, urban planning, ecosystems protection and management, and other areas. We are moving from reluctantly viewing adaptation as a new development sector, to seeing it as a way to deal with one of many stresses that impede the broader goals of economic and social development. And we are learning to better involve host country beneficiaries, to learn from them and ensure that we work with them to address the stress of climate change.

John Furlow
Global Climate Change Team US Agency for International Development

InterAction Forum 2011

Case Studies
sectors
AL BC CSS CM EA Fi FS Fo Agriculture/Livestock Biodiversity Conservation Civil Society Strengthening Conflict Management Education/Awareness Fisheries Food Security Forestry GM Go H L MG UL Wa O Gender/Marginalized Groups Governance Health Livelihoods Macro-Economic Growth Urban Landscapes Water Other

climate threats

SR SS D Fl Wi

Sea-level Rise Storm Surge Drought Flooding Wildfire

OA OT PD IS O

Ocean Acidification Ocean Temperature Rise Pests, Disease Spread Invasive Species Other

scale

LC Ci SP Cn

Local Community City State/Province Country

R Gl O

Region Global Other

Agua por la Vida y la Sostenibilidad (Water for Life and Sustainability)

Jeffrey Smith DeBlieu
Climate Adaptation Projects Advisor jdeblieu@tnc.org

The Nature Conservancy

www.nature.org +1.252.548.0001

Project Location: East Cauca Valley, Colombia Sector or Development Challenge Addressed: Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: O D Fl O BC CSS EA L Wa O Payment for Ecosystem Services

Warming Temperatures

Multiple Local Communities

Type of Climate Analysis, Modeling, or Impact Analysis: The Nature Conservancy worked with the Natural Capital Project to use its ecosystem-services modeling tool InVest to develop a toolbox of the most efficient water management activities for the Agua por la Vida water fund program and to identify priority areas in which to apply them. TNC also conducted mapping exercises with local citizens to identify additional high-priority areas. To ensure the water funds management approaches are robust to climate change, TNC then worked with CIAT (International Center for Tropical Agriculture) to model different climate scenarios. These were then used to (a) assess likely climate impacts on water quantity and quality, biodiversity and agriculture (b) determine if current management activities will continue to be effective as the climate changes and (c) design additional activities to promote resilient ecosystems that will continue to provide water benefits. Demonstrated Impact: We expect the project to have several different kinds of impacts: 1. Ecoystem-Based Adaptation (EBA) strategies being implemented in 11 East Cauca Valley watersheds will help maintain base water flows, limit the danger of flooding and protect water quality as climate conditions change in Colombia. Residents of the watershed will receive payments for helping to implement the strategies, thus providing them with additional income while protecting important ecosystem services. Lessons learned from all aspects of Agua por la Vidas adaptation approach will be applied in other water fund projects and will contribute to the continuing development and evaluation of EcosystemBased Adaptation across Latin America and around the world.

2.

3.

Summary
Agua por la Vida y Sostenibilidad is a water fund program in the East Cauca Valley of southwest Colombia where The Nature Conservancy has been working with partners to identify adaptation strategies to increase the water funds resilience to climate change. InterAction Forum 2011 5

Water funds are based on the premise that natural ecosystems and conservation management practices by people living upstream in the watershed can help provide a clean, regular supply of water that downstream service users (including water utility companies, hydropower companies and other industries) who depend upon these services should pay for their maintenance and persistence. In early 2000, TNC and key partners launched the first water fund in Quito, Ecuador, and over the last decade the water fund concept has spread throughout Latin America. Agua por la Vida, however, is one of the first to include climate change modeling to help develop adaptation strategies. In collaboration with the regional environmental authority, the Cauca Valley sugar cane industry (ASOCAA), local water associations and several grassroots organizations, The Nature Conservancy established Agua por la Vida in 2009. Now TNC is working with its local partners to add a climate adaptation component to the project to assure that Agua por la Vida will be resilient as the climate changes. By investing in the regions ecosystem services, the project aims to lessen climate change impacts to local water resources as well as threats to biodiversity. After working the Natural Capital Project and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture to model climate change and its likely impact on the Cauca Valley, TNC organized a strategy development workshop with key staff from ASOCAA and the local water associations to review the results and consider a range of adaptation strategies that would be appropriate in various parts of the watersheds. The water associations are essential stakeholders in the process because in Colombia they have responsibility for many aspects of watershed management. Also, their members live and work in the watersheds and are the direct recipients of many of the water funds benefits. In the future, they will be on the front line in implementing adaptation strategies. For TNC, Agua por la Vida is an early, successful example of how to plan for climate adaptation in a local setting. The lessons learned from the project will be useful to other water fund projects throughout Latin America--and also to other kinds of climate adaptation initiatives. This applies especially to the climate analysis and strategy development components of the project, but there are many other potential lessons, including project financing, strategy implementation, local capacity building, community participation, etc. The project also provides an early testing ground for Ecosystem-Based Adaptation as an effective approach to reducing vulnerability to climate change.

Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace Compendium

Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment of the Verde Island Passage, Philippines

Ravic Nijbroek
r.nijbroek@conservation.org

Conservation International
www.conservation.org +1.703.341.2400

Project Location: Philippines Sector or Development Challenge Addressed: Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: SP SR SS OA BC OT Fi L O Coastal Protection

Type of Climate Analysis, Modeling, or Impact Analysis: Analyses of the physical, biological and socio-economic impacts of climate change on the region were conducted. This included analysis of changes in dominant weather patterns, sea level rise, and changes in ocean temperature. The exposure, sensitivity and ecological adaptive capacity were investigated for the dominant ecosystems of corals, sea grasses, and mangroves are the dominant ecosystems. In particular, the work highlighted the effect of climate change to coral and reef fish diversity and consequently also to fisheries. The socio-economic analysis assessed the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of coastal communities in the Verde Island Passage to climate change, particularly in the context of the expected impacts on the marine biodiversity and resources. Demonstrated Impact: Through the vulnerability assessment process, a number of priority actions were identified for addressing climate change in the Verde Island Passage. These included (1) addressing fisheries in the region - overfishing is reducing the resilience and adaptive capacity of the biodiversity in the region and unsustainable fishing practices make the livelihoods of many communities very vulnerable to climate change, and (2) increasing coastal protection and reduction of erosion in the region through increased planting and protection of mangroves. Activities based on these recommendations are being implemented this year.

Summary
In 2009 Conservation International, in cooperation with several local, national and international partners, conducted a vulnerability assessment to gauge the likely impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems of the Verde Island Passage and the human communities that are dependent upon them. The assessment evaluated the vulnerability of the Verde Island Passage to climate change and determined the priority actions needed to ensure that its ecosystems and coastal societies can adapt to future climate conditions. This project brought together experts on the Verde Island Passage marine environment, climate scientists, social scientists, government officials, and local stakeholders, all working under a common agenda: the need to maintain and increase the resilience of biodiversity of this area.

