Normal Distribution Cumulative Probabilities Z =X −

μ
σ

Cumulative Probabilities of the Normal Distribution (Areas under the Standardized Normal curves from -infinity to Z)

Z 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00
-4.0 0.0000215687 0.0000225179 0.0000235066 0.0000245364 0.0000256088 0.0000267256 0.0000278884 0.0000290991 0.0000303594 0.0000316712
-3.9 0.0000330366 0.0000344576 0.0000359363 0.0000374749 0.0000390756 0.0000407408 0.0000424729 0.0000442745 0.0000461481 0.0000480963
-3.8 0.0000501221 0.0000522282 0.0000544177 0.0000566935 0.0000590589 0.0000615172 0.0000640716 0.0000667258 0.0000694834 0.0000723480
-3.7 0.0000753236 0.0000784142 0.0000816238 0.0000849567 0.0000884173 0.0000920101 0.0000957399 0.0000996114 0.0001036296 0.0001077997
-3.6 0.0001121270 0.0001166170 0.0001212752 0.0001261076 0.0001311202 0.0001363190 0.0001417106 0.0001473015 0.0001530985 0.0001591086
-3.5 0.0001653390 0.0001717971 0.0001784906 0.0001854274 0.0001926156 0.0002000635 0.0002077798 0.0002157734 0.0002240533 0.0002326291
-3.4 0.0002415103 0.0002507069 0.0002602292 0.0002700877 0.0002802933 0.0002908571 0.0003017906 0.0003131057 0.0003248144 0.0003369293
-3.3 0.0003494631 0.0003624291 0.0003758409 0.0003897124 0.0004040578 0.0004188919 0.0004342299 0.0004500872 0.0004664799 0.0004834241
-3.2 0.0005009369 0.0005190354 0.0005377374 0.0005570611 0.0005770250 0.0005976485 0.0006189511 0.0006409530 0.0006636749 0.0006871379
-3.1 0.0007113640 0.0007363753 0.0007621947 0.0007888457 0.0008163523 0.0008447392 0.0008740315 0.0009042552 0.0009354367 0.0009676032
-3.0 0.0010007825 0.0010350030 0.0010702939 0.0011066850 0.0011442068 0.0011828907 0.0012227687 0.0012638734 0.0013062384 0.0013498980
-2.9 0.0013948872 0.0014412419 0.0014889987 0.0015381952 0.0015888696 0.0016410612 0.0016948100 0.0017501569 0.0018071438 0.0018658133
-2.8 0.0019262091 0.0019883759 0.0020523590 0.0021182050 0.0021859615 0.0022556767 0.0023274002 0.0024011825 0.0024770750 0.0025551303
-2.7 0.0026354021 0.0027179449 0.0028028146 0.0028900681 0.0029797632 0.0030719592 0.0031667163 0.0032640958 0.0033641604 0.0034669738
-2.6 0.0035726010 0.0036811080 0.0037925623 0.0039070326 0.0040245885 0.0041453014 0.0042692434 0.0043964883 0.0045271111 0.0046611880
-2.5 0.0047987966 0.0049400158 0.0050849257 0.0052336082 0.0053861460 0.0055426234 0.0057031263 0.0058677417 0.0060365581 0.0062096653
-2.4 0.0063871548 0.0065691191 0.0067556526 0.0069468508 0.0071428107 0.0073436310 0.0075494114 0.0077602536 0.0079762603 0.0081975359
-2.3 0.0084241864 0.0086563190 0.0088940426 0.0091374675 0.0093867055 0.0096418699 0.0099030756 0.0101704387 0.0104440771 0.0107241100
-2.2 0.0110106583 0.0113038442 0.0116037915 0.0119106254 0.0122244727 0.0125454614 0.0128737214 0.0132093838 0.0135525811 0.0139034475
-2.1 0.0142621184 0.0146287308 0.0150034230 0.0153863348 0.0157776074 0.0161773834 0.0165858067 0.0170030226 0.0174291779 0.0178644206
-2.0 0.0183088999 0.0187627664 0.0192261722 0.0196992704 0.0201822154 0.0206751629 0.0211782696 0.0216916938 0.0222155944 0.0227501319
-1.9 0.0232954678 0.0238517643 0.0244191853 0.0249978951 0.0255880595 0.0261898449 0.0268034189 0.0274289497 0.0280666067 0.0287165598 Chart Title
-1.8 0.0293789800 0.0300540390 0.0307419089 0.0314427630 0.0321567748 0.0328841187 0.0336249694 0.0343795024 0.0351478936 0.0359303191
-1.7 0.0367269557 0.0375379803 0.0383635704 0.0392039033 0.0400591569 0.0409295090 0.0418151376 0.0427162208 0.0436329365 0.0445654628 0.45
-1.6 0.0455139773 0.0464786579 0.0474596818 0.0484572263 0.0494714680 0.0505025835 0.0515507485 0.0526161385 0.0536989281 0.0547992917 0.4
-1.5 0.0559174025 0.0570534332 0.0582075556 0.0593799406 0.0605707580 0.0617801767 0.0630083645 0.0642554878 0.0655217121 0.0668072013
-1.4 0.0681121180 0.0694366233 0.0707808770 0.0721450370 0.0735292596 0.0749336995 0.0763585095 0.0778038405 0.0792698415 0.0807566592 0.35
-1.3 0.0822644387 0.0837933224 0.0853434508 0.0869149619 0.0885079914 0.0901226725 0.0917591357 0.0934175090 0.0950979178 0.0968004846 0.3
-1.2 0.0985253290 0.1002725680 0.1020423151 0.1038346811 0.1056497737 0.1074876971 0.1093485524 0.1112324374 0.1131394464 0.1150696702 0.25
-1.1 0.1170231960 0.1190001075 0.1210004844 0.1230244031 0.1250719356 0.1271431506 0.1292381122 0.1313568810 0.1334995132 0.1356660609
-1.0 0.1378565720 0.1400710901 0.1423096544 0.1445722997 0.1468590564 0.1491699503 0.1515050028 0.1538642304 0.1562476450 0.1586552539 0.2
-0.9 0.1610870595 0.1635430593 0.1660232461 0.1685276075 0.1710561263 0.1736087803 0.1761855422 0.1787863796 0.1814112549 0.1840601253 0.15
-0.8 0.1867329430 0.1894296548 0.1921502021 0.1948945213 0.1976625431 0.2004541933 0.2032693918 0.2061080536 0.2089700879 0.2118553986
0.1
-0.7 0.2147638842 0.2176954376 0.2206499463 0.2236272924 0.2266273524 0.2296499972 0.2326950923 0.2357624978 0.2388520681 0.2419636522
-0.6 0.2450970937 0.2482522305 0.2514288951 0.2546269147 0.2578461108 0.2610862997 0.2643472921 0.2676288935 0.2709309038 0.2742531178 0.05
-0.5 0.2775953248 0.2809573089 0.2843388490 0.2877397188 0.2911596868 0.2945985162 0.2980559654 0.3015317875 0.3050257309 0.3085375387 0
-0.4 0.3120669494 0.3156136965 0.3191775088 0.3227581103 0.3263552203 0.3299685537 0.3335978206 0.3372427268 0.3409029738 0.3445782584

