INTRODUCTION TO TIDE MODELLING

National Coordinating Agency for Survey and Mapping (BAKOSURTANAL) INDONESIA

Dr. Parluhutan Manurung

Training Course on Satellite Altimetry and Its Application Cibinong, 12-16 October 2009

Outline

Observed sea level Mean Sea Level Tidal Level Extreme Level Exercise: Sea Level Processing

Time Varying Sea Level

Basic Equation of Sea Level

X (t) = Zo (t) + T (t) + S (t)

X (t) = Observed sea level Zo (t) = Mean Sea Level T (t) = Tidal Level
S (t) = Surge (extreme) Level

X (t) = Observed sea level

How do we observe?

Indonesia Tide Gauge Network

Tsunami December 26th, 2004

Before 54 stations 34 analog and 20 digital Delayed mode communication

After 90 stations 10 analog and 80 digital 57 tsunami capable (real time) 22 near real time

German Support for InaTEWS

USA/NOAA IOC/UNESCO Support for InaTEWS

Sea Level Recording

Basic Concept Instrumentations

Graphical float gauge; direct measurement via floating mass Digital float gauge; capable of performing real time data transmission

Pressure gauge based on measure of water level column difference

Radar gauge; direct measure to sea surface

Data Communication Options

Platform VSAT IP C-band GTS/Meteosat BGAN GSM/GPRS PSTN Radio Transmission rate flexible 15 (5?) flexible flexible flexible flexible Coverage in Indonesia good good good none in remote none in remote inter visibility Com. direction 2-ways 1-way 2-ways 2-ways 2-ways 2-ways Power Consumption high low low low low high Cost/yr (USD) 6,000 free > 3,000 < 400 1000
No air time cost

VSAT is currently the best choice for a real time data transmission and its flexibility to add data transmission of other sensors: GPS and Meteo Sensor PASTI/BGAN would be the most preferable if a special rate is available Radio requires tower due to inter station visibility

GTS/Meteosat

Pasti

Radio

InaTEWS Sea Level Data Work Flow

OBSERVATION
Station distribution

PROCESSING CENTER
Sea Level Centre

DISPLAY
InaTEWS Centre

Data Communication
Public Access

BGAN

VSAT

PASTI

VSAT/VPN IP

GSM

GTS

Database Server

Dedicated Access

Real Time Multigraph Display

Where the sea level refer to?

Zo (t) = Mean Sea Level
Tidal Datum Sea level rise due to Global change

Tidal Datum
Tsunami ; an extreme sea level..

Chart Datum = Lowest Astronomic Height

Long Term Datum Change

Global sea level rise ~ 10-20 cm for 100 years

Semarang

Sorong

Tanjung Priuk

Jepara

T (t) = Tidal Level

Astronomical Generating Force Tide Prediction

Tide Generating Force Astronomical constellation of Moon, Sun and other planets toward the Earth generating sea tide

Moon

Earth

Tidal Description

High Water : a water level maximum (High Tide) Low Water : A water level minimum (Low Tide) Mean Tide Level : the mean water level, relative to A reference point , averaged over a long ttime Tidal Range: High and Low Tide difference Daily Inequality: two successive low or high tide difference Spring Tide: the tide following full and new Moon Neap Tide: the tide following the first and last quarter of the Moon phases

Tide as function of time

Tides produced by the Moon

M2 (semidiurnal Lunar) Lunar day= 12 H 25 Min O1 (Diurnal Lunar) 1 Lunar DAY= 12 h 25 min

Tides produced by the Sun

S2 (Semidiurnal Solar) Solar day= 12 K1 (Diurnal Solar) 1 Solar day= 24

Tidal Types (cont)

F = (K1 + 01)/(M2 + S2)
F 0 - 0.25 Category Semidiurnal: two high and low waters each day

0.25-1.5

Mixed, mainly semidiurnal two high and low waters each day during most of the time, only one high and low water during neap tides

1.5-3

Mixed, mainly diurnal 1 dominant high and low water per day, 2 high and low waters during spring tide. Diurnal one high and low water each day

>3

Tidal Analysis
Tides can be represented as the sum of tidal constituents, each has its amplitude, period and phase The amplitude, period and phase of each tidal constituent can be extracted from observations by harmonic analysis Practical tidal prediction uses more then 60 of tidal constituents derived from 1 year observations

Harmonic Constants
Major Constants
Name Z0 M2 S2 K1 O1 N2 K2 Description Mean Sea Level (MSL) Principal lunar semidiurnal constituent. Principal solar semidiurnal constituent. Lunisolar diurnal constituent Lunar diurnal constituent. Larger lunar elliptic semi diurnal constituent. Smaller lunar elliptic semi diurnal constituent.

Harmonic Constants
MSM, MM, MSF, MF

Description
Long period

ALP1, Q1, SIG1, Q1, RHO1, O1, TAU1, Diurnal BET1, NO1, CHI1, P1, K1, PHI1, THE1, J1, SO1, OO1 OQ2, EPS2, 2N2, MU2, N2, NU2, M2, Semi diurnal MKS2, LDA2, L2, S2, , MSN2, ETA2 MO3, M3, SO3, MK3, SK3 MN4, M4, SN4, MS4, MK4, S4, SK4 MK5, SK5 MN6, M6, MS6, MK6, SM6, MSK6 Third Diurnal Fourth Diurnal Fifth Diurnal Sixth Diurnal

Tide Prediction Quality data time series results in good model Better identification of error budget

JAKARTA

Tsunami, extreme sea level

S (t) = Surge (extreme) level
Tsunami; extreme and destructive sea level Storm surge, other less destructive sea level

Showing Tsunami Signals Sea state during tsunami:

Sea Level = tide + (atmospheric + current + local factor + tsunami signal)

Removing tide effect from the record Need to introduce low pass digital filters The remaining is approximately turbulence generated by tsunami MATLAB Script is written by: Walters, R. A. and Heston,
C., 1982. Removing the tidal-period variations from time-series data using low-pass digital filters. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 12 112-115

The source is available in:

http://woodshole.er.usgs.gov/operations/sea-mat/index.html

Tend to occur at least once in a year

2004 2005 2007 2006

2008 2009

17 Nov 2008

POL Liverpool, 3 December 2008

It happens at least once in a year

The Latest Tsunami: Manokwaris Earthquake

3rd January 2009

Exercise: Sea Level Data Processing

Tide Processing

Data Processing

Sample of Hourly Tide Data

Harmonic Constants after tide data processing

Graphics of Tide Processing

Tide Prediction

Thanks ..