InterAction Forum 2011

The Verde Island Passage, in the northern Philippines, is located within the globally significant Coral Triangle, and is the area considered the center of the worlds marine biodiversity. The abundant fish and charismatic megafauna support over 7 million people in those provinces, whose livelihoods include fishing, aquaculture, and tourism. This coral dominated region is particularly vulnerable to climate change through changing weather patterns, increasing ocean temperatures and ocean acidification.

Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace Compendium

Creation and Evolution of Adaptation Funds

Robert OSullivan
Executive Director, North America r.osullivan@climatefocus.com www.climatefocus.com +1.202.540.1986

Climate Focus

Project Location: Global Sector or Development Challenge Addressed: Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: Gl O Go O Finance and Governance

Adaptation Finance and Governance in General

Type of Climate Analysis, Modeling, or Impact Analysis: N/A Demonstrated Impact: Provide insight into the history, governance, and challenges in multilateral sources of adaptation finance to help practitioners understand the current finance framework and improve multilateral adaptation finance in the future.

Summary
The majority of international funding specifically targeted towards adaptation to climate change is organized through four multilateral funds: 1. The Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), managed by the Global Environment Facility (GEF); The Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF), under the UNFCCC, managed by the GEF; The Adaptation Fund (AF) under the Kyoto Protocol (KP), managed by the Adaptation Fund Board (AFB); and The Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR), outside of UNFCCC and KP, administered by the World Bank.

2. 3.

4.

Although all four funds provide funding for adaptation, their approaches are slightly different. The LDCF funds the urgent and immediate climate change adaptation needs through development and subsequent implementation of National Adaptation Programmes of Action (NAPAs) of Least Developed Countries. The SCCF has adaptation as its top priority and funds concrete activities, programs and measures in all developing countries. It also has an active window on technology transfer. The AF finances concrete adaptation projects and programmes in developing countries. The PPCR funds programmes that integrate climate resilience into developInterAction Forum 2011 9

ment planning in a selected group of pilot countries and regions. The current landscape of adaptation finance can be seen as a consequence of both a continued desire to direct funding towards adaptation and dissatisfaction in how climate and adaptation funds have been deployed in the past. A cacophony of competing power struggles can at times overshadow the common interest of all groups to finance adaptation initiatives in developing countries and makes structural reforms to improve international adaptation finance difficult. The paper was commissioned by WWF and documents and analyzes the evolution and functioning of these funds, so as to understand the forces influencing the development of adaptation funding as well as the challenges and successes. It goes on to provide some analysis of the funds and discusses the future development of adaptation funding. The analysis looks at i) governance of the funds; ii) role of UN agencies and multilateral institutions within the funds; iii) operational efficiency; iv) funding; and v) relations, synergies and cooperation between the funds. The recommendations focus on i) funding; ii) governance; iii) disbursement of funds; iv) accountability; v) the Green Climate Fund; and vi) the role of civil society moving forward. The analysis is accompanied by fact sheets on each fund. Sharing the knowledge, experiences and insight gained by the preparation of this report at the Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace will benefit people and organizations operating in the field of climate change adaptation. The full report is available at www.climatefocus.com.

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Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace Compendium

Flood Preparedness Emergency Management Strengthening

Aslam Perwaiz
Department Head, DRMS aslam@adpc.net

Asian Disaster Preparedness Center

www.adpc.net +66802604884

Project Location: Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam, Thailand Sector or Development Challenge Addressed: Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: R Fl PD EA Go L Wa

Type of Climate Analysis, Modeling, or Impact Analysis: N/A Demonstrated Impact: N/A

Summary
Title of Case Study: Local Solutions for Global Challenges: Community preparedness to address climate change and environmental risks in the Lower Mekong Basin The Mekong Delta has been highlighted as an area of concern due to the potential effect of climate change and other environmental risks in the UNDP Human Development reports as well as the recent IPCC and World Bank studies. Flood and inundation have the most impact on the rice crop and other agricultural produce. Since the year 2000, flooding has become almost an annual event and annual damages due to flooding and typhoons are increasing. These are aggravated by dyke breach, high winds and sea surges, and are a danger to human life and property, as well as to irrigation and public infrastructure. Livestock (particularly smaller livestock such as pigs and chickens) may be drowned or washed away. Sea surges caused by storms pose a hazard to farmers whose dwellings or farmlands are near the coast. The Flood Management and Mitigation Program (FMMP) being implemented by the Mekong River Commission and Asian Disaster Preparedness Center has created an enabling environment for flood preparedness and emergency management strengthening. The effect of climate change and environmental concern are integral part of the project support to the provincial authorities. Since the start of the project in 2004, the Households and local authorities showed an active engagement in a series of activities at least a month before the storm and flood season. People would usually undertake repairs of residence, reinforcing infrastructure that expose to possible extremes. Bank of crop fields are consolidated to avert damage and losses. Harvested paddy is kept on elevated and safe storage. Animals are move to safer grounds. Emergency food, firewood and medicine

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are stocked. Local authorities, organizations, like the Womens Union and Farmers Association, and household groups may play a role in encouraging households to make such preparations. Priority project such as capacity building for community based flood risk management, community early warning system, swimming lesson, emergency kindergarten management, awareness through schools has been successfully implemented. It is also evident that, for poor communities, adaptation approaches that are rooted in local knowledge and coping strategies, and in which communities are empowered to take their own decisions, are likely to be far more successful than top-down initiatives. Community driven approach and strengthening local capacities are key to build the resilience of communities to disasters, such as floods and drought, with the difference that it should also incorporate longer-term climate change and its predicted impacts into community-based planning. To bridge the gap, the awareness and capacity building activities needs to be up scaled under the community based disaster risk reduction activities. The provincial planning mechanism must address the issue of climate change in the coming socio-economic development plan for 2011-2015. Provincial planning department would need technical assistance in linking climate change adaptation related capacity building activities with the budgetary provision to each of the provincial line department

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Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace Compendium

Haiti Multi-Year Assistance Program

Jennifer Norfolk
Director, Community Development jnorfolk@acdivoca.org www.acdivoca.org +1.202.469.6035

ACDI/VOCA

Project Location: Southeast Haiti (around Jacmel) Sector or Development Challenge Addressed: Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: LC SP R D Fl AL FS L

Type of Climate Analysis, Modeling, or Impact Analysis: Historical trend analysis around causes of food insecurity. Demonstrated Impact: Increased food security through hurricane season.