1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
-0.3 0.3482682735 0.3519727076 0.3556912452 0.3594235668 0.3631693488 0.3669282640 0.3706999811 0.3744841653 0.3782804782 0.3820885778
-0.2 0.3859081188 0.3897387524 0.3935801268 0.3974318868 0.4012936743 0.4051651283 0.4090458849 0.4129355774 0.4168338365 0.4207402906
-0.1 0.4246545653 0.4285762841 0.4325050683 0.4364405371 0.4403823076 0.4443299952 0.4482832133 0.4522415740 0.4562046875 0.4601721627
0.0 0.5358563926 0.5318813720 0.5279031702 0.5239221827 0.5199388058 0.5159534369 0.5119664734 0.5079783137 0.5039893563 0.5000000000
0.1 0.5753454347 0.5714237159 0.5674949317 0.5635594629 0.5596176924 0.5556700048 0.5517167867 0.5477584260 0.5437953125 0.5398278373
0.2 0.6140918812 0.6102612476 0.6064198732 0.6025681132 0.5987063257 0.5948348717 0.5909541151 0.5870644226 0.5831661635 0.5792597094
0.3 0.6517317265 0.6480272924 0.6443087548 0.6405764332 0.6368306512 0.6330717360 0.6293000189 0.6255158347 0.6217195218 0.6179114222
0.4 0.6879330506 0.6843863035 0.6808224912 0.6772418897 0.6736447797 0.6700314463 0.6664021794 0.6627572732 0.6590970262 0.6554217416
0.5 0.7224046752 0.7190426911 0.7156611510 0.7122602812 0.7088403132 0.7054014838 0.7019440346 0.6984682125 0.6949742691 0.6914624613
0.6 0.7549029063 0.7517477695 0.7485711049 0.7453730853 0.7421538892 0.7389137003 0.7356527079 0.7323711065 0.7290690962 0.7257468822
0.7 0.7852361158 0.7823045624 0.7793500537 0.7763727076 0.7733726476 0.7703500028 0.7673049077 0.7642375022 0.7611479319 0.7580363478
0.8 0.8132670570 0.8105703452 0.8078497979 0.8051054787 0.8023374569 0.7995458067 0.7967306082 0.7938919464 0.7910299121 0.7881446014
0.9 0.8389129405 0.8364569407 0.8339767539 0.8314723925 0.8289438737 0.8263912197 0.8238144578 0.8212136204 0.8185887451 0.8159398747
1.0 0.8621434280 0.8599289099 0.8576903456 0.8554277003 0.8531409436 0.8508300497 0.8484949972 0.8461357696 0.8437523550 0.8413447461
1.1 0.8829768040 0.8809998925 0.8789995156 0.8769755969 0.8749280644 0.8728568494 0.8707618878 0.8686431190 0.8665004868 0.8643339391
1.2 0.9014746710 0.8997274320 0.8979576849 0.8961653189 0.8943502263 0.8925123029 0.8906514476 0.8887675626 0.8868605536 0.8849303298
1.3 0.9177355613 0.9162066776 0.9146565492 0.9130850381 0.9114920086 0.9098773275 0.9082408643 0.9065824910 0.9049020822 0.9031995154
1.4 0.9318878820 0.9305633767 0.9292191230 0.9278549630 0.9264707404 0.9250663005 0.9236414905 0.9221961595 0.9207301585 0.9192433408
1.5 0.9440825975 0.9429465668 0.9417924444 0.9406200594 0.9394292420 0.9382198233 0.9369916355 0.9357445122 0.9344782879 0.9331927987
1.6 0.9544860227 0.9535213421 0.9525403182 0.9515427737 0.9505285320 0.9494974165 0.9484492515 0.9473838615 0.9463010719 0.9452007083
1.7 0.9632730443 0.9624620197 0.9616364296 0.9607960967 0.9599408431 0.9590704910 0.9581848624 0.9572837792 0.9563670635 0.9554345372
1.8 0.9706210200 0.9699459610 0.9692580911 0.9685572370 0.9678432252 0.9671158813 0.9663750306 0.9656204976 0.9648521064 0.9640696809
1.9 0.9767045322 0.9761482357 0.9755808147 0.9750021049 0.9744119405 0.9738101551 0.9731965811 0.9725710503 0.9719333933 0.9712834402
2.0 0.9816911001 0.9812372336 0.9807738278 0.9803007296 0.9798177846 0.9793248371 0.9788217304 0.9783083062 0.9777844056 0.9772498681
2.1 0.9857378816 0.9853712692 0.9849965770 0.9846136652 0.9842223926 0.9838226166 0.9834141933 0.9829969774 0.9825708221 0.9821355794
2.2 0.9889893417 0.9886961558 0.9883962085 0.9880893746 0.9877755273 0.9874545386 0.9871262786 0.9867906162 0.9864474189 0.9860965525
2.3 0.9915758136 0.9913436810 0.9911059574 0.9908625325 0.9906132945 0.9903581301 0.9900969244 0.9898295613 0.9895559229 0.9892758900
2.4 0.9936128452 0.9934308809 0.9932443474 0.9930531492 0.9928571893 0.9926563690 0.9924505886 0.9922397464 0.9920237397 0.9918024641
2.5 0.9952012034 0.9950599842 0.9949150743 0.9947663918 0.9946138540 0.9944573766 0.9942968737 0.9941322583 0.9939634419 0.9937903347
2.6 0.9964273990 0.9963188920 0.9962074377 0.9960929674 0.9959754115 0.9958546986 0.9957307566 0.9956035117 0.9954728889 0.9953388120
2.7 0.9973645979 0.9972820551 0.9971971854 0.9971099319 0.9970202368 0.9969280408 0.9968332837 0.9967359042 0.9966358396 0.9965330262
2.8 0.9980737909 0.9980116241 0.9979476410 0.9978817950 0.9978140385 0.9977443233 0.9976725998 0.9975988175 0.9975229250 0.9974448697
2.9 0.9986051128 0.9985587581 0.9985110013 0.9984618048 0.9984111304 0.9983589388 0.9983051900 0.9982498431 0.9981928562 0.9981341867
3.0 0.9989992175 0.9989649970 0.9989297061 0.9988933150 0.9988557932 0.9988171093 0.9987772313 0.9987361266 0.9986937616 0.9986501020
3.1 0.9992886360 0.9992636247 0.9992378053 0.9992111543 0.9991836477 0.9991552608 0.9991259685 0.9990957448 0.9990645633 0.9990323968
3.2 0.9994990631 0.9994809646 0.9994622626 0.9994429389 0.9994229750 0.9994023515 0.9993810489 0.9993590470 0.9993363251 0.9993128621
3.3 0.9996505369 0.9996375709 0.9996241591 0.9996102876 0.9995959422 0.9995811081 0.9995657701 0.9995499128 0.9995335201 0.9995165759
