Autoclave:

An autoclave is a device that is used to sterilize medical & other laboratory equipments & materials to kill bacteria, viruses and other m/o.The basic function of the machine is to kill bacteria. This is done through application of extreme heat, steam and pressure to the articles placed in the sterilization chamber. This is accomplished by the removal of air from the sterilization chamber to create a vacuum, then superheated steam is applied.

Working principle: Autaclaving is done for sterilization of culture media and the glass equipments.The main principle is to maintain high temperature and high pressure inside an equipment. The maintained pressure is 15lbs and temperature is 121^C. In that condition of temperature and pressure the microorganisms are killed.

Types:
There are several types of autoclave in use.

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1. Downward Displacement
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The downward displacement autoclave is also referred to as a gravity displacement unit. This is because of the method of air removal in the sterilization chamber. A heating element is submerged in a pool of water, which, when heated, becomes steam. As steam is lighter than air, it forces the air in the sterilization chamber downward and out through a drain hole. Once the temperature in the sterilization chamber is sufficient, the drain hole is closed automatically and the sterilization process begins.

Positive Pressure Displacement

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A positive pressure displacement autoclave is an improvement upon the design of a downward displacement unit. Steam is created in a second, separate chamber and held until the proper amount to displace all of the air in the sterilization

chamber is accumulated. The steam is then released into the sterilization chamber in a pressurized blast, forcing the air out through the drain hole and starting the sterilization process. This has the effect of a more accurate displacement of air than a downward displacement unit can achieve.

Negative Pressure Displacement

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A negative pressure displacement autoclave is one of the most accurate types of unit available. Once the sterilization chamber door is closed, a vacuum pump removes the air. Steam is created in a second, separate chamber. Once the air has been completely removed from the sterilization chamber, the steam is then released into the sterilization chamber in a pressurized blast much like that of a positive pressure displacement unit. The negative pressure displacement unit is able to achieve a high "Sterility Assurance Level" (SAL), but the system can be quite large and costly.

Triple Vacuum Autoclave

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A triple vacuum autoclave is set up in a similar fashion to a negative pressure displacement unit in that there is a vacuum pump to remove air from the sterilization chamber and steam is created in a second, separate chamber or unit. The process begins by the vacuum removing the air, then a pulse of steam. This is repeated three times, hence the name "triple vacuum" autoclave. This type of autoclave is suitable for all types of instruments and is very versatile.

Type "N" vs. Type "B"

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Each autoclave can be classified as a type "N" unit or a type "B" unit. Type "N" units do not use a vacuum to remove air from the sterilization chamber, whereas type "B" units do use a vacuum pump. The difference in operation means type "N" autoclaves are suitable for a specific type of load--for solid, unwrapped instruments. Type "B" autoclaves can be used on wrapped and hollow instruments, which means a piece of equipment can be sterilized now for use later.

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Indicators:
There are physical, chemical, and biological indicators that can be used to ensure an autoclave reaches the correct temperature for the correct amount of time. Chemical indicators can be found on medical packaging and autoclave tape, and these change color once the correct conditions have been met. This color change indicates that the object inside the package, or under the tape, has been processed. Biological indicators contain spores of a heat-resistant bacterium, Geobacillus stearothermophilus. If the autoclave does not reach the right temperature, when incubated the spores will germinate, and their metabolism will change the color of a pH-sensitive chemical. Some physical indicators consist of an alloy designed to melt only after being subjected to the relevant holding time. If the alloy melts, the change will be visible.

Working:

Air Removal

The first step in the autoclave process is totally removing all of the air in the autoclave chamber. The chamber is sealed, and all of the air is removed through a vacuum pump, steam pumping or steam pulsing. The air may also be forced out through downward displacement, using steam to force it downwards. The exact method varies, depending on the model of autoclave being used.

Heat

Once the air has been totally removed from the unit, the tools or instruments are sterilized by exposure to heat. The sterilization cycle typically runs anywhere from 3 to 18 minutes, and the heat level is usually set between 121 and 134 degrees Celsius. The intense heat kills bacteria, viruses and other organisms. The autoclave works best when the items are place inside in an arrangement that allows the heat to circulate completely.

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Precautions

An autoclave will not work to sterilize some items, such as certain plastics, because they can be melted or damaged by exposure to intense heat.