Summary
For Haitian farmers, the period from June to October brings both opportunity and riskit is the countrys second agricultural season, but it is also hurricane season. In 2008 farmers in the Southeast Department communes of Ctes de Fer, Bainet, La Valle and Belle-Anse lost most of their plots of maize, beans and sorghum to strong hurricane winds. In an area where food insecurity was already widespread, the lost crops and impassable roads left families without enough food to feed themselves. In Baie dOrange, for instance, a communal section of the town of Belle-Anse, poor families reserves of food were quickly exhausted and children in particular bore the brunt of the ensuing famine. To reduce vulnerability in these communities, ACDI/VOCA worked with the Ministry of Agricultures National Program for Food Security (NPFS) to identify and introduce a short-term variety of sweet potato in the four Southeast communes most affected by storms in 2008. The initiative is part of the USAID-funded PL 480 Title II Multi-Year Assistance Program (MYAP) in Haiti, which aims to reduce food security in the Southeast Department. Since it is planted underground, sweet potato is less vulnerable to the effects of gusty hurricane winds. Furthermore, the short-term potato variety can be harvested as early as 2 months after planting, compared to the six months required for the local variety. ACDI/VOCA arranged to harvest the new variety of sweet potatoes in the four communes during the peak of the 2009 hurricane season (August and September) as part of its hurricane-preparedness strategy. Drawing on last years lessons, and as part of a carefully planned operation with the NPFS in June 2009, ACDI/ VOCA distributed 500,000 cuttings of sweet potato variety Ti Savien to more than 200 farmers in the four southeast communes and provided training on proper cultivation and pest control. By the end of August,

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some plots were already being harvested. One of the farmers, Paul Solvert, was pleased with the harvest, saying, It has been a while since I have seen potato production in this area. This year, it is true, we have not yet been hit by a cyclone and the rain has become more infrequent, but I was able to get a fair amount from my potato garden, which allows me to feed my family. Mr. Solvert lives in La Biche, a communal section in Ctes de Fer that is especially vulnerable to hurricanes. During a MYAP meeting on environmental awareness and education, Mr. Solvert showed off a bag of his freshly harvested potatoes to illustrate the success of his potato production, partly thanks to the assistance given especially by farmers in the region.

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Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace Compendium

Living with Change in the Nepal Himalayas

Shubash Lohani
Deputy Director, Eastern Himalayas Program shubash.lohani@wwfus.org

World Wildlife Fund

www.worldwildlife.org +1.202.384.9603

Project Location: Nepal Sector or Development Challenge Addressed: BC O Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: LC Cn D Fl Wi PD CSS EA FS Fo GM Go L Wa

Disaster Risk Reduction IS O Landslides; Glacial Lake Outburst Floods

Type of Climate Analysis, Modeling, or Impact Analysis: Vulnerability assessment and climate change adaptation strategy preparation and implementation for Langtang National Park and its Buffer zone; climate modeling for impacts on snow leopard habitat and freshwater resources. Demonstrated Impact: Climate smart communities who understands the impact of climate change on their livelihoods and natural resources and have adopted several climate adaptation activities that reduce their own and their environments vulnerability to climate hazards.

Summary
Climate hazards reported more frequently in recent years in the Nepal Himalayas include unpredictable weather patterns, increased numbers of stormy snowfall events, and flash flooding. These have resulted, for example, in water scarcity, decreased food productivity, and increased intensity and frequency of landslides. Productivity of livestock grazing and medicinal herbs is declining due to alien invasive species, and disease is occurring in fodder trees and agriculture crops. Additionally, the risk of glacial lake outburst floods is mounting as glaciers in the Himalayas \ retreat. This threatens lives, properties and infrastructure downstream. WWFs program in Langtang National Park and its buffer zone in the Sacred Himalayan Landscape intends to achieve balance between socioeconomic development and environmental conservation, ensuring equitable benefits to local people and stakeholders. It adopts an integrated approach to climate change adaptation, combining ecosystem services to help vulnerable communities to adapt, and working with communities to build ecosystem resilience, reducing the vulnerability of both human and natural systems. The program focuses on knowledge enhancement, capacity building, disaster risk reduction and mainstreaming of climate change into local development plans and policies. We help communities understand long term shifts in the natural processes and identify effective and innovative responses.

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When uncertain monsoon patterns cause water scarcity, WWF supports communities to adopt simple low-cost technologies like rainwater harvesting, creation of kitchen ponds, collection of waste water and drip irrigation. WWF helps facilitate exchanges between farming communities to develop and promote best agricultural practices for climate adaptation. Farmers schools has been established to share and disseminate existing knowledge and to develop solutions that address both immediate issues and begin adapting to future scenarios. Strategies include: the promotion of in-situ and ex-situ conservation of crop and livestock genetic resources to maintain agro-services such as pest control, pollination and seed dispersal; the promotion of crops that require less soil tillage work to reduce soil erosion and decrease the risk of landslides; promotion of local climate resistant varieties; diversification into underutilized species that can grow well in adverse and marginal conditions; and equitable community access to seed including for poor and marginalized farmers. Tree planting on steep vulnerable slopes aims to reduce the risk of landslides. WWF is also working with local government to ensure adaptation is integrated into local development planning. The project emphasizes community-level processes to reach a common understanding on the most significant local climate risks and hazards, their prioritization, and opportunities for interventions at local level given the rich local knowledge. An important lesson is that climate adaptation programs should not be carried out in isolation. They must adopt an integrated approach based on knowledge, livelihoods, disaster risk, natural resources and population/migration and should also include non-climatic vulnerabilities of people and natural systems.

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Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace Compendium

The Sustainable Agriculture Networks Climate Module: Coping with Climate Change on Farms in the Tropics
Jeffrey Hayward
Director, Climate Program jhayward@ra.org www.rainforest-alliance.org +1.202.294.7008

Rainforest Alliance, Inc.

Project Location: Africa, Southeast Asia and Central America Sector or Development Challenge Addressed: Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: Gl D Fl PD AL BC L

Type of Climate Analysis, Modeling, or Impact Analysis: The Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) recently launched a set of criteria for climate change adaptation and mitigation that can be used as an add-on module to the Sustainable Agriculture Standard - the standard to which farms are certified in order to achieve the status Rainforest Alliance CertifiedTM. During the process of developing the Climate Module, the Rainforest Alliance conducted an extensive literature review of best practices for climate change adaptation and mitigation that can be implemented on Rainforest Alliance Certified farms. In addition, in the spring of 2011 we conducted field-based research in East and West Africa, Southeast Asia and Latin America, with the aim of measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and levels of carbon stored on a broad range of farm types. This data provides a baseline for evaluating future progress and assessing the emissions impacts of farm. Demonstrated Impact: In order to achieve compliance with the SANs Climate Module, farmers will demonstrate that they assess the risks posed by climate change to their farms and communities; analyze their practices to quantify and reduce the GHG emissions generated by growing, harvesting and processing activities; and increase the levels of carbon stored on their farms through the restoration of degraded lands, reforestation and improved soil conservation. Theyll also be able to adapt more readily to altered growing seasons and other conditions. Climate-friendly practices can result in reduced operating costs, improving a farmers bottom line by minimizing energy and water consumption, more efficiently using fertilizers and optimizing shade cover. Cost savings can also be achieved through advance preparation for potentially catastrophic climatic events. Finally, by conducting basic inventories of emissions reductions on their farms, farmers will generate valuable data, which could help them benefit more concretely from the climate services their farms provide. The SAN Climate Module is accessible to the more than 60,000 Rainforest Alliance Certified farms currently active in nearly 30 tropical and subtropical countries and any new farms that will pursue certification. By raising awareness of the importance of this issue among businesses and consumers, we hope to generate large-scale support for the work that farmers are doing to address climate change. InterAction Forum 2011 17