3.4 0.9997584897 0.9997492931 0.9997397708 0.9997299123 0.9997197067 0.9997091429 0.9996982094 0.9996868943 0.9996751856 0.9996630707
3.5 0.9998346610 0.9998282029 0.9998215094 0.9998145726 0.9998073844 0.9997999365 0.9997922202 0.9997842266 0.9997759467 0.9997673709
3.6 0.9998878730 0.9998833830 0.9998787248 0.9998738924 0.9998688798 0.9998636810 0.9998582894 0.9998526985 0.9998469015 0.9998408914
3.7 0.9999246764 0.9999215858 0.9999183762 0.9999150433 0.9999115827 0.9999079899 0.9999042601 0.9999003886 0.9998963704 0.9998922003
3.8 0.9999498779 0.9999477718 0.9999455823 0.9999433065 0.9999409411 0.9999384828 0.9999359284 0.9999332742 0.9999305166 0.9999276520
3.9 0.9999669634 0.9999655424 0.9999640637 0.9999625251 0.9999609244 0.9999592592 0.9999575271 0.9999557255 0.9999538519 0.9999519037
4.0 0.9999784313 0.9999774821 0.9999764934 0.9999754636 0.9999743912 0.9999732744 0.9999721116 0.9999709009 0.9999696406 0.9999683288
 /2= 0.05
Table for a one tail t-test t Table for a two
a a
d.f. 0.1 0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005 d.f. 0.1
1 3.077684 6.313752 12.7062 31.82052 63.65674 1 6.313752
2 1.885618 2.919986 4.302653 6.964557 9.924843 2 2.919986
3 1.637744 2.353363 3.182446 4.540703 5.840909 3 2.353363
4 1.533206 2.131847 2.776445 3.746947 4.604095 4 2.131847
5 1.475884 2.015048 2.570582 3.36493 4.032143 5 2.015048
6 1.439756 1.94318 2.446912 3.142668 3.707428 6 1.94318
7 1.414924 1.894579 2.364624 2.997952 3.499483 7 1.894579
8 1.396815 1.859548 2.306004 2.896459 3.355387 8 1.859548
9 1.383029 1.833113 2.262157 2.821438 3.249836 9 1.833113
10 1.372184 1.812461 2.228139 2.763769 3.169273 10 1.812461
11 1.36343 1.795885 2.200985 2.718079 3.105807 11 1.795885
12 1.356217 1.782288 2.178813 2.680998 3.05454 12 1.782288
13 1.350171 1.770933 2.160369 2.650309 3.012276 13 1.770933
14 1.34503 1.76131 2.144787 2.624494 2.976843 14 1.76131
15 1.340606 1.75305 2.13145 2.60248 2.946713 15 1.75305
16 1.336757 1.745884 2.119905 2.583487 2.920782 16 1.745884
17 1.333379 1.739607 2.109816 2.566934 2.898231 17 1.739607
18 1.330391 1.734064 2.100922 2.55238 2.87844 18 1.734064
19 1.327728 1.729133 2.093024 2.539483 2.860935 19 1.729133
20 1.325341 1.724718 2.085963 2.527977 2.84534 20 1.724718
21 1.323188 1.720743 2.079614 2.517648 2.83136 21 1.720743
22 1.321237 1.717144 2.073873 2.508325 2.818756 22 1.717144
23 1.31946 1.713872 2.068658 2.499867 2.807336 23 1.713872
24 1.317836 1.710882 2.063899 2.492159 2.79694 24 1.710882
25 1.316345 1.708141 2.059539 2.485107 2.787436 25 1.708141
26 1.314972 1.705618 2.055529 2.47863 2.778715 26 1.705618
27 1.313703 1.703288 2.051831 2.47266 2.770683 27 1.703288
28 1.312527 1.701131 2.048407 2.46714 2.763262 28 1.701131
29 1.311434 1.699127 2.04523 2.462021 2.756386 29 1.699127
30 1.310415 1.697261 2.042272 2.457262 2.749996 30 1.697261
31 1.309464 1.695519 2.039513 2.452824 2.744042 31 1.695519
32 1.308573 1.693889 2.036933 2.448678 2.738481 32 1.693889
33 1.307737 1.69236 2.034515 2.444794 2.733277 33 1.69236
34 1.306952 1.690924 2.032245 2.44115 2.728394 34 1.690924
35 1.306212 1.689572 2.030108 2.437723 2.723806 35 1.689572
36 1.305514 1.688298 2.028094 2.434494 2.719485 36 1.688298
 37 1.304854 1.687094 2.026192 2.431447 2.715409 37 1.687094
38 1.30423 1.685954 2.024394 2.428568 2.711558 38 1.685954
39 1.303639 1.684875 2.022691 2.425841 2.707913 39 1.684875
40 1.303077 1.683851 2.021075 2.423257 2.704459 40 1.683851
### 1.281552 1.644853 1.959963 2.326348 2.575829 ### 1.644853
###=Infinity ###=Infinity
 /2=0.025
/2= 0.025
Table for a two tail t-test t
a
0.05 0.025 0.01 0.005
12.7062 25.4517 63.65674 127.3213
4.302653 6.205347 9.924843 14.08905
3.182446 4.176535 5.840909 7.453319
2.776445 3.495406 4.604095 5.597568
2.570582 3.163381 4.032143 4.773341
2.446912 2.968687 3.707428 4.316827
2.364624 2.841244 3.499483 4.029337
2.306004 2.751524 3.355387 3.832519
2.262157 2.685011 3.249836 3.689662
2.228139 2.633767 3.169273 3.581406
2.200985 2.593093 3.105807 3.496614
2.178813 2.560033 3.05454 3.428444
2.160369 2.532638 3.012276 3.372468
2.144787 2.509569 2.976843 3.325696
2.13145 2.48988 2.946713 3.286039
2.119905 2.472878 2.920782 3.251993
2.109816 2.458051 2.898231 3.22245
2.100922 2.445006 2.87844 3.196574
2.093024 2.43344 2.860935 3.173725
2.085963 2.423117 2.84534 3.153401
2.079614 2.413845 2.83136 3.135206
2.073873 2.405473 2.818756 3.118824
2.068658 2.397875 2.807336 3.103997
2.063899 2.390949 2.79694 3.090514
2.059539 2.38461 2.787436 3.078199
2.055529 2.378786 2.778715 3.066909
2.051831 2.373417 2.770683 3.05652
2.048407 2.368452 2.763262 3.046929
2.04523 2.363846 2.756386 3.038047
2.042272 2.359562 2.749996 3.029798
2.039513 2.355568 2.744042 3.022118
2.036933 2.351835 2.738481 3.014949
2.034515 2.348338 2.733277 3.008242
2.032245 2.345056 2.728394 3.001954
2.030108 2.341969 2.723806 2.996047
2.028094 2.339061 2.719485 2.990487
2.026192 2.336316 2.715409 2.985244
2.024394 2.333721 2.711558 2.980293
2.022691 2.331264 2.707913 2.975609
2.021075 2.328935 2.704459 2.971171
1.959963 2.241403 2.575829 2.807034
df= 3