Summary
The relationship between agriculture and climate change works two ways; even as farming that is the result of land use change is associated with deforestation and increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the changing global climate is significantly impacting the livelihoods of farmers around the world. Drastic changes in climatic conditions, greater frequency of extreme weather events, altered growing seasons and increases in disease and pest outbreaks are just some of the effects of climate change. Farmers need tools, training and guidance to help them address these challenges. The Sustainable Agriculture Network (SAN) is helping farmers to mitigate climate change and adapt to its impacts. Established in 1991, the SAN is a coalition of leading tropical conservation organizations, including the Rainforest Alliance, which developed the SAN Standard for sustainable agriculture and manages Rainforest Alliance certification. Founded on the three pillars of sustainability environmental protection, social equity and economic viability the SAN Standard has expanded into agricultures new frontier: climate-friendly farming. Rainforest Alliance CertifiedTM farms already do a lot to reduce climate change. They conserve forestlands and other native ecosystems; minimize the use of agrochemicals; conserve water; and reduce on-farm energy use and waste. In collaboration with a broad range of partners from industry, research institutions, government, academia and nonprofit organizations the Rainforest Alliance and the rest of the SAN developed a climate module, a voluntary add-on to the existing SAN Standard, to reinforce existing certification criteria and provide additional focus on climate change adaptation. The SAN identified practices that have the greatest impact on climate change mitigation and adaption while also being accessible for tropical farmers. The Rainforest Alliance and the Fundacin Interamericana de Investigacin Tropical tested draft criteria and practices on hundreds of small coffee farms that belong to five Rainforest Alliance Certified cooperatives in the Fraijanes and San Marcos regions of Guatemala. These farmers understand the importance of adapting to climate change; theyve seen its impacts over the course of many years and are eager to improve their preparations for future climate shifts. According to a member of the Cooperativa 2 de Julio, We realize that climate change is happening. We are experiencing it each day Farmers need to organize themselves, get prepared and adapt to [these changes] if we want to guarantee our childrens livelihoods. In addition to field activities throughout Central and South America, the SAN also piloted the criteria on shaded cocoa farms in West Africa, smallholder coffee farms and tea plantations in East Africa and a variety of farm types in Southeast Asia. Extensive research and public consultations were conducted to incorporate the most up-to-date information on best practices, the measuring and monitoring of GHG emissions, and the capacity of various crops to adapt to changing climate conditions in different environments. The Climate Module was formally launched in February 2011, and verifications will begin this year. As we continue to facilitate the adoption of climate-friendly practices on tropical farms, the Rainforest Alliances top priorities include farmer capacity building and awareness-raising activities.

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Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace Compendium

Urban Climate Resilience Planning

Dr. Marcus Moench
President moenchm@i-s-e-t.com www.i-s-e-t.org

ISET: Institute for Social and Environmental Transition

+1.720.564.0650

Project Location: Vietnam, Thailand, India Sector or Development Challenge Addressed: Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: Ci SR SS D EA Fl FS PD GM Go H L UL Wa

Type of Climate Analysis, Modeling, or Impact Analysis: Differs between cities. In some cases downscaling of different scenario results, in other cases use of existing regional scenarios. Detailed analysis of potential impacts on urban systems and marginalized groups. Demonstrated Impact: The viability of urban climate resilience planning under uncertainty

Summary
This case study will outline the planning processes and results from the second phase of the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network. With support from the Rockefeller Foundation, this network has worked closely with ten cities and a wide range of local government and non-government partners over a three year period to develop urban climate resilience strategies as a guide for diverse implementation activities. The project demonstrates the methods used for climate impact and vulnerability analysis at a city scale. These methods are founded on the unifying framework that understands the vulnerability of urban areas as a function of the fragility of urban systems, the marginality and capacity of urban agents, the characteristics of urban institutions and exposure to climate change. This framework provides a consistent approach to analyzing vulnerability and identifying points of entry for building resilience. Results from the program also demonstrate the shared learning processes required to bring a wide range of local and global information together effectively as the foundation for resilience planning. Most climate information emerges from national to global scientific sources. Hazards are however heavily shaped by local conditions. As a result, building climate resilience requires the integration of knowledge and insights from very diverse sources. Iterative shared learning processes that build a common basis of understanding across sectors, communities and scales are essential to achieve this integration. The case study discusses the application of shared learning processes in diverse urban contexts and how that has contributed to the co-evolution of both conceptual frameworks and applied strategic resilience plans.The program has involved close collaboration between local government actors, local to regional NGOs, and those engaged with global debates over disaster risk management and adaptation to climate change.

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Using Social Network Analysis to Understand Innovation and Diffusion of Sustainable Agricultural Water Resource Management in a Changing Climate in Northeast Thailand
Amanda Fencl
Scientist amanda.fencl@sei-us.org

Stockholm Environment Institute

www.sei-us.org +1.617.627.3786

Project Location: Thailand Sector or Development Challenge Addressed: Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: LC Cn D Fl AL Wa

Type of Climate Analysis, Modeling, or Impact Analysis: Thailands smallholder farmers already face and adapt to weather shocks; in Northeast Thailand, anecdotal evidence suggests that smallholders have been designing on-farm water-management systems and diversifying crops in response to changing climatic conditions. We relied on prior research efforts that modeled and explored physical impacts to the area. These efforts served as a foundation for our understanding of how climate influences access to and availability of water in the case study region. We employed Social Network Analysis (SNA) tools that emphasize the relational aspects of social behavior; viewing social structures as arising from patterns of interaction between individuals. The study objective was to develop key insights into how adaptation strategies can become more widespread tamong adaptation planners and practitioners in Thailand, through researching the individual characteristics of innovators, the network characteristics of the two village networks, and the institutional framework within which these actions are occurring. In addition, in the spring of 2011 we conducted field-based research in East and West Africa, Southeast Asia and Latin America, with the aim of measuring greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and levels of carbon stored on a broad range of farm types. This data provides a baseline for evaluating future progress and assessing the emissions impacts of farm. Demonstrated Impact: From our interviews and field visits, it became clear that innovative farmers can provide locally-appropriate adaptation responses to climate change. Innovators are significantly different from noninnovators in both intervention and non-intervention networks. Given the motive for and access to support innovation, innovators need to have the financial means to finance a new strategy, which suggests why betteroff farmers may have been that much more able to innovate. As innovation hubs and gatekeepers within their networks, innovators have an additional role in the dissemination of successful adaptation strategies. In

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Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace Compendium

Thailand, most policy on adaptation remains exploratory and generic, or in the form of individual projects. It reflects an ongoing disconnect between national and local adaptation efforts in Thailand. The project helped to show the value of social network analysis to understanding information flows and knowledge exchange at the village levels, which can hopefully inform future development and adaptation-focused interventions.