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2.9
3.0
 Binomial Distribution
Probability of r or fewer occurrences of an event in n trials
p (the probability of occurrence on each trial
n r 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35
2 0 0.9025 0.8100 0.7225 0.6400 0.5625 0.4900 0.4225
2 1 0.9975 0.9900 0.9775 0.9600 0.9375 0.9100 0.8775

3 0 0.8574 0.7290 0.6141 0.5120 0.4219 0.3430 0.2746

3 1 0.9928 0.9720 0.9393 0.8960 0.8438 0.7840 0.7183
3 2 0.9999 0.9990 0.9966 0.9920 0.9844 0.9730 0.9571

4 0 0.8145 0.6561 0.5220 0.4096 0.3164 0.2401 0.1785

4 1 0.9860 0.9477 0.8905 0.8192 0.7383 0.6517 0.5630
4 2 0.9995 0.9963 0.9880 0.9728 0.9492 0.9163 0.8735
4 3 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995 0.9984 0.9961 0.9919 0.9850

5 0 0.7738 0.5905 0.4437 0.3277 0.2373 0.1681 0.1160

5 1 0.9774 0.9185 0.8352 0.7373 0.6328 0.5282 0.4284
5 2 0.9988 0.9914 0.9734 0.9421 0.8965 0.8369 0.7648
5 3 1.0000 0.9995 0.9978 0.9933 0.9844 0.9692 0.9460
5 4 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9997 0.9990 0.9976 0.9947

6 0 0.7351 0.5314 0.3771 0.2621 0.1780 0.1176 0.0754

6 1 0.9672 0.8857 0.7765 0.6554 0.5339 0.4202 0.3191
6 2 0.9978 0.9842 0.9527 0.9011 0.8306 0.7443 0.6471
6 3 0.9999 0.9987 0.9941 0.9830 0.9624 0.9295 0.8826
6 4 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9984 0.9954 0.9891 0.9777
6 5 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9993 0.9982

7 0 0.6983 0.4783 0.3206 0.2097 0.1335 0.0824 0.0490

7 1 0.9556 0.8503 0.7166 0.5767 0.4449 0.3294 0.2338
7 2 0.9962 0.9743 0.9262 0.8520 0.7564 0.6471 0.5323
7 3 0.9998 0.9973 0.9879 0.9667 0.9294 0.8740 0.8002
7 4 1.0000 0.9998 0.9988 0.9953 0.9871 0.9712 0.9444
7 5 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9987 0.9962 0.9910
7 6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998 0.9994

8 0 0.6634 0.4305 0.2725 0.1678 0.1001 0.0576 0.0319

8 1 0.9428 0.8131 0.6572 0.5033 0.3671 0.2553 0.1691
8 2 0.9942 0.9619 0.8948 0.7969 0.6785 0.5518 0.4278
8 3 0.9996 0.9950 0.9786 0.9437 0.8862 0.8059 0.7064
8 4 1.0000 0.9996 0.9971 0.9896 0.9727 0.9420 0.8939
8 5 1.0000 1.0000 0.9998 0.9988 0.9958 0.9887 0.9747
8 6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9987 0.9964
8 7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998

9 0 0.6302 0.3874 0.2316 0.1342 0.0751 0.0404 0.0207

9 1 0.9288 0.7748 0.5995 0.4362 0.3003 0.1960 0.1211
9 2 0.9916 0.9470 0.8591 0.7382 0.6007 0.4628 0.3373
9 3 0.9994 0.9917 0.9661 0.9144 0.8343 0.7297 0.6089
9 4 1.0000 0.9991 0.9944 0.9804 0.9511 0.9012 0.8283
9 5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9994 0.9969 0.9900 0.9747 0.9464
9 6 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9997 0.9987 0.9957 0.9888
9 7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9986
9 8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999

10 0 0.5987 0.3487 0.1969 0.1074 0.0563 0.0282 0.0135

10 1 0.9139 0.7361 0.5443 0.3758 0.2440 0.1493 0.0860
10 2 0.9885 0.9298 0.8202 0.6778 0.5256 0.3828 0.2616
10 3 0.9990 0.9872 0.9500 0.8791 0.7759 0.6496 0.5138
10 4 0.9999 0.9984 0.9901 0.9672 0.9219 0.8497 0.7515
10 5 1.0000 0.9999 0.9986 0.9936 0.9803 0.9527 0.9051
10 6 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9991 0.9965 0.9894 0.9740
10 7 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9996 0.9984 0.9952
10 8 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995
10 9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
15 0 0.4633 0.2059 0.0874 0.0352 0.0134 0.0047 0.0016
15 1 0.8290 0.5490 0.3186 0.1671 0.0802 0.0353 0.0142
15 2 0.9638 0.8159 0.6042 0.3980 0.2361 0.1268 0.0617
15 3 0.9945 0.9444 0.8227 0.6482 0.4613 0.2969 0.1727
15 4 0.9994 0.9873 0.9383 0.8358 0.6865 0.5155 0.3519
15 5 0.9999 0.9978 0.9832 0.9389 0.8516 0.7216 0.5643
15 6 1.0000 0.9997 0.9964 0.9819 0.9434 0.8689 0.7548
15 7 1.0000 1.0000 0.9994 0.9958 0.9827 0.9500 0.8868
15 8 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9958 0.9848 0.9578
15 9 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9992 0.9963 0.9876
15 10 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9993 0.9972
15 11 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999 0.9995
15 12 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 0.9999
15 13 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
15 14 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
n Excel Lookup Tables
event in n trials p n r p(r)
n each trial 0.04 15 0 0.542086
0.40 0.45 0.50
0.3600 0.3025 0.2500
0.8400 0.7975 0.7500

0.2160 0.1664 0.1250

0.6480 0.5748 0.5000
0.9360 0.9089 0.8750

0.1296 0.0915 0.0625

0.4752 0.3910 0.3125
0.8208 0.7585 0.6875
0.9744 0.9590 0.9375

0.0778 0.0503 0.0313

0.3370 0.2562 0.1875
0.6826 0.5931 0.5000
0.9130 0.8688 0.8125
0.9898 0.9815 0.9688

0.0467 0.0277 0.0156

0.2333 0.1636 0.1094
0.5443 0.4415 0.3438
0.8208 0.7447 0.6563
0.9590 0.9308 0.8906
0.9959 0.9917 0.9844

0.0280 0.0152 0.0078

0.1586 0.1024 0.0625
0.4199 0.3164 0.2266
0.7102 0.6083 0.5000
0.9037 0.8471 0.7734
0.9812 0.9643 0.9375
0.9984 0.9963 0.9922

0.0168 0.0084 0.0039

0.1064 0.0632 0.0352
0.3154 0.2201 0.1445
0.5941 0.4770 0.3633
0.8263 0.7396 0.6367
0.9502 0.9115 0.8555
0.9915 0.9819 0.9648
0.9993 0.9983 0.9961

0.0101 0.0046 0.0020

0.0705 0.0385 0.0195
0.2318 0.1495 0.0898
0.4826 0.3614 0.2539
0.7334 0.6214 0.5000
0.9006 0.8342 0.7461
0.9750 0.9502 0.9102
0.9962 0.9909 0.9805
0.9997 0.9992 0.9980

0.0060 0.0025 0.0010

0.0464 0.0233 0.0107
0.1673 0.0996 0.0547
0.3823 0.2660 0.1719
0.6331 0.5044 0.3770
0.8338 0.7384 0.6230
0.9452 0.8980 0.8281
0.9877 0.9726 0.9453
0.9983 0.9955 0.9893
0.9999 0.9997 0.9990
0.0005 0.0001 0.0000
0.0052 0.0017 0.0005
0.0271 0.0107 0.0037
0.0905 0.0424 0.0176
0.2173 0.1204 0.0592
0.4032 0.2608 0.1509
0.6098 0.4522 0.3036
0.7869 0.6535 0.5000
0.9050 0.8182 0.6964
0.9662 0.9231 0.8491
0.9907 0.9745 0.9408
0.9981 0.9937 0.9824
0.9997 0.9989 0.9963
1.0000 0.9999 0.9995
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
 Po
Probability of r or fewer occurrences

np 0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00

0.01 0.9900 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.02 0.9802 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.03 0.9704 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.04 0.9608 0.9992 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.05 0.9512 0.9988 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.06 0.9418 0.9983 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.07 0.9324 0.9977 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.08 0.9231 0.9970 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.09 0.9139 0.9962 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.10 0.9048 0.9953 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.15 0.8607 0.9898 0.9995 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.20 0.8187 0.9825 0.9989 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.25 0.7788 0.9735 0.9978 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.30 0.7408 0.9631 0.9964 0.9997 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

0.35 0.7047 0.9513 0.9945 0.9995 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

0.40 0.6703 0.9384 0.9921 0.9992 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.45 0.6376 0.9246 0.9891 0.9988 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.50 0.6065 0.9098 0.9856 0.9982 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.55 0.5769 0.8943 0.9815 0.9975 0.9997 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.60 0.5488 0.8781 0.9769 0.9966 0.9996 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.65 0.5220 0.8614 0.9717 0.9956 0.9994 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000
0.70 0.4966 0.8442 0.9659 0.9942 0.9992 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000
0.75 0.4724 0.8266 0.9595 0.9927 0.9989 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000
0.80 0.4493 0.8088 0.9526 0.9909 0.9986 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000
0.85 0.4274 0.7907 0.9451 0.9889 0.9982 0.9997 1.0000 1.0000
0.90 0.4066 0.7725 0.9371 0.9865 0.9977 0.9997 1.0000 1.0000
0.95 0.3867 0.7541 0.9287 0.9839 0.9971 0.9995 0.9999 1.0000
1.00 0.3679 0.7358 0.9197 0.9810 0.9963 0.9994 0.9999 1.0000

1.1 0.3329 0.6990 0.9004 0.9743 0.9946 0.9990 0.9999 1.0000

1.2 0.3012 0.6626 0.8795 0.9662 0.9923 0.9985 0.9997 1.0000
1.3 0.2725 0.6268 0.8571 0.9569 0.9893 0.9978 0.9996 0.9999
1.4 0.2466 0.5918 0.8335 0.9463 0.9857 0.9968 0.9994 0.9999
1.5 0.2231 0.5578 0.8088 0.9344 0.9814 0.9955 0.9991 0.9998
1.6 0.2019 0.5249 0.7834 0.9212 0.9763 0.9940 0.9987 0.9997
1.7 0.1827 0.4932 0.7572 0.9068 0.9704 0.9920 0.9981 0.9996
1.8 0.1653 0.4628 0.7306 0.8913 0.9636 0.9896 0.9974 0.9994
1.9 0.1496 0.4337 0.7037 0.8747 0.9559 0.9868 0.9966 0.9992
2.0 0.1353 0.4060 0.6767 0.8571 0.9473 0.9834 0.9955 0.9989

2.2 0.1108 0.3546 0.6227 0.8194 0.9275 0.9751 0.9925 0.9980

2.4 0.0907 0.3084 0.5697 0.7787 0.9041 0.9643 0.9884 0.9967
2.6 0.0743 0.2674 0.5184 0.7360 0.8774 0.9510 0.9828 0.9947
2.8 0.0608 0.2311 0.4695 0.6919 0.8477 0.9349 0.9756 0.9919
3.0 0.0498 0.1991 0.4232 0.6472 0.8153 0.9161 0.9665 0.9881
3.2 0.0408 0.1712 0.3799 0.6025 0.7806 0.8946 0.9554 0.9832
3.4 0.0334 0.1468 0.3397 0.5584 0.7442 0.8705 0.9421 0.9769
3.6 0.0273 0.1257 0.3027 0.5152 0.7064 0.8441 0.9267 0.9692
3.8 0.0224 0.1074 0.2689 0.4735 0.6678 0.8156 0.9091 0.9599
4.0 0.0183 0.0916 0.2381 0.4335 0.6288 0.7851 0.8893 0.9489
4.2 0.0150 0.0780 0.2102 0.3954 0.5898 0.7531 0.8675 0.9361
4.4 0.0123 0.0663 0.1851 0.3594 0.5512 0.7199 0.8436 0.9214
4.6 0.0101 0.0563 0.1626 0.3257 0.5132 0.6858 0.8180 0.9049
4.8 0.0082 0.0477 0.1425 0.2942 0.4763 0.6510 0.7908 0.8867
5.0 0.0067 0.0404 0.1247 0.2650 0.4405 0.6160 0.7622 0.8666
5.2 0.0055 0.0342 0.1088 0.2381 0.4061 0.5809 0.7324 0.8449
5.4 0.0045 0.0289 0.0948 0.2133 0.3733 0.5461 0.7017 0.8217
5.6 0.0037 0.0244 0.0824 0.1906 0.3422 0.5119 0.6703 0.7970
5.8 0.0030 0.0206 0.0715 0.1700 0.3127 0.4783 0.6384 0.7710
6.0 0.0025 0.0174 0.0620 0.1512 0.2851 0.4457 0.6063 0.7440

6.2 0.0020 0.0146 0.0536 0.1342 0.2592 0.4141 0.5742 0.7160

6.4 0.0017 0.0123 0.0463 0.1189 0.2351 0.3837 0.5423 0.6873
6.6 0.0014 0.0103 0.0400 0.1052 0.2127 0.3547 0.5108 0.6581
6.8 0.0011 0.0087 0.0344 0.0928 0.1920 0.3270 0.4799 0.6285
7.0 0.0009 0.0073 0.0296 0.0818 0.1730 0.3007 0.4497 0.5987
7.2 0.0007 0.0061 0.0255 0.0719 0.1555 0.2759 0.4204 0.5689
7.4 0.0006 0.0051 0.0219 0.0632 0.1395 0.2526 0.3920 0.5393
7.6 0.0005 0.0043 0.0188 0.0554 0.1249 0.2307 0.3646 0.5100
7.8 0.0004 0.0036 0.0161 0.0485 0.1117 0.2103 0.3384 0.4812
8.0 0.0003 0.0030 0.0138 0.0424 0.0996 0.1912 0.3134 0.4530
8.2 0.0003 0.0025 0.0118 0.0370 0.0887 0.1736 0.2896 0.4254
8.4 0.0002 0.0021 0.0100 0.0323 0.0789 0.1573 0.2670 0.3987
8.6 0.0002 0.0018 0.0086 0.0281 0.0701 0.1422 0.2457 0.3728
8.8 0.0002 0.0015 0.0073 0.0244 0.0621 0.1284 0.2256 0.3478
9.0 0.0001 0.0012 0.0062 0.0212 0.0550 0.1157 0.2068 0.3239
 9.2 0.0001 0.0010 0.0053 0.0184 0.0486 0.1041 0.1892 0.3010
9.4 0.0001 0.0009 0.0045 0.0160 0.0429 0.0935 0.1727 0.2792
9.6 0.0001 0.0007 0.0038 0.0138 0.0378 0.0838 0.1574 0.2584
9.8 0.0001 0.0006 0.0033 0.0120 0.0333 0.0750 0.1433 0.2388
10.0 0.0000 0.0005 0.0028 0.0103 0.0293 0.0671 0.1301 0.2202
 Poisson Distribution
or fewer occurrences of event that has average number of occurrences equal to np
r
8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