Summary
Thailand is expected to experience major climate change impacts to their water resources and agricultural sectors such that on-farm water management is incredibly important to smallholder resilience. Thailands smallholders experience weather shocks and adapt accordingly; developing locally appropriate adaptive responses. Social networks play a key role in the diffusion of innovations; yet, within Thailand, there is a lack of research on agricultural water management innovation diffusion. On-farm innovations could play an important role for adaptation to future climatic changes anticipated for the region and thus motivated the studys exploration of the influence and character of social networks and innovative individuals. The objective of our research was to compare innovation and diffusion in a village where an adaptation intervention had taken place with one where it had not through a comparative analysis of two villages in Northeast Thailand. Through researching the individual characteristics of innovators, the network characteristics of the two village networks, and the institutional framework within which these actions are occurring, we developed key insights into how adaptation strategies could become more widespread that can be utilized by adaptation planners and practitioners in Thailand. Our analysis showed that innovators are significantly different from non-innovators in both intervention and non-intervention networks. It was also clear that having some form of formal support is helpful for spreading innovations. Interventions such as the pilot climate adaptation project in one of the study villages was successful in strengthening innovator-adopter links and the capacity of innovation adopters. However, it is necessary that the intervention take particular care to build on top of existing networks instead of replacing them.

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Tools / Methodology
sectors
AL BC CSS CM EA Fi FS Fo Agriculture/Livestock Biodiversity Conservation Civil Society Strengthening Conflict Management Education/Awareness Fisheries Food Security Forestry GM Go H L MG UL Wa O Gender/Marginalized Groups Governance Health Livelihoods Macro-Economic Growth Urban Landscapes Water Other

climate threats

SR SS D Fl Wi

Sea-level Rise Storm Surge Drought Flooding Wildfire

OA OT PD IS O

Ocean Acidification Ocean Temperature Rise Pests, Disease Spread Invasive Species Other

scale

LC Ci SP Cn

Local Community City State/Province Country

R Gl O

Region Global Other

CEDAR: Communities Engaged to Drive Adaptation Responses

Jennifer Norfolk
Director, Community Development jnorfolk@acdivoca.org www.acdivoca.org +1.202.469.6035

ACDI/VOCA

Sector or Development Challenge Addressed:

AL Go

BC H Wi

CSS L PD

CM UL IS

EA Wa

Fi

FS

Fo

GM

Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: LC

SR

SS

Fl

How the Tool or Methodology Address the Threat: CEDAR is a community-based adaptation approach that combines the best scientific knowledge available with local, traditional risk-management mechanisms and builds adaptation networks to promote knowledge sharing, advocacy and scaling up. The CEDAR approach includes a specific focus on engaging women, youth, the elderly and other vulnerable groups. Is the Tool or Methodology Designed for a Particular Geography? If So, Where? It is designed to work at the community level, but is not particular to a given region. Intended End User: Active community members and local leaders

Summary
Because the effects of climate change can vary widely, even within a certain region, community-based adaptation initiatives are more successful than top-down approaches. The CEDAR approach combines ACDI/VOCAs proven community mobilization methodologies with its significant agribusiness, SME development, financial services and food security experience to help local communities drive their adaptation responses. The CEDAR approach could be incorporated into existing programs as an additional component or as stand-alone new programming. 1. Identifying Root Vulnerabilities

To accurately and effectively adapt to climate change, it is essential for the affected community to have a solid understanding of their root vulnerabilities. Project staff will have solid background knowledge of the problems and predicted environmental trends in the area so they can effectively facilitate the process. ACDI/VOCA will mobilize communities to discuss their pressing needs and, through this process, will foster a consciousness about climate change and how it may make them vulnerable. We will strive to include all seg-

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ments of society in this process since each group has different usage patterns for natural resources. Project staff will facilitate a dialogue using participatory tools designed for each unique audience and environment. The final result of this process will be that the communities have identified the roots of their challenges and will understand how they are linked to climate change. 2. Developing Community Solutions

Once the community has determined their vulnerabilities, ACDI/VOCA will guide them through discussing solutions. In discussing these activities, facilitators will ensure that the response addresses the root vulnerability previously identified and that community capacities are taken into account when designing a solution. Discussions around hardware issues, such as the need for equipment, infrastructure or supplies will be complemented by an analysis of the software challenges, such as local capacity in construction, willingness to adopt new technologies and behavior change around local natural resources. This step often involves engaging with local agricultural research institutions to gather additional information on varieties, breeds and pests. 3. Growing Community Adaptation Networks

Once the community has identified the problem and a small number of solutions, they will select a Community Adaptation Network (CAN) to work through the ideas from the previous community gathering. The CAN will be the primary counterpart for ACDI/VOCA through the implementation of the program. ACDI/VOCA will build the capacity of the CAN as a leadership unit through a series of trainings. ACDI/VOCA will work with the CAN to provide any necessary technical assistance to further develop their solutions and use them as a vehicle to help further educate the community on the impacts of climate change. The CAN will be closely intertwined with the community itself, and thus able to help translate these discussions into terms that different groups of the community can understand. They will also be aware of how different groups will be impacted by the various solutions proposed. It will be the responsibility of the CAN to ensure that each vulnerable segment of their society is addressed. The CAN will work with ACDI/VOCA to discuss the financing of each proposed solution. Some solutions will only require information and behavior change to implement, whereas others will require significant funds. Project staff and CAN members will analyze each of the options and see what is feasible for the community and the parameters of the project. In some cases, the financial requirements of a certain solution will make it un-implementable in the near term. In those cases, the CAN will go back to their community and discuss alternative solutions. ACDI/VOCA staff will rely heavily on the CAN to monitor and evaluate the efficacy of their solutions. Where problems are identified, ACDI/VOCA will work with the CAN to make corrections as needed. This monitoring and evaluation process will further strengthen the capacity and knowledge of the CAN. At the conclusion of the project, the CAN will be a repository of knowledge on climate change and practical solutions for the community and surrounding area. 4. Implementing Community-designed Solutions

After any necessary technical assistance has been provided to the CAN, the CAN will determine what it needs to implement their climate change adaptation response. ACDI/VOCA staff will help them develop an action plan. 5. Branching Impact into New Communities

The above steps are designed to help an individual community identify its climate change adaptation needs and implement them. In most cases, however, where one community is affected, neighboring communities will

24

Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace Compendium

be as well, although the local challenges may vary. To achieve the broadest impact possible, the CEDAR approach incorporates several elements to scale up successful climate change adaptations in a given area: CAN knowledge sharing and exchanges: The Community Adaptation Networks will be an important resource for expanding the adoption of any climate change adaptation. To the extent possible, ACDI/VOCA will help CAN representatives share their stories with neighboring communities and the broader CCA network so that leaders in similar areas can build from their experience. ACDI/VOCA will work to connect CAN leaders with appropriate ministries so that they can help drive the national discussion on CCA. Coalition building and advocacy for public initiatives: Where new government policy, infrastructure or other large public investments will be required to scale up climate change adaptation in a given area, ACDI/VOCA will work with the CAN to build up their skills in coalition building and advocacy. ACDI/VOCA has extensive experience enabling local organizations to effectively lobby for their needs with local governments and ministries. Where appropriate, ACDI/VOCA will cluster several CANs together to build a stronger advocacy coalition. Coordination with other multilateral and bilateral initiatives: As success stories are shared throughout the donor and governing communities, other institutions may want to replicate what has worked in our first CEDAR communities. Further donor funding will enable quicker adaptation in resource-poor areas. Citizen-municipal relations: Through our increasing experience working with local governments, ACDI/VOCA can facilitate citizen-municipal relations. We have extensive experience helping communities present and lobby for feasible project ideas to local governments to receive matching funds. We can also help the municipality design/implement policies supporting climate change adaptation (water use, solid waste management, etc).

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Climate Wizard
Chris Zganjar
Applied Scientist czganjar@tnc.org

The Nature Conservancy

www.nature.org +1.703.841.2724

Sector or Development Challenge Addressed: Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: LC Ci SP D Cn Fl R Wi Gl

AL PD

BC IS

EA

Fi

FS

Fo

Wa

How the Tool or Methodology Address the Threat: Climate Wizard enables technical and non-technical audiences alike to easily and intuitively access leading climate change information and visualize the impacts anywhere on Earth. Through a web interface a user is able to choose a state or country and see both the climate change that has occurred to date and the changes of climate and derived climate variables that is predicted to occur under various potential greenhouse gas concentrations over the next 100 years. Simply put, Climate Wizard can be used to assess how climate has changed over time and to project what future changes are likely to occur in a given area. Is the Tool or Methodology Designed for a Particular Geography? If So, Where? Global Intended End User: The Climate Wizard is designed to give free and friendly access to the leading general circulation model output and other climate change data produced by a suite of national and international modeling agencies as part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4th assessment report. By design the intended audience of the Climate Wizard is anyone who needs to assess the level and extent of climate change impacts to a particular area and use this information to guide decisions and actions to prepare for and mitigate those impacts to natural systems and the services they provide. To date the Climate Wizard audience intersects the following fields: academic, educator/student, geographic analyst, land and conservation manager, private industry, domestic and international government, non-profit. Using feedback from our user community we are able to further refine the Climate Wizard to better meet the needs of our audience. The popularity of the Climate Wizard is continually growing and its use in global climate change impact research is truly global with such projects as a study to assess the impact of climate change in extreme floods to evaluate dam operations in Chile and supporting the Department of Defenses Iraqi reconstruction project by supplying data to develop a monthly water balance model for the Tigris and Euphrates River system as it relates to the future climates and predictions of hydrologic response. The Climate Wizard has also been used to predict vegetative shifts associated with climate change predictions within SE Colorado and integrated into an irrigation tool to generate weather data scenarios to develop climate resilient irrigation scheduling in southern Spain.

26

Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace Compendium

Summary
Climate Wizard is a web-based analysis tool that uses state-of-the-art climate models and advanced statistical analysis to examine both the current and future climate conditions of any place on the Earth. Pre-calculated map products are viewable through a map interface where the user can easily toggle between a variety of climate conditions relating to different greenhouse gas emission scenarios for two future time periods. Additionally the user has the ability to examine the statistical variations of 16 different general circulation models used to generate these future climate projections by displaying individual model results or selected model combinations. The modular programming framework is designed so that additional climate data can be seamlessly added as they become available. The Climate Wizard uses two common approaches for representing climate change data: (1) climatic departures - comparing climate in a given year or time period to a baseline period and (2) trend analysis - calculating a statistical rate of change over a particular time period. Depending on what specific scientific, management or policy questions are being addressed, certain climate analysis techniques are more appropriate to use than others. Calculating climatic departures is useful for identifying specific years above or below a threshold value. This climatic threshold value could be the average of a past time period (e.g., the average of the past century), or a threshold relevant to a specific ecological process. However, when the question being address relates to how climate has generally changed over time, trend analyses are more appropriate for statistically describing the average change in climate per year over a given entire period. We have recently released a custom version of the Climate Wizard application. With this new tool a user can define a relatively small geographic area of interest and conduct site-specific analyses using both historical data and possible future conditions that are based on low (B1), moderate (A1B), and high (A2) carbon emissions scenarios. Sixteen general circulation models are available to provide a range of possible outcomes, and users can analyze absolute and percentage changes in annual, seasonal or monthly climate conditions in graphic or map form. Since the large climate datasets are stored and analyzed remotely on powerful computers, users of the tool do not need to have fast computers or expensive software, but simply need access to the internet. Using web technologies to develop tools that make climate change analysis more accessible scientists, managers, and policy makers now have the ability to assess the potential impacts of climate change and help guide decisions and actions to prepare for and mitigate those impacts to natural systems and the services they provide.

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FRAMEweb with Geo Explorer (frameweb.org)

Tom Erdmann
Principal Development Specialist tom_erdmann@dai.com www.dai.com +1.301.771.7222

DAI

Sector or Development Challenge Addressed:

AL Wa

BC

EA

Fi

FS

Fo

Go

Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: LC Ci SP

O Cn

User-Defined R Gl

How the Tool or Methodology Address the Threat: FRAMEweb connects practitioners in areas most affected by global environmental changes in real-time, allowing them to learn from on-the-ground solutions to similar environmental drivers, trends and impacts. Natural disasters, climate-related issues, changing ecosystems, food security, etc. are all issues that can have global impacts. By sharing information with one another, practitioners are able to learn about successful approaches for implementing adaptation initiatives and sustainable development projects on the ground. They can ask their peers for advice related to their own community or project. Is the Tool or Methodology Designed for a Particular Geography? If So, Where? FRAMEweb connects practitioners from around the world. Interestingly enough, though, most knowledge sharing has occurred from one developing country context to another or by south-south collaboration. Intended End User: Natural resource management (NRM) practitioners and students from all over the world are welcome. Currently, the user-base of FRAMEweb includes 2700 members speaking over 100 different languages from 120 different countries. They can best be described as NRM agents from ministries of energy and environment, donor agencies, banks, NGOs, CBOs, universities, the media, and the private sector.