0.9995 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

0.9991 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9985 0.9996 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9976 0.9993 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9962 0.9989 0.9997 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9943 0.9982 0.9995 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9917 0.9973 0.9992 0.9998 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9883 0.9960 0.9987 0.9996 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9840 0.9942 0.9981 0.9994 0.9998 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9786 0.9919 0.9972 0.9991 0.9997 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000
0.9721 0.9889 0.9959 0.9986 0.9996 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000
0.9642 0.9851 0.9943 0.9980 0.9993 0.9998 0.9999 1.0000
0.9549 0.9805 0.9922 0.9971 0.9990 0.9997 0.9999 1.0000
0.9442 0.9749 0.9896 0.9960 0.9986 0.9995 0.9999 1.0000
0.9319 0.9682 0.9863 0.9945 0.9980 0.9993 0.9998 0.9999
0.9181 0.9603 0.9823 0.9927 0.9972 0.9990 0.9997 0.9999
0.9027 0.9512 0.9775 0.9904 0.9962 0.9986 0.9995 0.9998
0.8857 0.9409 0.9718 0.9875 0.9949 0.9980 0.9993 0.9998
0.8672 0.9292 0.9651 0.9841 0.9932 0.9973 0.9990 0.9996
0.8472 0.9161 0.9574 0.9799 0.9912 0.9964 0.9986 0.9995

0.8259 0.9016 0.9486 0.9750 0.9887 0.9952 0.9981 0.9993

0.8033 0.8858 0.9386 0.9693 0.9857 0.9937 0.9974 0.9990
0.7796 0.8686 0.9274 0.9627 0.9821 0.9920 0.9966 0.9986
0.7548 0.8502 0.9151 0.9552 0.9779 0.9898 0.9956 0.9982
0.7291 0.8305 0.9015 0.9467 0.9730 0.9872 0.9943 0.9976
0.7027 0.8096 0.8867 0.9371 0.9673 0.9841 0.9927 0.9969
0.6757 0.7877 0.8707 0.9265 0.9609 0.9805 0.9908 0.9959
0.6482 0.7649 0.8535 0.9148 0.9536 0.9762 0.9886 0.9948
0.6204 0.7411 0.8352 0.9020 0.9454 0.9714 0.9859 0.9934
0.5925 0.7166 0.8159 0.8881 0.9362 0.9658 0.9827 0.9918
0.5647 0.6915 0.7955 0.8731 0.9261 0.9595 0.9791 0.9898
0.5369 0.6659 0.7743 0.8571 0.9150 0.9524 0.9749 0.9875
0.5094 0.6400 0.7522 0.8400 0.9029 0.9445 0.9701 0.9848
0.4823 0.6137 0.7294 0.8220 0.8898 0.9358 0.9647 0.9816
0.4557 0.5874 0.7060 0.8030 0.8758 0.9261 0.9585 0.9780
0.4296 0.5611 0.6820 0.7832 0.8607 0.9156 0.9517 0.9738
0.4042 0.5349 0.6576 0.7626 0.8448 0.9042 0.9441 0.9691
0.3796 0.5089 0.6329 0.7412 0.8279 0.8919 0.9357 0.9638
0.3558 0.4832 0.6080 0.7193 0.8101 0.8786 0.9265 0.9579
0.3328 0.4579 0.5830 0.6968 0.7916 0.8645 0.9165 0.9513
 Excel Lookup Table
np r
9.5 10
16.00 17.00 18.00 19.00 20.00
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9998 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

0.9997 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

0.9996 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000
0.9995 0.9998 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000
0.9993 0.9997 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000
0.9990 0.9996 0.9999 1.0000 1.0000
0.9987 0.9995 0.9998 0.9999 1.0000
0.9983 0.9993 0.9997 0.9999 1.0000
0.9978 0.9991 0.9996 0.9999 1.0000
0.9971 0.9988 0.9995 0.9998 0.9999
0.9963 0.9984 0.9993 0.9997 0.9999
0.9953 0.9979 0.9991 0.9997 0.9999
0.9941 0.9973 0.9989 0.9995 0.9998
0.9926 0.9966 0.9985 0.9994 0.9998
0.9909 0.9957 0.9981 0.9992 0.9997
0.9889 0.9947 0.9976 0.9989 0.9996
0.9865 0.9934 0.9969 0.9986 0.9994
0.9838 0.9919 0.9962 0.9983 0.9992
0.9806 0.9902 0.9952 0.9978 0.9990
0.9770 0.9881 0.9941 0.9972 0.9987
0.9730 0.9857 0.9928 0.9965 0.9984
Lookup Table
p
0.645328
 F-Distributio
n1 (n
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
n2 F 0.05 (n1,n2)
1 161.44764 199.50000 215.70735 224.58324 230.16188 233.98600 236.76840
2 18.51282 19.00000 19.16429 19.24679 19.29641 19.32953 19.35322
3 10.12796 9.55209 9.27663 9.11718 9.01346 8.94065 8.88674
4 7.70865 6.94427 6.59138 6.38823 6.25606 6.16313 6.09421
5 6.60789 5.78614 5.40945 5.19217 5.05033 4.95029 4.87587
6 5.98738 5.14325 4.75706 4.53368 4.38737 4.28387 4.20666
7 5.59145 4.73741 4.34683 4.12031 3.97152 3.86597 3.78704
8 5.31766 4.45897 4.06618 3.83785 3.68750 3.58058 3.50046
9 5.11736 4.25649 3.86255 3.63309 3.48166 3.37375 3.29275
10 4.96460 4.10282 3.70826 3.47805 3.32583 3.21717 3.13546
11 4.84434 3.98230 3.58743 3.35669 3.20387 3.09461 3.01233
12 4.74723 3.88529 3.49029 3.25917 3.10588 2.99612 2.91336
13 4.66719 3.80557 3.41053 3.17912 3.02544 2.91527 2.83210
14 4.60011 3.73889 3.34389 3.11225 2.95825 2.84773 2.76420
15 4.54308 3.68232 3.28738 3.05557 2.90129 2.79046 2.70663
16 4.49400 3.63372 3.23887 3.00692 2.85241 2.74131 2.65720
17 4.45132 3.59153 3.19678 2.96471 2.81000 2.69866 2.61430
18 4.41387 3.55456 3.15991 2.92774 2.77285 2.66130 2.57672
19 4.38075 3.52189 3.12735 2.89511 2.74006 2.62832 2.54353
20 4.35124 3.49283 3.09839 2.86608 2.71089 2.59898 2.51401
21 4.32479 3.46680 3.07247 2.84010 2.68478 2.57271 2.48758
22 4.30095 3.44336 3.04912 2.81671 2.66127 2.54906 2.46377
23 4.27934 3.42213 3.02800 2.79554 2.64000 2.52766 2.44223
24 4.25968 3.40283 3.00879 2.77629 2.62065 2.50819 2.42263
25 4.24170 3.38519 2.99124 2.75871 2.60299 2.49041 2.40473
26 4.22520 3.36902 2.97515 2.74259 2.58679 2.47411 2.38831
27 4.21001 3.35413 2.96035 2.72777 2.57189 2.45911 2.37321
28 4.19597 3.34039 2.94669 2.71408 2.55813 2.44526 2.35926
29 4.18296 3.32765 2.93403 2.70140 2.54539 2.43243 2.34634
30 4.17088 3.31583 2.92228 2.68963 2.53355 2.42052 2.33434
40 4.08475 3.23173 2.83875 2.60597 2.44947 2.33585 2.24902
60 4.00119 3.15041 2.75808 2.52522 2.36827 2.25405 2.16654
120 3.92012 3.07178 2.68017 2.44724 2.28985 2.17501 2.08677
infinity Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 2.21410 Err:502 Err:502
 p