Summary
FRAMEweb is an online resource and peer-to-peer network of global natural resource management practitioners that features a community of practice network, user-generated discussions, and relevant tools and resources. It also allows for agencies to facilitate information sharing within their organization or to a target audience by providing a space to create community pages. Users can stay informed by subscribing to these pages, specific discussions, or the FRAMEgram e-newsletter. Among its tools is an application called GeoExplorer which is a user-generated, search-indexed mapping tool upon which practitioners can find and add narrative information about adaptation activities around the world. Virtual pegs are located on a map and denote climate change and NRM activities that can be further distin-

28

Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace Compendium

guished by multiple theme categories including health, governance, etc. Details are then attached to each peg, including a short description, information about the implementers and collaborators, and success factors. Ultimately, FRAMEweb bolsters an interactive model of knowledge management. It facilitates a circular process of participatory research, collective analyses of results, and an engagement of policy-makers and practitioners that aims to result in an informed application of technology and practices where valuable.

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National Adaptive Capacity (NAC) Framework

Aarjan Dixit
Research Analyst adixit@wri.org

World Resources Institute

www.wri.org +1.202.729.7778

Sector or Development Challenge Addressed: Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: Cn O

Go

Can be applied to all sectors

User-Defined

How the Tool or Methodology Address the Threat: Institutions will be key in addressing new challenges associated with a changing climate. Some institutions may be new, but many will already exist. Without changes in their mandates, incentives, capabilities, and rules of engagement, they will have a hard time making appropriate adaptation decisions to take account of the risks of climate change or to meet the needs of the vulnerable. The NAC framework assesses the capacity of national institutions to perform various functions critical for adapting to climate change. The approach recognizes that adaptation will take different forms in different countries. It also recognizes that priority areas for action will necessarily be country specific, and it thus provides a framework which can be applied to identify institutional capabilities across sectors, populations, ministries, infrastructure types, and impacts. Is the Tool or Methodology Designed for a Particular Geography? If So, Where? Yes, the NAC framework is designed to be applied at the national level. So far we have piloted the framework in Bolivia, Ireland and Nepal. The questions in the NAC framework can be applied to a range of countries and need not be limited to a particular geography. Intended End User: Government policy makers, research organizations.

Summary
The World Resources Institute has developed and piloted the National Adaptive Capacity (NAC) Framework that tries to assess the institutional capacity of a national government to perform a set of key functions critical to climate change adaptation in a country. The NAC framework views the institutional relationships between different actors in a country that may need to perform adaptation as an adaptation system. This system supports ongoing adaptation by communities, businesses, government agencies, and others much as ecological relationships support the well-being of organisms in an ecosystem. The framework takes as its starting point the idea that all national adaptation systems will need to perform a similar set of functions if adaptation is to proceed effectively. Its focus on key adaptation functions and the institutions that perform them and thus a particular form of adaptive capacity, is primarily intended to provide a snapshot that can help improve adaptation over time in a particular country, according to its unique needs and circumstances.

30

Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace Compendium

The functions that the NAC framework identifies are organized around five key function categories of assessments, coordination, prioritization, information management and risk reduction. Each of these categories has detailed questions that assess the ability of the national adaptation system to perform key tasks. Of course, in different countries these functions may be performed very differently in different sequences, by different actors, with different values and emphases but the core functions remain essentially the same. An assessment using the NAC framework will help a) identify strengths and gaps in a countrys adaptation system, in order to understand where improvement may be needed or where strengths may enable rapid adaptation progress. This status assessment can also be used to b) determine a baseline from which to begin planning for adaptation or it can be used to review progress on adaptation after a period of implementation. Process based and qualitative indicators can also be developed to track systematic progress over time using the NAC framework. Its value ad is during the planning stages of an adaptation strategy when there is a need to identify strengths and gaps, as well as build specific pathways for achieving desired adaptation goals. The assessment can be completed by expert and researchers, it can be conducted in a multi-stakeholder setting with participants from different backgrounds or it can be done by a government agency looking to develop an adaptation strategy. The NAC framework has been used in all three ways during its piloting phase.

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SEA Change Community of Practice

Sarya Sok
Team Leader of SEA Change project ssok@pactworld.org

Pact & SEA Change CoP

www.seachangecop.org +855.23.217855 www.pactworld.org +1.202.466.5666

Hannah Poole

Program Officer hpoole@pactworld.org

Pact

Sector or Development Challenge Addressed: Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: R O

Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E)

Not limited to any types of climate change threats

How the Tool or Methodology Address the Threat: The community of practice brings together M&E practitioners and implementers of climate change program/projects to create a culture of high quality learning, sharing of information/resources and exchanging of ideas that advance M&E frameworks and approaches. Is the Tool or Methodology Designed for a Particular Geography? If So, Where? The tools and approaches shared and developed are intended to be adapted to climate change interventions in Southeast Asia, but may be applied to other regions as needed. Intended End User: M&E practitioners and climate change program and management staff.

Summary
SEA Change is a Southeast Asia community of practice (CoP) for monitoring and evaluation of climate change interventions. The CoP was formed last October with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation and technical and logistical support from Pact. Climate change is a real challenge and scientists, policy makers, and practitioners across government, private sector and the not-for-profit sectors are struggling to find effective ways to adapt to the increasingly disruptive effects of changes to ecosystems and livelihoods of people. Without concerted and focused action, many of the development gains made in alleviating poverty will be wiped out. Learning how to design, implement and scale up more effective interventions to address the effects of climate change requires advances in approaches to capture learning, monitoring progress and evaluating achievements. In a series of online exchanges, the SEA Change CoP continues building momentum to meet the challenges found in the confluence of M&E and climate change. The synergy resulting from convening M&E and climate change practitioners is structured to encourage advancing tools, approaches, frameworks and methodologies

32

Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace Compendium

that are shared by CoP members. Currently SEA Change CoP members communicate through regular weekly emails, discussion forums hosted in the web-based platform, calendar of events and webinars (online seminars). These activities keep members connected to valuable resources that inform, improve and seeds innovation in monitoring and evaluation of the impacts of various climate change programs. An underlying goal of SEA Change is to explore the means by which its members can better understand which practices ultimately should be scaled up and adapted more widely within the region, across the region and even globally. Through a collection of evidenced-based lessons learned, CoP members also hope to influence climate change adaptation and mitigation policy. In fact a few CoP members are already actively collaborating with public development sectors and decision makers in the Philippines to develop a national framework.