F-Distribution for selected probabilities

Fp
n1 (numerator degrees of freedom)
8 9 10 12 15 20 24 30

238.88269 240.54325 241.88175 243.90604 245.94993 248.01308 249.05177 250.09515

19.37099 19.38483 19.39590 19.41251 19.42914 19.44577 19.45409 19.46241
8.84524 8.81230 8.78552 8.74464 8.70287 8.66019 8.63850 8.61658
6.04104 5.99878 5.96437 5.91173 5.85781 5.80254 5.77439 5.74588
4.81832 4.77247 4.73506 4.67770 4.61876 4.55813 4.52715 4.49571
4.14680 4.09902 4.05996 3.99994 3.93806 3.87419 3.84146 3.80816
3.72573 3.67667 3.63652 3.57468 3.51074 3.44452 3.41049 3.37581
3.43810 3.38813 3.34716 3.28394 3.21841 3.15032 3.11524 3.07941
3.22958 3.17889 3.13728 3.07295 3.00610 2.93646 2.90047 2.86365
3.07166 3.02038 2.97824 2.91298 2.84502 2.77402 2.73725 2.69955
2.94799 2.89622 2.85362 2.78757 2.71864 2.64645 2.60897 2.57049
2.84857 2.79638 2.75339 2.68664 2.61685 2.54359 2.50548 2.46628
2.76691 2.71436 2.67102 2.60366 2.53311 2.45888 2.42020 2.38033
2.69867 2.64579 2.60216 2.53424 2.46300 2.38790 2.34868 2.30821
2.64080 2.58763 2.54372 2.47531 2.40345 2.32754 2.28783 2.24679
2.59110 2.53767 2.49351 2.42466 2.35222 2.27557 2.23541 2.19384
2.54796 2.49429 2.44992 2.38065 2.30769 2.23035 2.18977 2.14771
2.51016 2.45628 2.41170 2.34207 2.26862 2.19065 2.14966 2.10714
2.47677 2.42270 2.37793 2.30795 2.23406 2.15550 2.11414 2.07119
2.44706 2.39281 2.34788 2.27758 2.20327 2.12416 2.08245 2.03909
2.42046 2.36605 2.32095 2.25036 2.17567 2.09603 2.05400 2.01025
2.39650 2.34194 2.29670 2.22583 2.15078 2.07066 2.02832 1.98420
2.37481 2.32011 2.27473 2.20361 2.12822 2.04764 2.00501 1.96054
2.35508 2.30024 2.25474 2.18338 2.10767 2.02666 1.98376 1.93896
2.33706 2.28210 2.23647 2.16489 2.08889 2.00747 1.96431 1.91919
2.32053 2.26545 2.21972 2.14793 2.07164 1.98984 1.94643 1.90101
2.30531 2.25013 2.20429 2.13230 2.05575 1.97359 1.92994 1.88424
2.29126 2.23598 2.19004 2.11787 2.04107 1.95856 1.91469 1.86871
2.27825 2.22287 2.17684 2.10449 2.02746 1.94462 1.90053 1.85429
2.26616 2.21070 2.16458 2.09206 2.01480 1.93165 1.88736 1.84087
2.18017 2.12403 2.07725 2.00346 1.92446 1.83886 1.79294 1.74443
2.09697 2.04010 1.99259 1.91740 1.83644 1.74798 1.70012 1.64914
2.01643 1.95876 1.91046 1.83370 1.75050 1.65868 1.60844 1.55434
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 Err:502
 40 60 120 infinity

251.14315 252.19574 253.25285 Err:502

19.47074 19.47906 19.48739 Err:502
8.59441 8.57200 8.54935 Err:502
5.71700 5.68774 5.65811 Err:502
4.46379 4.43138 4.39845 Err:502
3.77429 3.73980 3.70467 Err:502
3.34043 3.30432 3.26745 3.22975
3.04278 3.00530 2.96692 2.92758
2.82593 2.78725 2.74752 Err:502
2.66086 2.62108 2.58012 Err:502
2.53091 2.49012 2.44802 Err:502
2.42588 2.38417 2.34099 Err:502
2.33918 2.29660 2.25241 2.20643
2.26635 2.22295 2.17781 Err:502
2.20428 2.16011 2.11406 Err:502
2.15071 2.10581 2.05890 Err:502
2.10400 2.05841 2.01066 Err:502
2.06289 2.01664 1.96810 Err:502
2.02641 1.97954 1.93024 1.87802
1.99382 1.94636 1.89632 1.84318
1.96452 1.91649 1.86574 1.81170
1.93802 1.88945 1.83802 Err:502
1.91394 1.86484 1.81276 1.75700
1.89195 1.84236 1.78964 Err:502
1.87180 1.82173 1.76840 Err:502
1.85325 1.80272 1.74879 Err:502
1.83613 1.78515 1.73065 Err:502
1.82026 1.76886 1.71380 Err:502
1.80552 1.75370 1.69811 Err:502
1.79179 1.73957 1.68345 1.62227
1.69280 1.63725 1.57661 Err:502
1.59427 1.53431 1.46727 1.38928
1.49520 1.42901 1.35189 Err:502
Err:502 Err:502 Err:502 1.00000
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 3 6 9 2 5 8
0. 0. 0. 0. 1. 1. 1.
 N1 N2
8 12
X P
0.00000 0 0
0.10000 0.014191 0.014191
0.20000 0.133258 0.133258
0.30000 0.33955 0.33955
0.40000 0.534661 0.534661
0.50000 0.665959 0.665959
0.60000 0.728112 0.728112
0.70000 0.736088 0.736088
0.80000 0.708274 0.708274
0.90000 0.659951 0.659951
1.00000 0.601974 0.601974
1.10000 0.541356 0.541356
1.20000 0.482285 0.482285
1.30000 0.427046 0.427046
1.40000 0.376705 0.376705
1.50000 0.33159 0.33159
1.60000 0.291601
1.70000 0.256412
1.80000 0.225592
1.90000 0.198673
2.00000 0.175198
2.10000 0.154737
2.20000 0.136901
2.30000 0.121344
2.40000 0.10776
2.50000 0.095883
2.60000 0.085484
2.70000 0.076363
2.80000 0.068349
2.90000 0.061296
3.00000 0.055075
3.10000 0.049579
3.20000 0.044714
3.30000 0.0404
3.40000 0.036566
3.50000 0.033153
 3.60000 0.030109
3.70000 0.027389
3.80000 0.024954
3.90000 0.022772
4.00000 0.020811
4.10000 0.019047
4.20000 0.017458
4.30000 0.016024
4.40000 0.014727
4.50000 0.013553
4.60000 0.012488
4.70000 0.011521
4.80000 0.010643
4.90000 0.009842
5.00000 0.009113