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Toolbox for Ecosystems, Biodiversity and Climate Change Adaptation in the Pacific
Terry Hills
Advisor, Climate Change Adaptation t.hills@conservation.org

Conservation International & SPREP

www.conservation.org & www.sprep.org +61412569294

Sector or Development Challenge Addressed: Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: LC Cn R SR SS D

AL Fl

BC Wi

Fi OA

L OT PD IS

How the Tool or Methodology Address the Threat: It provides introductory-level information on a number of tools and case studies that are available and relevant for use in the Pacific. Is the Tool or Methodology Designed for a Particular Geography? If So, Where? Tools within the toolbox are contextualised for use in Pacific Island Countries and Territories Intended End User: Planning and Environment Ministries of the Pacific Island Countries and Territories.

Summary
The toolbox is not a single tool but an information resource which enables users to compare and contrast a number of different adaptation-relevant tools to their needs. The toolbox (currently CD-based) has a search interface which helps users to identify tools which are relevant to their particular needs, including through whether the user intends to link biodiversity and ecosystem service values into development-focused adaptation planning OR better consider climate resilience within conservation planning. The tools overviews also include descriptions of the current state of knowledge of Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) relationships that are relevant to the Pacific, such as the coastal vegetation and bioshield function. While the integration of ecosystems, biodiversity and climate change adaption is still in it early stages in the Pacific, there are also some case studies of existing conservation-relevant adaptation projects and approaches that are presented within the Toolbox. The CD Toolbox is a component from a collaboration between the Secretariat of the Pacific Region Environment Programme (SPREP) and Conservation International that examines potential opportunities that better link ecosystems, biodiversity and climate change adaptation in the Pacific.

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Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace Compendium

Wallace Initiative
Jonathan Haskett
jhaskett2008@gmail.com

World Wildlife Fund

www.worldwildlife.org +1.202.495.4770

Sector or Development Challenge Addressed: Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: SP Cn R Gl D Wi OT

AL PD

BC IS

Fi

FS

Fo

Wa

How the Tool or Methodology Address the Threat: The Wallace Initiative will provide access to data for more informed decision making in the face of climate variability and vulnerability. Is the Tool or Methodology Designed for a Particular Geography? If So, Where? The Wallace Initiative is a global tool. Intended End User: Conservation and development planners and practitioners, decision makers, scientists.

Summary
The Wallace Initiative will provide projections on species changes, including for those species that are important to people (e.g. crops), to policy makers and practitioners working at the interface of ecosystems and livelihoods adaptation. It brings together experts in climate modeling and biodiversity modeling to map refugia, range shifts and extinction risks for terrestrial and marine species. To date 50,000 species have been mapped, and 50 major crops have been modeled. These data will provide information to aid vulnerability assessments and climate adaptation planning for people, ecosystems and biodiversity; design of REDD mechanisms based on carbon distribution; and design of future protected area systems. The Wallace Initiative is projected to be online in fall 2011 complete with guidance for users. Users will be able to access information on current and projected species and crop distribution under various global climate models (GCMs) and C02 emission scenarios. The data are displayed graphically as an overlay on Google maps. Partners in this work include: WWF, Stanford University scientists, Tyndall Climate Change Centre, University of East Anglia, Global Biodiversity Information Facility, IUCN, TRAFFIC, Center for Tropical Agriculture, Center for Ocean Solutions and Center for Tropical Biodiversity.

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WEAP (Water Evaluation and Planning system)

Amanda Fencl
Scientist amanda.fencl@sei-us.org

Stockholm Environmental Institute

www.sei.us.org & www.weap21.org +1.503.753.3035 Ext.1

Sector or Development Challenge Addressed:

AL O

CSS

CM

EA

FS

Wa

Natural resource management

Climate Threats Addressed: Scale: LC Ci SP Cn

D R

Fl O River-basin, Watershed

How the Tool or Methodology Address the Threat: Freshwater management challenges are increasingly common. Allocation of limited water resources between agricultural, municipal and environmental uses now requires the full integration of supply, demand, water quality and ecological considerations. The Water Evaluation and Planning system, or WEAP, aims to incorporate these issues into a practical yet robust tool for integrated water resources planning. For example, in one project, WEAP was used to develop and evaluate adaptation strategies in the Sacramento Basin (California, USA) and in the Volta Basin (primarily in Burkina Faso and Ghana) to alleviate negative impacts of climate change and variability. A variety of adaptation strategies were analyzed with WEAP to address the tradeoffs between water allocations that prioritize the environment and food security under changing climate and land-use conditions. In California, and elsewhere, WEAP has been used to sharpen drought plans to consider climate risks, or assess how changes in climate may impact water supply reliability for irrigated agriculture. Is the Tool or Methodology Designed for a Particular Geography? If So, Where? No, WEAP is designed to be used anywhere. Intended End User: WEAP is designed to meet the needs of water managers and planners, water user associations, technical consultants, researchers and graduate students interested in climate change, water management and policy. A growing number of water professionals are finding WEAP to be a useful addition to their toolbox of models, databases, spreadsheets and other software.

Summary
WEAP operates on the basic principle of a water balance and can be applied to municipal and agricultural systems, a single watershed or complex transboundary river basin systems. Moreover, WEAP can simulate a broad range of natural and engineered components of these systems, including rainfall runoff, baseflow, and groundwater recharge from precipitation; sectoral demand analyses; water conservation; water rights and allocation priorities, reservoir operations; hydropower generation; pollution tracking and water quality; vulnerability assessments; and ecosystem requirements. A financial analysis module also allows the user to investigate

36

Climate Change Adaptation Marketplace Compendium

cost-benefit comparisons for projects. The analyst represents the system in terms of its various supply sources (e.g., rivers, creeks, groundwater, reservoirs, and desalination plants); withdrawal, transmission and wastewater treatment facilities; water demands; pollution generation; and ecosystem requirements. The data structure and level of detail can be easily customized to meet the requirements and data availability for a particular system and analysis. An intuitive GIS-based graphical interface provides a simple, yet powerful, means for constructing, viewing , and modifying the configuration the user designs a schematic of the system using the mouse to drag and drop elements to be added to the system. These elements can be overlain on a map built from Arcview and other standard GIS and graphic files. Data for any component can be edited directly by clicking on the desired symbol in the schematic. The user may consult the context-sensitive help feature from anywhere in WEAP. Wizards, prompts, and error messages provide advice throughout the program.

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