.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.1 2.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.2 4.5 4.8
 Table for a one tail c2-test
a
d.f. 0.005 0.01 0.025 0.05 0.1 0.9
1 7.879439 6.634897 5.023886 3.841459 2.705543 0.015791
2 10.596635 9.210340 7.377759 5.991465 4.605170 0.210721
3 12.838156 11.344867 9.348404 7.814728 6.251389 0.584374
4 14.860259 13.276704 11.143287 9.487729 7.779440 1.063623
5 16.749602 15.086272 12.832502 11.070498 9.236357 1.610308
6 18.547584 16.811894 14.449375 12.591587 10.644641 2.204131
7 20.277740 18.475307 16.012764 14.067140 12.017037 2.833107
8 21.954955 20.090235 17.534546 15.507313 13.361566 3.489539
9 23.589351 21.665994 19.022768 16.918978 14.683657 4.168159
10 25.188180 23.209251 20.483177 18.307038 15.987179 4.865182
11 26.756849 24.724970 21.920049 19.675138 17.275009 5.577785
12 28.299519 26.216967 23.336664 21.026070 18.549348 6.303796
13 29.819471 27.688250 24.735605 22.362032 19.811929 7.041505
14 31.319350 29.141238 26.118948 23.684791 21.064144 7.789534
15 32.801321 30.577914 27.488393 24.995790 22.307130 8.546756
16 34.267187 31.999927 28.845351 26.296228 23.541829 9.312236
17 35.718466 33.408664 30.191009 27.587112 24.769035 10.085186
18 37.156451 34.805306 31.526378 28.869299 25.989423 10.864936
19 38.582257 36.190869 32.852327 30.143527 27.203571 11.650910
20 39.996846 37.566235 34.169607 31.410433 28.411981 12.442609
21 41.401065 38.932173 35.478876 32.670573 29.615089 13.239598
22 42.795655 40.289360 36.780712 33.924438 30.813282 14.041493
23 44.181275 41.638398 38.075627 35.172462 32.006900 14.847956
24 45.558512 42.979820 39.364077 36.415029 33.196244 15.658684
25 46.927890 44.314105 40.646469 37.652484 34.381587 16.473408
26 48.289882 45.641683 41.923170 38.885139 35.563171 17.291885
27 49.644915 46.962942 43.194511 40.113272 36.741217 18.113896
28 50.993376 48.278236 44.460792 41.337138 37.915923 18.939242
29 52.335618 49.587884 45.722286 42.556968 39.087470 19.767744
30 53.671962 50.892181 46.979242 43.772972 40.256024 20.599235
31 55.002704 52.191395 48.231890 44.985343 41.421736 21.433565
32 56.328115 53.485772 49.480438 46.194260 42.584745 22.270594
33 57.648445 54.775540 50.725080 47.399884 43.745180 23.110197
34 58.963926 56.060909 51.965995 48.602367 44.903158 23.952253
35 60.274771 57.342073 53.203349 49.801850 46.058788 24.796655
36 61.581179 58.619215 54.437294 50.998460 47.212174 25.643300
 37 62.883335 59.892500 55.667973 52.192320 48.363408 26.492094
38 64.181412 61.162087 56.895521 53.383541 49.512580 27.342950
39 65.475571 62.428121 58.120060 54.572228 50.659770 28.195785
40 66.765962 63.690740 59.341707 55.758479 51.805057 29.050523
45 73.166061 69.956832 65.410159 61.656233 57.505305 33.350381
50 79.489978 76.153891 71.420195 67.504807 63.167121 37.688648
55 85.748952 82.292117 77.380466 73.311493 68.796214 42.059623
60 91.951698 88.379419 83.297675 79.081944 74.397006 46.458888
80 116.321057 112.328793 106.628568 101.879474 96.578204 64.277844
100 140.169489 135.806723 129.561197 124.342113 118.498004 82.358136
120 163.648184 158.950166 152.211403 146.567358 140.232569 100.623631
 A
/2= 0.975
l c2-test given given
/2= 0.025 2  a df
0.95 0.975 p 0.99 2 0.995 0.975 49
p
0.003932 0.000982 0.000157 0.000039
0.102587 0.050636 0.020101 0.010025
0.351846 0.215795 0.114832 0.071722
0.710723 0.484419 0.297109 0.206989
1.145476 0.831212 0.554298 0.411742
1.635383 1.237344 0.872090 0.675727
2.167350 1.689869 1.239042 0.989256
2.732637 2.179731 1.646497 1.344413
3.325113 2.700389 2.087901 1.734933
3.940299 3.246973 2.558212 2.155856
/2= 0.025
4.574813 3.815748 3.053484 2.603222 2
5.226029 4.403789 3.570569 3.073824 p
5.891864 5.008751 4.106915 3.565035
6.570631 5.628726 4.660425 4.074675
7.260944 6.262138 5.229349 4.600916
7.961646 6.907664 5.812212 5.142205
8.671760 7.564186 6.407760 5.697217
9.390455 8.230746 7.014911 6.264805
10.117013 8.906516 7.632730 6.843971
10.850811 9.590777 8.260398 7.433844
11.591305 10.282898 8.897198 8.033653
12.338015 10.982321 9.542492 8.642716
13.090514 11.688552 10.195716 9.260425
13.848425 12.401150 10.856361 9.886234
14.611408 13.119720 11.523975 10.519652
15.379157 13.843905 12.198147 11.160237
16.151396 14.573383 12.878504 11.807587
16.927875 15.307861 13.564710 12.461336
17.708366 16.047072 14.256455 13.121149
18.492661 16.790772 14.953457 13.786720
19.280569 17.538739 15.655456 14.457767
20.071913 18.290765 16.362216 15.134032
20.866534 19.046662 17.073514 15.815274
21.664281 19.806253 17.789147 16.501272
22.465015 20.569377 18.508926 17.191820
23.268609 21.335882 19.232676 17.886727
24.074943 22.105627 19.960232 18.585812
24.883904 22.878482 20.691442 19.288912
25.695390 23.654325 21.426163 19.995868
26.509303 24.433039 22.164261 20.706535
30.612259 28.366152 25.901269 24.311014
34.764252 32.357364 29.706683 27.990749
38.958027 36.398111 33.570475 31.734757
43.187958 40.481748 37.484852 35.534491
60.391478 57.153173 53.540077 51.171932
77.929465 74.221927 70.064895 67.327563
95.704637 91.572642 86.923280 83.851572
 result
p
31.55492

A
/2= 0.975


 2
2 2
p
 Pregunta 69 Sample Exa

n1 50
n2 40
X1 promedio 18.2
X2 promedio 17.6
Desv 1 3.1
Desv 2 2.8

Desv x1x2 0.62305698

Z 0.96299379
H1 X1>X2
H0 X1<=X2 Se acepta

Pregunta 70

Prueba F 1.22576531

Pregunta 73
Hipotesis H0
A B A-B H1
20.3 19.7 0.6 0.01265625
19.7 20 -0.3 0.62015625
21.4 20.1 1.3 0.66015625
22 21.2 0.8 0.09765625
21.6 21.4 0.2 0.08265625
21 20.7 0.3 0.03515625
20.8 21 -0.2 0.47265625
20.8 19.6 1.2 0.50765625
0.4875 2.489
0.59626816
2.31248006

Pregunta 74

23 n1 1000
36 n2 1300

p1 0.023
p2 0.02769231
p 0.02565217
Est -0.70562692
 ua=ub
ua

0.59626816